نبراسكا

(تم التحويل من ولاية نبراسكا)
هذا المقال هو عن الولاية الأمريكية. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر نبراسكا (توضيح).
Nebraska
ولاية
علم Nebraska
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ Nebraska
الشعار
الكنية: 
The Cornhusker State
الشعار: 
Equality before the law
النشيد: "Beautiful Nebraska"
خريطة الولايات المتحدة، موضح فيها Nebraska
خريطة الولايات المتحدة، موضح فيها Nebraska
البلدالولايات المتحدة
قبل الولائيةNebraska Territory
انضمت للاتحادMarch 1, 1867 (37th)
العاصمةLincoln
أكبر مدينةأوماها
أكبر منطقة عمرانيةOmaha–Council Bluffs
الحكومة
 • الحاكمJim Pillen (ج)
 • نائب الحاكمJoe Kelly (R)
المجلس التشريعيالمجلس التشريعي لنبراسكا
القضاءمحكمة نبراسكا العليا
سناتورات الولايات المتحدةDeb Fischer (R)
Pete Ricketts (R)
وفد مجلس النواب1: Mike Flood (R)
2: Don Bacon (R)
3: Adrian Smith (R) (القائمة)
المساحة
 • الإجمالي77٬358 ميل² (200٬356 كم²)
 • البر76٬874 ميل² (199٬099 كم²)
 • الماء481 ميل² (1٬247 كم²)  0.7%
ترتيب المساحة16th
الأبعاد
 • الطول430 mi (690 km)
 • العرض210 mi (340 km)
المنسوب
2٬600 ft (790 m)
أعلى منسوب
(Panorama Point[1][أ])
5٬424 ft (1٬654 m)
أوطى منسوب
(Missouri River at Kansas border[1][أ])
840 ft (256 m)
التعداد
 (2020)
 • الإجمالي1٬961٬504[2]
 • الترتيب38th
 • الكثافة24٫94/sq mi (9٫62/km2)
 • ترتيب الكثافة43rd
 • الدخل الأوسط للأسرة
$59٬970[3]
 • ترتيب الدخل
25th
صفة المواطنNebraskan
اللغة
 • اللغة الرسميةEnglish[4][5]
منطقة التوقيت
most of stateUTC−06:00 (Central)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−05:00 (CDT)
PanhandleUTC−07:00 (Mountain)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−06:00 (MDT)
اختصار البريد
NE
ISO 3166 codeUS-NE
الاختصار التقليديNeb., Nebr.
خط العرض40° N to 43° N
خط الطول95° 19′ W to 104° 03′ W
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.nebraska.gov
رموز ولاية Nebraska
Flag of Nebraska.svg
علم Nebraska
Seal of Nebraska.svg
شعار Nebraska
الشعار الحاديWelcome to NEBRASKAland where the West begins[6] The Official Symbol and Slogan of Nebraska
رموز حية
الطائرWestern meadowlark[7]
السمكChannel catfish
الزهرةTall Goldenrod[8]
الحشائشLittle bluestem[9]
الحشرةWestern honey bee[10]
الثدييWhite-tailed deer[11]
الشجرةEastern Cottonwood[12]
رموز جامدة
المشروبMilk
Soft drink: Kool-aid
الرقصةSquare dance
الأحفورةMammoth[13]
الحجر الكريمBlue agate[14]
الصخرPrairie agate[15]
النهرPlatte River
التربةHoldrege series
علامة طريق ولائي
علامة طريق
قوائم رموز الولايات الأمريكية

نبراسكا Nebraska ولاية في منطقة الغرب الأوسط للولايات المتحدة، عدد سكانها 1,584,617 نسمة. وهي منطقة مزارع متطورة. والمحصول الرئيسى للولاية هو الذرة الشامية، وتسمى الذرة هناك بالحبوب، والاسم الأصلي للولاية هو ولاية تقشير الذرة. وقد جاء الاسم نبراسكا من الكلمة الهندية نبراثكا.

Its capital is Lincoln, and its most populous city is Omaha, which is on the Missouri River. Nebraska was admitted into the United States in 1867, two years after the end of the American Civil War. The Nebraska Legislature is unlike any other American legislature in that it is unicameral, and its members are elected without any official reference to political party affiliation. من مدنها أوماها وهي مركز لصناعة التأمين، وتعد أكبر مدن نبراسكا. أما لينكولن فهي عاصمة الولاية وثانية المدن الكبيرة.

Nebraska is composed of two major land regions: the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains. The Dissected Till Plains region consists of gently rolling hills and contains the state's largest cities, Omaha and Lincoln. The Great Plains region, occupying most of western Nebraska, is characterized by treeless prairie. Eastern Nebraska has a humid continental climate while western Nebraska is primarily semi-arid. The state has wide variations between winter and summer temperatures; the variations decrease in southern Nebraska. Violent thunderstorms and tornadoes occur primarily during spring and summer, and sometimes in autumn. Chinook wind tends to warm the state significantly in the winter and early spring.

Indigenous peoples, including Omaha, Missouria, Ponca, Pawnee, Otoe, and various branches of the Lakota (Sioux) tribes, lived in the region for thousands of years before European exploration. The state is crossed by many historic trails, including that of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad through Nebraska and passage of the Homestead Acts led to rapid growth in the population of Euro-American settlers in the 1870s and 1880s and the development of a large agriculture sector for which the state is known to this day.

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أصل الاسم

اسم نبراسكا هو نتيجة أنجلة Otoe العتيقة Ñí Brásge (بلغة أوتو المعاصرة: Ñíbrahge؛ وتـُنطق sio)، أو بلغة الأوماها Ní Btháska، (تـُنطق sio)، وتعني "الماء الساكن"، وتقصد نهر پلات الذي ينساب عبر الولاية.[16]


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ نبراسكا
Nebraska in 1718, Guillaume de L'Isle map, approximate state area highlighted.

التاريخ المبكر

Indigenous peoples lived in the region of present-day Nebraska for thousands of years before European colonization. The historic tribes in the state included the Omaha, Missouria, Ponca, Pawnee, Otoe, and various branches of the Lakota (Sioux), some of which migrated from eastern areas into the region. When European exploration, trade, and settlement began, both Spain and France sought to control the region. In the 1690s, Spain established trade connections with the Apache, whose territory then included western Nebraska. By 1703, France had developed a regular trade with native peoples along the Missouri River in Nebraska, and by 1719 had signed treaties with several of these peoples. After war broke out between the two countries, Spain dispatched an armed expedition to Nebraska under Lieutenant General Pedro de Villasur in 1720. The party was attacked and destroyed near present-day Columbus by a large force of Pawnee and Otoe, both allied with the French. The massacre ended Spanish exploration of the area for the remainder of the 18th century.[17][18][19]

جابه المكتشفون الأوروبيون العديد من قبائل الهنود في منطقة نبراسكا ونزحت قبائل كثيرة إلى هناك بعد أن طردهم البيض من ديارهم في الشرق.

وفي عام 1682م طالبت فرنسا بمنطقة تشتمل على نبراسكا الحالية. واشترت الولايات المتحدة هذه المنطقة في عام 1803م. ومع بداية عام 1862م، طالب المستوطنون في الإقليم بمزارع صغيرة تسمى السكن الخاص، وأصبحت نبراسكا الولاية السابعة والثلاثين للولايات المتحدة في عام 1867م.

In 1762, during the Seven Years' War, France ceded the Louisiana territory to Spain. This left Britain and Spain competing for dominance along the Mississippi River; by 1773, the British were trading with the native peoples of Nebraska. Spain dispatched two trading expeditions up the Missouri River in 1794 and 1795; the second, under James Mackay, established the first European settlement in Nebraska near the mouth of the Platte River. Later that year, Mackay's party built a trading post, dubbed Fort Carlos IV (Fort Charles), near present-day Homer.[17][20][21]

American settlement and statehood

In 1819, the United States established Fort Atkinson as the first U.S. Army post west of the Missouri River, just east of present-day Fort Calhoun. The army abandoned the fort in 1827 as migration moved further west. European-American settlement was scarce until 1848 and the California Gold Rush. On May 30, 1854, the US Congress created the Kansas and the Nebraska territories, divided by the Parallel 40° North, under the Kansas–Nebraska Act.[22] The Nebraska Territory included parts of the current states of Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana.[23] The territorial capital of Nebraska was Omaha.

Homesteaders in central Nebraska in 1888

In the 1860s, after the U.S. government forced many of the Native American tribes to cede their lands and settle on reservations, it opened large tracts of land to agricultural development by Europeans and Americans. Under the Homestead Act, thousands of settlers migrated into Nebraska to claim free land granted by the federal government. Because so few trees grew on the prairies, many of the first farming settlers built their homes of sod, as had Native Americans such as the Omaha. The first wave of settlement gave the territory a sufficient population to apply for statehood.[24] Nebraska became the 37th state on March 1, 1867, and the capital was moved from Omaha to the center at Lancaster, later renamed Lincoln after the recently assassinated President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. The battle of Massacre Canyon, on August 5, 1873, was the last major battle between the Pawnee and the Sioux.[25]

During the 1870s to the 1880s, Nebraska experienced a large growth in population. Several factors contributed to attracting new residents. The first was that the vast prairie land was perfect for cattle grazing. This helped settlers to learn the unfamiliar geography of the area. The second factor was the invention of several farming technologies. New agricultural innovations such as barbed wire, windmills, and the steel plow, combined with fair weather, enabled settlers to transform Nebraska into prime farming land. By the 1880s, Nebraska's population had soared to more than 450,000 people.[26] The Arbor Day holiday was founded in Nebraska City by territorial governor J. Sterling Morton. The National Arbor Day Foundation is still headquartered in Nebraska City, with some offices in Lincoln.

In the late 19th century, African Americans migrated from the South to Nebraska as part of the Great Migration. Eventually, they lived primarily to Omaha which offered working-class jobs in meat packing, the railroads and other industries. Omaha has a long history of civil rights activism. Blacks encountered discrimination from other Americans in Omaha and especially from recent European immigrants, ethnic whites who were competing for the same jobs. In 1912, African Americans founded the Omaha chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to work for improved conditions in the city and state.

20th century

Since the 1960s, Native American activism in the state has increased, both through open protest, activities to build alliances with state and local governments, and in the slower, more extensive work of building tribal institutions and infrastructure. Native Americans in federally recognized tribes have pressed for self-determination, sovereignty and recognition. They have created community schools to preserve their cultures, as well as tribal colleges and universities. Tribal politicians have also collaborated with state and county officials on regional issues.

وفي عام 1934 أصبحت نبراسكا الولاية الوحيدة التي تبنت فكرة مجلس تشريعي واحد للولاية. وقد توقف الكثير من المزارع في نبراسكا إبان أَزمة المزارع القومية في الثمانينيات من القرن العشرين.

الجغرافيا

للمزيد من المعلومات: List of counties in Nebraska، List of Nebraska rivers، و Geography of Omaha
Nebraska state welcome sign on Interstate 76 at the Colorado border

The state is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the southwest; and Wyoming to the west. The state has 93 counties and is split between two time zones, with the majority of the state observing Central Time and the Panhandle and surrounding counties observing Mountain Time. Three rivers cross the state from west to east. The Platte River, formed by the confluence of the North Platte and the South Platte, runs through the state's central portion, the Niobrara River flows through the northern part, and the Republican River runs across the southern part.

The first Constitution of Nebraska in 1866 described Nebraska's boundaries as follows (The description of the Northern border is no longer accurate, since the Keya Paha River and the Niobrara River no longer form the boundary of the state of Nebraska. Instead, Nebraska's Northern border now extends east along the forty-third degree of north latitude until it meets the Missouri River directly.):

The State of Nebraska shall consist of all the territory included within the following boundaries, to-wit: Commencing at a point formed by the intersection of the western boundary of the State of Missouri, with the fortieth degree of north latitude; extending thence due west along said fortieth degree of north latitude, to a point formed by its intersection with the twenty-fifth degree of longitude west from Washington [the Southern border]; thence north along said twenty-fifth degree of longitude, to a point formed by its intersection with the forty-first degree of north latitude; thence west along said forty-first degree of north latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west from Washington; thence north along said twenty-seventh degree of west longitude, to a point formed by its intersection with the forty-third degree of north latitude [the Western border, which is the Panhandle]; thence east along said forty-third degree of north latitude to the Keya Paha river; thence down the middle of the channel of said river, with its meanderings, to its junction with the Niobrara River; thence down the middle of the channel of said Niobrara River, and following the meanderings thereof to its junction with the Missouri River [the Northern border]; thence down the middle of the channel of said Missouri River, and following the meanderings thereof to the place of beginning [the Eastern border, which is the Missouri River].[27]

مساحة نبراسكا 200,350 كم². وترتفع الأرض في سلسلة من الهضاب المتدرجة من الشرق إلى الغرب، وأقل ارتفاع في نبراسكا، هو 256م، ويوجد في الركن الجنوبي الشرقي من الولاية، وأقصى ارتفاع هو 1,654م على طول حدودها الغربية.

وفي نبراسكا منطقتان رئيسيتان من الأراضي: سهول تل المجزأة الخصبة التي تغطي الخمس الشرقي من الولاية. وتغطي السهول الكبرى باقي نبراسكا. وترتفع التلال الرملية في وسط هذه المنطقة. ومتوسط درجات الحرارة في الولاية 24°م في يوليو و – 5°م في يناير.

Nebraska is composed of two major land regions: the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains. The easternmost portion of the state was scoured by Ice Age glaciers; the Dissected Till Plains were left after the glaciers retreated. The Dissected Till Plains is a region of gently rolling hills; Omaha and Lincoln are in this region. The Great Plains occupy most of western Nebraska, with the region consisting of several smaller, diverse land regions, including the Sandhills, the Pine Ridge, the Rainwater Basin, the High Plains and the Wildcat Hills. Panorama Point, at 5,424 feet (1,653 m), is Nebraska's highest point; though despite its name and elevation, it is a relatively low rise near the Colorado and Wyoming borders. A past tourism slogan for the state of Nebraska was "Where the West Begins" (it has since been changed to "Honestly, it's not for everyone").[28] Locations given for the beginning of the "West" in Nebraska include the Missouri River, the intersection of 13th and O Streets in Lincoln (where it is marked by a red brick star), the 100th meridian, and Chimney Rock.


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Federal land management

Nebraska National Forest

Areas under the management of the National Park Service include:

Areas under the management of the National Forest Service include:

المناخ

للمزيد من المعلومات: Climate change in Nebraska
Köppen climate types of Nebraska, using 1991-2020 climate normals
Winter at Scotts Bluff National Monument

Two major climatic zones are represented in Nebraska. The eastern two-thirds of the state has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), although the southwest of this region may be classed as a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) using the −3 °C or 26.6 °F near the Kansas state line, analogous to the predominantly humid subtropical climate of Kansas and Oklahoma. Western Nebraska, including The Panhandle and adjacent areas bordering Colorado have a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk). The entire state experiences wide seasonal variations in both temperature and precipitation. Average temperatures are fairly uniform across Nebraska, with hot summers and generally cold winters. However, chinook winds from the Rocky Mountains provide a temporary moderating effect on temperatures in the state's western portion during the winter.[29][30] Thus, average January maximum temperatures are highest at around 43 °F or 6.1 °C in southwestern Dundy County, and lowest at about 30 °F or −1.1 °C around South Sioux City in the northeast.

Average annual precipitation decreases east to west from about 31.5 inches (800 mm) in the southeast corner of the state to about 13.8 inches (350 mm) in the Panhandle. Humidity also decreases significantly from east to west. Snowfall across the state is fairly even, with most of Nebraska receiving between 25 and 35 inches (0.64 and 0.89 m) of snow each year.[31] Nebraska's highest-recorded temperature was 118 °F (48 °C) in Minden on July 24, 1936. The state's lowest-recorded temperature was −47 °F (−44 °C) in Camp Clarke on February 12, 1899.

Nebraska is located in Tornado Alley. Thunderstorms are common during both the spring and the summer. Violent thunderstorms and tornadoes happen primarily during those two seasons, although they also can occur occasionally during the autumn.

Lincoln
Month Temperature Precipitation
Mean Maximum Minimum
January -5.9 °C (21.3 °F) 0.2 °C (32.4 °F) -12.2 °C (10.1 °F) 14 mm (0.54 in)
February -3.0 °C (26.6 °F) 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) -9.4 °C (15.1 °F) 18 mm (0.72 in)
March 3.7 °C (38.6 °F) 10.2 °C (50.3 °F) -2.9 °C (26.8 °F) 53 mm (2.09 in)
April 10.9 °C (51.7 °F) 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) 3.8 °C (38.9 °F) 70 mm (2.76 in)
May 16.7 °C (62.1 °F) 23.4 °C (74.2 °F) 10.0 °C (50.0 °F) 99 mm (3.90 in)
June 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) 29.3 °C (84.7 sadfsdfasdf°F) 15.7 °C (60.2 °F) 99 mm (3.89 in)
July 25.7 °C (78.2 °F) 32.2 °C (90.0 °F) 19.1 °C (66.3 °F) 81 mm (3.20 in)
August 23.9 °C (75.0 °F) 30.4 °C (86.7 °F) 17.4 °C (63.3 °F) 87 mm (3.41 in)
September 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) 11.8 °C (53.2 °F) 88 mm (3.48 in)
October 12.0 °C (53.6 °F) 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) 4.7 °C (40.5 °F) 54 mm (2.12 in)
November 3.8 °C (38.8 °F) 10.1 °C (50.2 °F) -2.6 °C (27.3 °F) 32 mm (1.27 in)
December -3.6 °C (25.6 °F) 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) -9.2 °C (15.4 °F) 22 mm (0.88 in)
Annual 10.5 °C (50.9 °F) 17.0 °C (62.7 °F) 3.9 °C (39.0 °F) 718 mm (28.26 in)


Scottsbluff
Month Temperature Precipitation
Mean Maximum Minimum
January -3.9 °C (24.9 °F) 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) -11.2 °C (11.8 °F) 13 mm (0.50 in)
February -1.0 °C (30.2 °F) 6.4 °C (43.6 °F) -8.4 °C (16.8 °F) 12 mm (0.47 in)
March 2.3 °C (36.2 °F) 10.2 °C (50.3 °F) -5.5 °C (22.1 °F) 28 mm (1.09 in)
April 8.1 °C (46.5 °F) 16.3 °C (61.4 °F) -0.3 °C (31.5 °F) 40 mm (1.58 in)
May 13.6 °C (56.4 °F) 21.6 °C (70.9 °F) 5.4 °C (41.8 °F) 70 mm (2.77 in)
June 19.6 °C (67.3 °F) 27.8 °C (82.0 °F) 11.5 °C (52.7 °F) 67 mm (2.64 in)
July 23.4 °C (74.2 °F) 32.1 °C (89.7 °F) 14.8 °C (58.7 °F) 52 mm (2.06 in)
August 22.0 °C (71.6 °F) 30.7 °C (87.2 °F) 13.3 °C (56.0 °F) 27 mm (1.07 in)
September 16.3 °C (61.4 °F) 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) 7.5 °C (45.6 °F) 28 mm (1.10 in)
October 9.8 °C (49.6 °F) 18.6 °C (65.5 °F) 0.9 °C (33.7 °F) 21 mm (0.81 in)
November 2.4 °C (36.3 °F) 10.1 °C (50.2 °F) -5.3 °C (22.4 °F) 16 mm (0.62 in)
December -3.2 °C (26.2 °F) 4.2 °C (39.5 °F) -10.6 °C (12.9 °F) 14 mm (0.56 in)
Annual 9.2 °C (48.5 °F) 17.2 °C (63.0 °F) 1.1 °C (33.9 °F) 388 mm (15.27 in)


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Settlements

Map of state: mostly one to twenty-five people per square mile, with density increasing as one moves eastward
Population density in Nebraska

Eighty-nine percent of the cities in Nebraska have fewer than 3,000 people. Nebraska shares this characteristic with five other Midwestern states: Kansas, Oklahoma, North Dakota and South Dakota, and Iowa. Hundreds of towns have a population of fewer than 1,000. Regional population declines have forced many rural schools to consolidate.

Fifty-three of Nebraska's 93 counties reported declining populations between 1990 and 2000, ranging from a 0.06% loss (Frontier County) to a 17.04% loss (Hitchcock County).

Omaha, Nebraska's largest city

More urbanized areas of the state have experienced substantial growth. In 2000, the city of Omaha had a population of 390,007; in 2005, the city's estimated population was 414,521 (427,872 including the recently annexed city of Elkhorn), a 6.3% increase over five years. The 2010 census showed that Omaha has a population of 408,958. The city of Lincoln had a 2000 population of 225,581 and a 2010 population of 258,379, a 14.5% increase.

As of the 2010 census, there were 530 cities and villages in the state of Nebraska. There are five classifications of cities and villages in Nebraska, which are based upon population. All population figures are 2017 Census Bureau estimates unless flagged by a reference number.

Metropolitan Class City (300,000 or more)

Primary Class City (100,000–299,999)

First Class City (5,000–99,999)

Second Class Cities (800–4,999) and Villages (100–800) make up the rest of the communities in Nebraska. There are 116 second-class cities and 382 villages in the state.

Other areas

  • Grand Island, Hastings and Kearney comprise the "Tri-Cities" area, with a combined population of 168,748
  • The northeast corner of Nebraska is part of the Siouxland region.


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السكان

حسب تعداد عام 2000 بلغ عدد السكان بولاية نبراسكا 1711263 نسمة وتعد الولاية رقم 38 في تاريخ الولايات المتحدة، تبلغ نسبة السكان ذو البشرة البيضاء 89.6 %، والسكان الزنوج تبلغ نسبتهم 4 %، أما بالنسبة للجنسيات الموجودة فنجد أن الأسيويون يمثلوا 1.3 % والأمريكيون الأصليون يمثلوا 0.9 %، والأجناس الأخرى 2.8 %، والأجناس المختلطة 1.4%، كما يمثل الهيسبانك نسبة 5.5 %. وأكثر الجاليات الموجودة في ولاية نبراسكا هم الألمان ويمثلوا 38.6%، الأيرلنديون يمثلوا 12.4 %، الانجليز 9.6 %، السويديون 4.9 % والتشيك أيضا يمثلوا 4.9 % من نسبة عدد السكان. يبلغ عدد السكان العرب في ولاية نبراسكا حوالي 4657 بنسبة .027% من إجمالي عدد السكان منهم 2141 لبناني الجنسية، 782 سوري الجنسية، 328 مصري الجنسية أكبر المدن من حيث عدد السكان حسب تعداد عام 2004 مدينة اوماها Omaha وبلغ عدد السكان 409416 نسمة، ثم مدينة لينكولن العاصمة عدد سكانها 236146 نسمة، ومدينة بيلفيو Bellevue عدد سكانها 47347 نسمة، ومدينة جراند ايلاند Grand Island عدد سكانها 44287 نسمة، ومدينة كيرني Kearney 28640 نسمة.


التعداد تاريخياً
الإحصاء التعداد %±
186028٬841
—
1870122٬993326.5%
1880452٬402267.8%
18901٬062٬656134.9%
19001٬066٬3000.3%
19101٬192٬21411.8%
19201٬296٬3728.7%
19301٬377٬9636.3%
19401٬315٬834-4.5%
19501٬325٬5100.7%
19601٬411٬3306.5%
19701٬483٬4935.1%
19801٬569٬8255.8%
19901٬578٬3850.5%
20001٬711٬2638.4%
20101٬826٬3416.7%
تقديري 20231٬978٬37915.6%
Source: 1910–2020[33]
Ethnic origins in Nebraska

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Nebraska was 1,934,408 on July 1, 2019, a 5.92% increase since the 2010 United States census.[34] The center of population of Nebraska is in Polk County, in the city of Shelby.[35]

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 2,246 homeless people in Nebraska.[36][37]

The table below shows the racial composition of Nebraska's population as of 2016.

Nebraska racial composition of population[38]
Race Population (2016 est.) Percentage
Total population 1,881,259 100%
White 1,655,708 88.0%
Black or African American 88,388 4.7%
American Indian and Alaska Native 15,739 0.8%
Asian 39,794 2.1%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 1,305 0.1%
Some other race 36,672 1.9%
Two or more races 43,653 2.3%
Nebraska historical racial composition
Racial composition 1990[39] 2000[40] 2010[41] 2020[42]
White 93.8% 89.6% 86.1% 78.4%
Black 3.6% 4.0% 4.5% 4.9%
Asian 0.8% 1.3% 1.8% 2.7%
Native 0.8% 0.9% 1.0% 1.2%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander		 – 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Other race 1.0% 2.8% 4.3% 5.4%
Two or more races – 1.4% 2.2% 7.3%

According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 10.2% of Nebraska's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (7.8%), Puerto Rican (0.2%), Cuban (0.2%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (2.0%).[38] The largest ancestry groups were: German (36.1%), Irish (13.1%), English (7.8%), Czech (4.7%), Swedish (4.3%), and Polish (3.5%).[43]

Nebraska has the largest Czech American and non-Mormon Danish American population (as a percentage of the total population) in the nation. Nebraska is also home to the largest Polish American population in the Great Plains. German Americans are the largest ancestry group in most of the state, particularly in the eastern counties. Thurston County (made up entirely of the Omaha and Winnebago reservations) has an American Indian majority, and Butler County is one of only two counties in the nation with a Czech-American plurality.

In recent years, Nebraska has become home to many refugee communities. In 2016, it welcomed more refugees per capita than any other state.[44] Nebraska, and in particular Lincoln, is the largest home of Yazidis refugees and Yazidi Americans in the United States.[45][46][47]

Notably, Nebraska was the last of all 50 states to maintain a ban on the issuance of driver's licenses to adults who had entered the United States illegally as children (also known as Dreamers). The state legislature lifted the ban in December 2016.[48]

Mexico, India, China, Guatemala, and El Salvador are top countries of origin for Nebraska's immigrants.[49]

Birth data

Map of counties in Nebraska by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census

As of 2011, 31.0% of Nebraska's population younger than age one were minorities.[50]

Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
Race 2013[51] 2014[52] 2015[53] 2016[54] 2017[55] 2018[56] 2019[57] 2020[58] 2021[59]
White: 22,670 (86.9%) 23,178 (86.5%) 23,126 (86.7%) ... ... ... ... ... ...
Non-Hispanic White 19,237 (73.7%) 19,471 (72.6%) 19,201 (72.0%) 18,729 (70.4%) 17,827 (69.0%) 17,645 (69.2%) 16,930 (68.4%) 16,433 (67.7%) 16,767 (68.1%)
Black 1,979 (7.6%) 2,015 (7.5%) 2,009 (7.5%) 1,685 (6.3%) 1,688 (6.5%) 1,739 (6.8%) 1,654 (6.7%) 1,631 (6.7%) 1,533 (6.2%)
Asian 854 (3.3%) 1,048 (3.9%) 987 (3.7%) 894 (3.4%) 861 (3.3%) 925 (3.6%) 857 (3.5%) 870 (3.6%) 861 (3.5%)
American Indian 592 (2.3%) 553 (2.1%) 557 (2.1%) 353 (1.3%) 399 (1.5%) 342 (1.3%) 341 (1.4%) 284 (1.2%) 248 (1.0%)
Hispanic (of any race) 3,895 (14.9%) 4,143 (15.6%) 4,249 (15.9%) 4,282 (16.1%) 4,382 (17.0%) 4,155 (16.3%) 4,345 (17.6%) 4,393 (18.1%) 4,440 (18.0%)
Total Nebraska 26,095 (100%) 26,794 (100%) 26,679 (100%) 26,589 (100%) 25,821 (100%) 25,488 (100%) 24,755 (100%) 24,291 (100%) 24,609 (100%)

Note: For 2013–2015, births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number. Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

الدين

Religion in Nebraska (2014)[60]
religion percent
Protestant
  
 51%
Catholic
  
 23%
Unaffiliated
  
 20%
Mormon
  
 1%
Hindu
  
 1%
Buddhist
  
 1%
Other faith
  
 2%
Don't know
  
 1%

The religious affiliations of the people of Nebraska are predominantly Christian, according to a 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center. At the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute survey, 73% of the population identified as Christian.[61] At the 2014 Pew Research Center's survey, 20% of the population were religiously unaffiliated; in 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute determined 22% of the population became religiously unaffiliated.

The largest single denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church (372,838), the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (112,585), the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (110,110) and the United Methodist Church (109,283).[62]

تشتهر هذه الولاية باعتناق الديانة المسيحية إذ يبلغ: - نسبة 90 % من سكانها مسيحيون مقسمين إلى - 61 % بروتستانت (16 % أتباع لوثر – 11% ميثوديست – 9 % بابتيست – 4 % بريسبيتريان – 21 % بروتستانت آخرون ) - 28 % رومان كاثوليك - 1 % مسيحيون آخرون - نسبة 1 % أديان أخري - نسبة 9 % ملحدون

الاقتصاد

بلغ الناتج الإجمالي القومي لولاية نبراسكا 68 مليار دولار حسب تحليل المكتب الاقتصادي الأمريكي عام 2004، ويبلغ متوسط دخل الفرد السنوي 31.339 دولار وتعد الولاية رقم 25 بين الولايات الأمريكية في هذا الصدد. كانت الولاية في الماضي جزء من الصحراء الأمريكية العظمي Great American Desert ثم أصبحت Farming State ولاية زراعية تحتل فيها الثروة الحيوانية مثل الأبقار والجاموس مصدرا هاما في اقتصاد الولاية وكذلك نقل البضائع، والتصنيع، والاتصالات، وتكنولوجيا المعلومات، وكذلك التأمينات تمثل عصب الاقتصاد القومي لولاية نبراسكا. تبلغ نسبة الفقراء في ولاية نبراسكا عام 2003 نسبة 10.2%، وبمقارنتها بعام 2002 نجد أنها ازدادت حيث بلغت 10% فقط، وتحتل ولاية نبراسكا المركز الثامن متساوية مع ولاية ساوث داكوتا في انخفاض نسبة البطالة وتبلغ نسبة 3.8 %، وتبلغ نسبة الذين يمتلكون مساكن 71.2 % عام 2004. أشهر الشركات بولاية نبراسكا - Ameritrade هي الشركة القابضة أميريتراد المالكة لشركة أمريتريد أكبر شركة سمسرة علي الانترنت في الولايات المتحدة وتوجد في مدينة لينكولن، ويعمل بها 1961 موظف وقد بلغ صافي أرباحها 922 مليون دولار عام 2004 - Borsheims وهو أكبر متجر لبيع المجوهرات الخام في الولايات المتحدة ويوجد في مدينة اوماها، وقد تأسس عام 1870 ويعمل به 370 موظف وتخدم الولايات الخمسين من خلال 5 متاجر رئيسية منتشرة بالولايات المتحدة.

تغطي مزارع المحاصيل ومزارع الماشية أو الخيل 95% من مساحة الأراضي. وهي نسبة أعلى من أية ولاية أمريكية أخرى.

أما المنتجات الأخرى التي تلي الذرة الشامية في الأهمية فهي قطعان الأبقار، والخنازير، والتبن، وفول الصويا. وتستخدم صناعات الخدمات ثلاثة أرباع عمال الولاية تقريبًا، وتجارة الجملة والتجزئة، هي المستخدم الأكبر في الولاية. والأنشطة المالية ذات أهمية في أوماها، وهي مركز قومي لصناعة التأمين. وصناعة الأغذية في مقدمة الصناعات. وتَعدّ مفارم اللحم ومحطات تغليف اللحوم من أنشطة الصناعات الغذائية الرئيسية. وتجيء صناعة الآلات في المرتبة الثانية من حيث الأهمية للمنتجات المصنعة.

الصناعة

Kool-Aid was created in 1927 by Edwin Perkins in the city of Hastings, which celebrates the event the second weekend of every August with Kool-Aid Days,[63][64] and Kool-Aid is the official soft drink of Nebraska.[65][66] CliffsNotes were developed by Clifton Hillegass of Rising City. He adapted his pamphlets from the Canadian publications, Coles Notes.

Omaha is home to Berkshire Hathaway, whose chief executive officer (CEO), Warren Buffett, was ranked in March 2009 by Forbes magazine as the second-richest person in the world. The city is also home to Mutual of Omaha, InfoUSA, TD Ameritrade, West Corporation, Valmont Industries, Woodmen of the World, Kiewit Corporation, Union Pacific Railroad, and Gallup. Ameritas Life Insurance Corp., Nelnet, Sandhills Publishing Company, Duncan Aviation, and Hudl are based in Lincoln. The Buckle is based in Kearney. Sidney is the national headquarters for Cabela's, a specialty retailer of outdoor goods now owned by Bass Pro Shops. Grand Island is the headquarters of Hornady, a manufacturer of ammunition.

The world's largest train yard, Union Pacific's Bailey Yard, is in North Platte. The Vise-Grip was invented by William Petersen in 1924, and was manufactured in De Witt until the plant was closed and moved to China in late 2008.[67]

Lincoln's Kawasaki Motors Manufacturing is the only Kawasaki plant in the world to produce the Jet Ski, all-terrain vehicle (ATV), and MULE product lines. The facility employs more than 1,200 people.

The Spade Ranch, in the Sandhills, is one of Nebraska's oldest and largest beef cattle operations.

الطاقة

انظر أيضاً: قائمة محطات الطاقة في نبراسكا

Nebraska has been the nation's second-largest producer of ethanol biofuels. It has few fossil-fuel resources except for crude oil from the Niobrara Formation which underlays a portion of the state's western region. It hosts one uranium leach mining operation near its northwest border with Wyoming. It has an abundance of renewable generation resources, including untapped biomass generation potential from its productive agriculture industry. It has been a top-ten state for per-capita energy consumption due in large part to its energy-intensive agriculture, meat packing, and food processing industries.[68]

Nebraska is the only state in the US where all electric utilities are publicly owned.[69] Half of its electricity is generated from coal and the fastest-growing source in recent years has been wind. Nebraska has no renewable portfolio standard while supporting net metering.[68]

النقل

Interstate Highways through the State of Nebraska
I-76.svg    I-80.svg    I-129.svg    I-180.svg    I-480.svg    I-680.svg   
The U.S. Routes in Nebraska
US 6.svg    US 20.svg    US 26.svg    US 30.svg    US 34.svg    US 73.svg    US 75.svg    US 77.svg    US 81.svg    US 83.svg    US 136.svg    US 138.svg    US 159.svg    US 183.svg    US 275.svg    US 281.svg    US 283.svg    US 385.svg   

الحكومة والقانون

رموز ولاية Nebraska
Motto Equality Before the Law
Slogan Nebraska, possibilities...endless
الرموز الحية
 -الحيوان White-tailed deer
 -الطائر Western meadowlark
 -الفراشة {{{Butterfly}}}
 -السمكة Channel catfish
 -الزهرة Goldenrod
 -Furbearer {{{Furbearer}}}
 -الحشائش Little bluestem
 -الحشرة European honey bee
 -الزاحف {{{Reptile}}}
 -الشجرة Cottonwood
 -الزهرة البرية {{{Wildflower}}}
المشروب Milk
العاصمة {{{Capital}}}
الألوان {{{Colors}}}
الرقصة Square dance
الحفرية Mammoth
الحجر الكريم Blue agate
المعدن {{{Mineral}}}
Motto Equality Before the Law
الآلة الموسيقية {{{MusicalInstrument}}}
ربطة العنق {{{Neckwear}}}
اسم التدليل {{{Nickname}}}
الصخرة {{{StateRock}}}
اللعبة {{{Game}}}
السفينة {{{Ships}}}
الأغنية "Beautiful Nebraska"
التربة Holdrege series
Tartan {{{Tartan}}}
Waltz {{{Waltz}}}
The Nebraska State Capitol in Lincoln, Nebraska

سياسة نبراسكا

المقالة الرئيسية: Government of Nebraska
نتائج الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية في Nebraska[70] Nebraska}}[70]
السنة الجمهوري الديمقراطي حزب ثالث
رقم.  % رقم.  % رقم.  %
2020 556,846 58٫22% 374,583 39٫17% 24,954 2٫61%
2016 495,961 58٫75% 284,494 33٫70% 63,777 7٫55%
2012 475,064 59٫80% 302,081 38٫03% 17,234 2٫17%
2008 452,979 56٫53% 333,319 41٫60% 14,983 1٫87%
2004 512,814 65٫90% 254,328 32٫68% 11,044 1٫42%
2000 433,862 62٫25% 231,780 33٫25% 31,377 4٫50%
1996 363,467 53٫65% 236,761 34٫95% 77,187 11٫39%
1992 344,346 46٫58% 217,344 29٫40% 177,593 24٫02%
1988 398,447 60٫15% 259,646 39٫20% 4,279 0٫65%
1984 460,054 70٫55% 187,866 28٫81% 4,170 0٫64%
1980 419,937 65٫53% 166,851 26٫04% 54,066 8٫44%
1976 359,705 59٫19% 233,692 38٫46% 14,271 2٫35%
1972 406,298 70٫50% 169,991 29٫50% 0 0�00%
1968 321,163 59٫82% 170,784 31٫81% 44,904 8٫36%
1964 276,847 47٫39% 307,307 52٫61% 0 0�00%
1960 380,553 62٫07% 232,542 37٫93% 0 0�00%
1956 378,108 65٫51% 199,029 34٫49% 0 0�00%
1952 421,603 69٫15% 188,057 30٫85% 0 0�00%
1948 264,774 54٫15% 224,165 45٫85% 1 0�00%
1944 329,880 58٫58% 233,246 41٫42% 0 0�00%
1940 352,201 57٫19% 263,677 42٫81% 0 0�00%
1936 247,731 40٫74% 347,445 57٫14% 12,847 2٫11%
1932 201,177 35٫29% 359,082 62٫98% 9,878 1٫73%
1928 345,745 63٫19% 197,959 36٫18% 3,440 0٫63%
1924 218,585 47٫09% 137,289 29٫58% 108,299 23٫33%
1920 247,498 64٫66% 119,608 31٫25% 15,637 4٫09%
1916 117,771 40٫99% 158,827 55٫28% 10,717 3٫73%
1912 54,226 21٫74% 109,008 43٫69% 86,249 34٫57%
1908 126,997 47٫60% 131,099 49٫14% 8,703 3٫26%
1904 138,558 61٫38% 52,921 23٫44% 34,253 15٫17%
1900 121,835 50٫46% 114,013 47٫22% 5,582 2٫31%
1896 103,064 46٫18% 115,007 51٫53% 5,111 2٫29%
1892 87,213 43٫56% 24,943 12٫46% 88,036 43٫98%
1888 108,425 53٫51% 80,552 39٫75% 13,655 6٫74%
1884 76,912 57٫31% 54,391 40٫53% 2,899 2٫16%
1880 54,979 62٫87% 28,523 32٫62% 3,950 4٫52%
1876 31,915 64٫70% 17,413 35٫30% 0 0�00%
1872 18,329 70٫68% 7,603 29٫32% 0 0�00%
1868 9,772 63٫91% 5,519 36٫09% 0 0�00%
Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election

The Government of Nebraska operates under the framework of the Nebraska Constitution, adopted in 1875,[71] and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.

السلطة التنفيذية

للمزيد من المعلومات: Governor of Nebraska

The head of the executive branch is Governor Jim Pillen (Republican).[72] The Governor of Nebraska is the head of government of the U.S. state of Nebraska as provided by the fourth article of the Constitution of Nebraska. Other elected officials in the executive branch[73] are Lieutenant Governor Joe Kelly,[74] Attorney General Mike Hilgers,[75] Secretary of State Bob Evnen,[76] State Treasurer John Murante,[77] and State Auditor Mike Foley.[78] All elected officials in the executive branch serve four-year terms. Nebraska's executive branch has X agencies, including 18 code agencies administered by the Governor.

السلطة التشريعية

للمزيد من المعلومات: Nebraska Legislature and Nebraska State Capitol

Nebraska is the only state in the United States with a 'single-house' unicameral legislature.[79] Although this house is officially known simply as the "Legislature", and more commonly called the "Unicameral", its members call themselves "senators". Nebraska's Legislature is also the only state legislature in the United States that is officially nonpartisan. The senators are elected with no party affiliation next to their names on the ballot, and members of any party can be elected to the positions of speaker and committee chairs.[80] The Nebraska Legislature can also override the governor's veto with a three-fifths majority, in contrast to the two-thirds majority required in some other states.

When Nebraska became a state in 1867, its legislature consisted of two houses: a House of Representatives and a Senate. For years, U.S. Senator George Norris (Senator 1913–1943) and other Nebraskans encouraged the idea of a unicameral legislature and demanded the issue be decided in a referendum. Norris argued:[79]

The constitutions of our various states are built upon the idea that there is but one class. If this be true, there is no sense or reason in having the same thing done twice, especially if it is to be done by two bodies of men elected in the same way and having the same jurisdiction.

Unicameral supporters also argued that a bicameral legislature had a significant undemocratic feature in the committees that reconciled House and Senate legislation. Votes in these committees were secretive, and would sometimes add provisions to bills that neither house had approved.[81] Nebraska's unicameral legislature today has rules that bills can contain only one subject,[82] and must be given at least five days of consideration. In 1934, due in part to the budgetary pressure of the Great Depression, Nebraska citizens ran a state initiative to vote on a constitutional amendment creating a unicameral legislature, which was approved, which, in effect, abolished the House of Representatives (the lower house).[79]

The Legislature meets in the third Nebraska State Capitol building, built between 1922 and 1932. It was designed by Bertram G. Goodhue. Built from Indiana limestone, the capitol's base is a cross within a square. A 400-foot (122 m) domed tower rises from this base. The Sower, a 19-foot (5.8 m) bronze statue representing agriculture, crowns the building.

السلطة القضائية

للمزيد من المعلومات: Nebraska Supreme Court

The judicial system in Nebraska is unified, with the Nebraska Supreme Court[83] having administrative authority over all the courts within the state.[84] Nebraska uses the Missouri Plan for the selection of judges at all levels, including county courts (as the lowest-level courts)[85] and twelve district courts,[86] which contain one or more counties. The Nebraska State Court of Appeals hears appeals from the district courts,[87] juvenile courts,[88] and workers' compensation courts,[89] and is the final court of appeal.

التمثيل الاتحادي

للمزيد من المعلومات: United States congressional delegations from Nebraska
The Nebraska State Capitol in Lincoln

Nebraska is represented in the U.S. Senate by Republican Deb Fischer,[90] who was first elected in 2012.[91] Nebraska's other Senate seat is currently held by Pete Ricketts, who took office on January 23, 2023.[92]

Nebraska has three representative seats in the U.S. House of Representatives.[90] Until the next election, Nebraska's representatives are Mike Flood (R) of the 1st district,[93] Don Bacon (R) of the 2nd district,[94] and Adrian Smith (R) of the 3rd district.[95]

Nebraska is one of two states (Maine is the other) that allow for a split in the state's allocation of electoral votes in presidential elections.[96] Under a 1991 law, two of Nebraska's five votes are awarded to the winner of the statewide popular vote, while the other three go to the highest vote-getter in each of the state's three congressional districts.

السياسة

للمزيد من المعلومات: Political party strength in Nebraska

For most of its history, Nebraska has been a solidly Republican state. Republicans have carried the state in all but one presidential election since 1940: the 1964 landslide election of Lyndon B. Johnson. In the 2004 presidential election, George W. Bush won the state's five electoral votes by a margin of 33 percentage points (making Nebraska's the fourth-strongest Republican vote among states) with 65.9% of the overall vote; only Thurston County, which is majority-Native American, voted for his Democratic challenger John Kerry. In 2008, the state split its electoral votes for the first time: Republican John McCain won the popular vote in Nebraska as a whole and two of its three congressional districts; the second district, which includes the city of Omaha, went for Democrat Barack Obama. Since then, the state has split its electoral vote once, with the second district going for Democrat Joe Biden in 2020.

Despite the current Republican domination of Nebraska politics, the state has a long tradition of electing centrist members of both parties to state and federal office; examples include George W. Norris (who served a few years in the Senate as an independent), J. James Exon, Bob Kerrey, and Chuck Hagel. Voters have tilted to the right in recent years, a trend evidenced when Hagel retired from the Senate in 2008 and was succeeded by conservative Republican Mike Johanns to the U.S. Senate, as well as with the 2006 re-election of Ben Nelson, who was considered the most conservative Democrat in the Senate until his retirement in 2013. Johanns retired in 2015 and was succeeded by Ben Sasse, while Nelson retired in 2013 and was succeeded by Deb Fischer, both conservative Republicans.

Though its politics are generally conservative, the state also has a history of progressive reform. Nebraska was the first US state to outlaw sexual assault within a marriage, in 1975.[97] In 1980 it became the first US state to divest from South Africa to protest the racist system of apartheid.[98]

Former President Gerald Ford was born in Nebraska but moved away shortly after birth. Illinois native William Jennings Bryan represented Nebraska in Congress, served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson, and unsuccessfully ran for president three times. Former Vice President Dick Cheney was born in Lincoln but moved to Casper.

Party registration as of March 1, 2024[99]
الحزب إجمالي المصوتين النسبة
Republican 602,564 49.08%
Democratic 331,112 26.97%
Nonpartisan 269,674 21.97%
Libertarian 18,065 1.47%
Legal Marijuana NOW 6,237 0.51%
Total 1,227,652 100.00%

أهم المدن والبلدات

أكبر المدن

Downtown Omaha
Downtown Lincoln
100,000+ population 10,000+ population

مشاهير الولاية

- الممثل الشهير مارلون براندو Marlon Brando الذي ولد في مدينة اوماها Omaha عام 1924 وتوفي عام 2004. - نائب الرئيس الأمريكي Richard Cheney ريتشارد تشيني الذي ولد عام 1941 في مدينة لينكولن. - الرئيس جيرالد فورد Gerald Ford الذي تولي منصب نائب الرئيس الأمريكي في عهد نيكسون Nixon ثم تولي منصب رئيس الولايات المتحدة في الفترة من 1974 حتى عام 1977 ليكون الرئيس رقم 38 في تاريخ الولايات المتحدة، وولد عام 1913 في اوماها.

التعليم

يكثر في الولاية الجامعات والكليات وتتنوع بين الجامعات الحكومية والجامعات الخاصة، ومن أشهر الكليات والجامعات هناك: • جامعة نبراسكا University of Nebraska Lincoln وهي جامعة حكومية أنشئت الجامعة عام 1869 وتعد أكبر جامعة في الولاية ويدرس بها حوالي 17137 طالب وقد تخرج منها 4655 طالب عام 2005. • جامعة أوماها Omah University التي أنشئت عام 1908 وتعد ثاني أكبر معهد للتعليم العالي في ولاية نبراسكا وهي جامعة حكومية. • York College التي أنشئت عام 1890 وهي كلية خاصة يدرس بها 461 طالب. • Dana College وهي جامعة خاصة تأسست عام 1884 ويدرس بها 582 طالب. • Bellevue University وهي جامعة عامة يدرس بها 5524 طالب وأنشئت عام 1966. • College Saint Mary وتدرس بها 917 طالبة من الطائفة الكاثوليكية.

الثقافة

الرياضة

للمزيد من المعلومات: [[:الرياضة في نبراسكا]]

انظر أيضا

المقالة الرئيسية: Outline of Nebraska


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ببليوغرافيا

Surveys

Scholarly special studies

  • Barnhart, John D. "Rainfall and the Populist Party in Nebraska." American Political Science Review 19 (1925): 527-40. in JSTOR
  • Beezley, William H. "Homesteading in Nebraska, 1862-1872," Nebraska History 53 (spring 1972): 59-75.
  • Bentley, Arthur F. "The Condition of the Western Farmer as Illustrated by the Economic History of a Nebraska Township." Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science 11 (1893): 285-370.
  • Cherny, Robert W. Populism, Progressivism, and the Transformation of Nebraska Politics, 1885-1915 (1981)
  • Bogue Allen G. Money at Interest: The Farm Mortgage on the Middle Border (1955)
  • Brunner, Edmund de S. Immigrant Farmers and Their Children (1929)
  • Chudacoff, Howard P. Mobile Americans: Residential and Social Mobility in Omaha, 1880-1920 (1972)
    • Chudacoff, Howard P. "A New Look at Ethnic Neighborhoods: Residential Dispersion and the Concept of Visibility in a Medium-sized City." Journal of American History 60 (1973): 76-93. about Omaha; in JSTOR
  • Coletta, Paolo E. William Jennings Bryan. 3 vols. 1964-69.
  • Dick, Everett. The Sod-House Frontier: 1854-1890 (1937)
  • Farragher, John Mack. Women and Men on the Overland Trail (1979)
  • Fuller, Wayne E. The Old Country School: The Story of Rural Education in the Midwest (1982)
  • Grant, Michael Johnston. "Down and Out on the Family Farm" (2002)
  • Harper, Ivy. Walzing Matilda: Life and Times of Nebraska Senator Robert Kerrey (1992).
  • Holter, Don W. Flames on the Plains: A History of United Methodism in Nebraska (1983).
  • Jeffrey, Julie Roy. Frontier Women: The Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-1880 (1979)
  • Klein, Maury. Union Pacific: The Birth of a Railroad, 1862-1893 (1986)
  • Klein, Maury. Union Pacific: The Rebirth, 1894-1969 (1989).
  • Larsen, Lawrence H. The Gate City: A History of Omaha (1982)
  • Lowitt, Richard. George W. Norris 3 vols. 1971.
  • Luebke, Frederick C. Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880-1900 (1969)
  • Luebke, Frederick C. "The German-American Alliance in Nebraska, 1910-1917." Nebraska History 49 (1969): 165-85.
  • Olson, James C. J. Sterling Morton (1942)
  • Overton, Richard C. Burlington West: A Colonization History of the Burlington Railroad (1941)
  • Parsons Stanley B. "Who Were the Nebraska Populists?" Nebraska History 44 (1963): 83-99.
  • Pierce, Neal. The Great Plains States (1973)
  • Pederson, James F., and Kenneth D. Wald. Shall the People Rule? A History of the Democratic Party in Nebraska Politics (1972)
  • Riley, Glenda. The Female Frontier. A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains (1978)
  • Wenger, Robert W. "The Anti-Saloon League in Nebraska Politics, 1898-1910." Nebraska History 52 (1971): 267-92.

وصلات خارجية

سبقه
Nevada 		List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on March 1, 1867 (37th) 		تبعه
Colorado


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