المجلس التشريعي للولاية (الولايات المتحدة)
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المجلس التشريعي الولائي state legislature في الولايات المتحدة هو legislative body of any of the 50 U.S. states. The formal name varies from state to state. In 27 states the legislature is simply called the Legislature أو State Legislature، بينما في 19 ولاية، المجلس التشريعي يُسمى General Assembly. في مساتشوستس ونيو هامپشر، المجلس التشريعي يُسمى General Court، بينما داكوتا الشمالية و أوريگون تسمي المجلس التشريعي Legislative Assembly.
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التشكيل
Every state except Nebraska has a bicameral legislature, meaning that the legislature consists of two separate legislative chambers or houses. In each case the smaller chamber is called the Senate and is usually referred to as the upper house. This chamber typically, but not always, has the exclusive power to confirm appointments made by the governor and to try articles of impeachment. (In a few states, a separate Executive Council, composed of members elected from large districts, performs the confirmation function.) Members of the smaller chamber represent more citizens and usually serve for longer terms than members of the larger chamber, generally four years. In 41 states, the larger chamber is called the House of Representatives. Five states designate the larger chamber the Assembly and three states call it the House of Delegates. Members of the larger chamber usually serve for terms of two years. The larger chamber customarily has the exclusive power to initiate taxing legislation and articles of impeachment.
Prior to the United States Supreme Court decisions Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964), the basis of representation in most state legislatures was modeled on that of the U.S. Congress: the state senators represented geographical units, while members of the larger chamber represented population. In Reynolds v. Sims the Supreme Court decided upon the one man, one vote standard for state legislatures and invalidated representation based on geographical units regardless of population. (The ruling does not affect the U.S. Senate, because that chamber's makeup is prescribed by the U.S. Constitution.)
Nebraska originally had a bicameral legislature like the other states, but the lower house was abolished following a referendum, effective with the 1936 elections. The remaining unicameral (one-chamber) legislature is called the Nebraska Legislature, but its members are called state senators.
الواجبات والنفوذ
التاريخ
The first bicameral American legislature was formed in 1619 by the Virginia House of Burgesses.[1]
انظر أيضاً
- قائمة المجالس التشريعية للولايات الأمريكية
- List of current U.S. state legislators
- Comparison of U.S. state governments
- United States state legislatures' partisan trend
- Legislative Assemblies of Canada's provinces and territories
- Parliaments of the Australian states and territories
- Legislative Assemblies of Brazilian states
الهامش
- ^ Hodson, Tim; Tucker, Harvey J.; Garrett, John; Vanlandingham, Gary R.; Mo, Stephen Davis; Nv, Kathy Fosnaugh; Mo, Jackie Hord; Va, Bruce Jamerson (2005). JUDGING LEGISLATURES (PDF). Journal of the American Society of Legislative Clerks and Secretaries.
