ملكية هابسبورج

ملكية هابسبورگ ملكية هابسبورگ
1526–1804
علم Imperial Coat of arms of Charles V
النشيد: لا يوجد النشيد الامبراطوري Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser "فليحفظ الرب الامبراطور فرانسيس"
ملكية هابسبورگ في أقصى اتساعها، في عهد تشارلز الخامس في 1547.
المكانة	إمبراطورية
العاصمة	ڤيينا پراگ (1583–1611)
اللغات الشائعة	الألمانية، المجرية، الرومانية، الكرواتية، التشيكية، السلوڤاكية، السلوڤينية, الاسبانية، الإيطالية، البولندية، الروثنية
الدين	الديانة الرسمية: كاثوليكية رومانية الديانات المعترف بها: كالڤنية, لوثرية، مسيحية ارثوذكسية
الحكومة	ملكية
امبراطور، ملك، & أرشدوق
• 1526–1564	فرديناند الأول (الأول)
• 1792–1804	فرانسيس الثاني (الأخير)
الحقبة التاريخية	العصور الوسطى، الحروب النابليونية
• تأسست	1526
• إعلان الامبراطورية	1804
سبقها تلاها أرشدوقية النمسا مملكة المجر في العصور الوسطى‎ مملكة بوهميا مملكة كرواتيا (القرون الوسطى) الامبراطورية النمساوية
Today part of	النمسا بلجيكا البوسنة والهرسك كرواتيا التشيك فرنسا ألمانيا المجر إيطاليا لوكسمبورگ هولندا پولندا رومانيا صربيا سلوڤاكيا سلوڤنيا إسپانيا سويسرا أوكرانيا

ملكية هابسبورگ (أو إمبراطورية هابسبورگ) غطت جميع المناطق التي حكمها الفرع النمساوي الأصغر من آل هابسبورگ (1278-1780) ومن ثم من قبل الأسرة التي خلفتها هابسبورگ-لورين (من 1780) وبين 1526 و1867/1918. كانت عاصمة الإمبراطورية فيينا باستثناء 1583-1611 عندما نقلت إلى براگ. من 1804-1867 حكم الهابسبورگ الامبراطورية النمساوية ومن 1867 حتى 1918 النمسا-المجر.

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 التسمية

أسماء بعض الأراضي الأصغر:

• Austrian lands (Österreichische Länder) or "Archduchies of Austria" (Erzherzogtümer von Österreich) - Lands up and below the Enns (ober und unter der Enns) (996–1918): This is the historical name of the parts of the Archduchy of Austria that became the present-day Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich) on 12 November 1918 (after Emperor Charles I had abdicated the throne). Modern day Austria is a semi-federal republic of nine states (Bundesländer) that are: Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Tyrol, Styria, Salzburg, Carinthia, Vorarlberg and Burgenland and the Capital of Vienna that is a state of its own.

 الأراضي

نمو ملكية هابسبورگ

The territories ruled by the branch changed over the centuries, but the core always consisted of four blocs:

• The Hereditary Lands, which covered most of the modern states of Austria and Slovenia, as well as territories in northeastern إيطاليا and (before 1797) southwestern ألمانيا. To these were added in 1779 the Inn Quarter of Bavaria; and in 1803 the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen. The Napoleonic Wars caused disruptions where many parts of the Hereditary lands were lost, but all these, along with the former Archbishopric of Salzburg, which had previously been temporarily annexed between 1805 and 1809, were recovered at the peace in 1815, with the exception of the Vorlande. The Hereditary provinces included:
  • Archduchy of Austria (Upper Austria);
  • Archduchy of Austria (Lower Austria);
  • Duchy of Styria;
  • Duchy of Carinthia;
  • Duchy of Carniola;
  • The Adriatic port of Trieste;
  • Istria (although much of Istria was Venetian territory until 1797);
  • Gorizia and Gradisca;
    • These lands (3–8) were often grouped together as Inner Austria.
  • The County of Tyrol (although the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen dominated what would become the South Tyrol before 1803);
  • The Vorarlberg (actually a collection of provinces, only united in the 19th century);
  • The Vorlande, a group of territories in Breisgau and elsewhere in southwestern Germany lost in 1801 (although the Alsatian territories (Sundgau) which had formed a part of it had been lost as early as 1648);
    • Vorarlberg and the Vorlande were often grouped together as Further Austria and mostly ruled jointly with Tyrol.
  • Grand Duchy of Salzburg (only after 1805);
• The Lands of the Bohemian Crown – initially consisting of the five lands: Kingdom of Bohemia, March of Moravia, Silesia, and Upper and Lower Lusatia. Bohemian Diet (تشيكية: zemský sněm) elected Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor as king in 1526.
  • Lusatia was ceded to Saxony in 1635.
  • Most of Silesia was conquered by Prussia in 1740–1742 and the remnants which stayed under Habsburg sovereignty were ruled as Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia (Austrian Silesia).
• The Kingdom of Hungary – medieval Kingdom of Hungary had lost some two thirds of its former territory to the Ottoman Empire and the Princes of Transylvania, while the Habsburgs were restricted to the western and northern fringes of the former kingdom, called Royal Hungary at that time. In 1699, at the end of the Ottoman-Habsburg wars, much of the territories that were part of the former medieval Kingdom of Hungary came under Austrian rule, with some other being picked up in 1718 (some of the territories that were part of medieval kingdom, notably those in the south of the Sava and Danube rivers, remained under Ottoman administration).

Europa regina, symbolizing a Habsburg-dominated Europe.

Over the course of its history, other lands were, at times, under Austrian Habsburg rule (some of these territories were secundogenitures, i.e. ruled by other lines of Habsburg dynasty):

• The Grand Principality of Transylvania, between 1699 (Treaty of Karlowitz) and 1867 (Ausgleich)
• The Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739);
• The Austrian Netherlands, consisting of most of modern Belgium and Luxembourg (1713–1792);
• دوقية ميلانو (1713–1797);
• The Kingdom of Naples (1713–1735);
• مملكة سردينيا (1713–1720);
• The Banat of Temeswar (1718–1778);
• Oltenia (1718–1739, de facto, 1737), as Grand-Voivodate (sometimes designated as Valachia Caesarea);
• The Kingdom of Sicily (1720–1735);
• The Duchy of Parma (1735–1748);
• The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, in modern Poland and Ukraine (1772–1918)
• Duchy of Bukovina (1774–1918);
• New Galicia, the Polish lands, including Kraków, taken in the Third Partition (1795–1809);
• Venetia (1797–1805);
• Kingdom of Dalmatia (1797–1805, 1814–1918);
• Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (1814–1859);
• Kraków, which was incorporated into Galicia (1846–1918);
• Sanjak of Novi Pazar occupation (1878–1913);
• البوسنة والهرسك (1878–1918);
• الجبهة العسكرية (1578–1882).

The boundaries of some of these territories varied over the period indicated, and others were ruled by a subordinate (secundogeniture) Habsburg line. The Habsburgs also held the title of Holy Roman Emperor between 1438 and 1740, and again from 1745 to 1806.

 حكام النظام الملكي هابسبورگ، 1526-1918

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة حكام النمسا

 هابسبورگ

• فرديناند الأول 1520–1564
• مكسمليان الثاني 1564–1576
• رودلف الثاني 1576–1612
• ماتياس 1612–1619
• فرديناند الثاني 1619–1637
• فرديناند الثالث 1637–1657
• ليوپولد الأول 1657–1705
• يوسف الأول 1705–1711
• شارل السادس 1711–1740 "كارل السادس" هو الملك الاسباني "كارلوس الثالث"
• ماريا تريسا 1740–1780 صحيحها أن تُكتَب "ماريا ترسيا Maria Theresia"

 هابسبورگ-لورين

• Joseph II 1780–1790 known as "the great Reformer"
• Leopold II 1790–1792 from 1765–1790 "Grandduke of Tuscany"
• Francis II 1792–1835 correctly written "Franz"(became Emperor Francis I of Austria in 1804, at which point numbering starts anew)
• Ferdinand I 1835–1848 known as "Ferdinand the Good" German: "Ferdinand der Gütige"
• Francis Joseph I 1848–1916 Brother of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico (ruled 1864–1867)
• Charles I 1916–1918 last reigning Monarch of Austria-Hungary
• Otto von Habsburg-Lothringen or sometimes called Otto von Österreich Crown Prince of Austria to be found as Otto von Habsburg

 المصادر

• Robert John Weston Evans, The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: An Interpretation, Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-19-873085-3.