النمسا العليا

(تم التحويل من Upper Austria)
النمسا العليا
ولاية
علم {{{official_name}}}
Flag
درع {{{official_name}}}
Coat of arms
{{{official_name}}}موقع
البلدFlag of Austria.svg نمسا
العاصمةلينز
الحكومة
 • GovernorThomas Stelzer (ÖVP)
 • Deputy Governors
  • Christine Haberlander (ÖVP)
  • Manfred Haimbuchner (FPÖ)
المساحة
 • الإجمالي11٬718٫32 كم² (4٬524٫47 ميل²)
التعداد
 (1 January 2023)
 • الإجمالي1٬522٬825
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeAT-4
NUTS RegionAT3
Votes in Bundesrat12 (of 62)
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.land-oberoesterreich.gv.at

النمسا العليا Upper Austria (ألمانية: Oberösterreich, تشيكية: Horní Rakousko, Austro-Bavarian: Obaöstarreich) هي واحدة من ولايات النمسا العشرة. عاصمتها مدينة لينز. تحدها ألمانيا والتشيك، وولايات النمسا السفلى، ستريا، وسالزبوگ. تبلغ مساحتها 11,980 كم² وعدد سكانها 1.3 مليون نسمة، وتعتبر رابع أكبر الولايات النمساوية من حيث المساحة والثالثة من حيث عدد السكان.


التاريخ

Hallstatt، قرية في النمسا العليا

Origins

For a long period of the Middle Ages, much of what would become Upper Austria constituted Traungau, a region of the Duchy of Bavaria. In the mid-13th century, it became known as the Principality above the Enns River (Fürstentum ob der Enns), this name being first recorded in 1264. (At the time, the term "Upper Austria" also included Tyrol and various scattered Habsburg possessions in southern Germany.)

Early modern era

In 1490, the area was given a measure of independence within the Holy Roman Empire, with the status of a principality. By 1550, there was a Protestant majority. In 1564, Upper Austria, together with Lower Austria and the Bohemian territories, fell under Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II.

At the start of the 17th century, the Counter-Reformation was instituted under Emperor Rudolf II and his successor Matthias. After a military campaign, the area was under the control of Bavaria for some years in the early 17th century.

The Innviertel was ceded from the Electorate of Bavaria to Upper Austria in the Treaty of Teschen in 1779. During the Napoleonic Wars, Upper Austria was occupied by the French army on more than one occasion.

20th century

Hallstatt, a village in Upper Austria inside the Salzkammergut

In 1918 after the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the name Oberösterreich was used to describe the province of the new Austria. After Austria was annexed by Adolf Hitler, the Nazi dictator, who had been born in the Upper Austrian town of Braunau am Inn and raised in Upper Austria, Upper Austria became Reichsgau Oberdonau, although this also included the southern part of the Sudetenland, annexed from Czechoslovakia, and a small part of Styria. In 1945, Upper Austria was partitioned between the American zone to the south and the Soviet zone to the north.

Industry

Today Upper Austria is Austria's leading industrial region. As of 2009, it accounted for approximately a quarter of the country's exports.[1]

البحيرات

Frankenburg am Hausruck
Gosauseen and Dachstein

Demographics

As of January 1, 2021, 1,495,608 people resided in the state, of which 107,318 (7.17 percent) were European Union/European Economic Area/Switzerland/UK citizens and 96,623 (6.46 percent) were third-country nationals.[2]

The majority of Upper Austrians are Christian. In 2001, 79.4 percent of the people still belonged to the Roman Catholic church, about 4.4% were members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 4.0 percent were Muslims, and 8.8 percent were of no confession.[3] By the end of 2020, the proportion of Catholics had fallen to 62 percent, while the corresponding proportion of Protestants was about 3.1 percent of the Upper Austrian population.[4]

Population development

After World War II, Upper Austria received a million refugees. The Soviet and American armies occupied Upper Austria as hundreds of thousands of people fled from both sides of the land front.[5]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1869736٬856—    
1880760٬091+3.2%
1890786٬496+3.5%
1900810٬854+3.1%
1910853٬595+5.3%
1923876٬698+2.7%
1934902٬965+3.0%
1939927٬583+2.7%
19511٬108٬720+19.5%
19611٬131٬623+2.1%
19711٬229٬972+8.7%
19811٬269٬540+3.2%
19911٬333٬480+5.0%
20011٬376٬797+3.2%
20111٬413٬762+2.7%
20211٬504٬237+6.4%
Source: Censuses[6]

Economy

The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 65.9 billion € in 2018, accounting for 17.1% of the Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 39,500 € or 131% of the EU27 average in the same year.[7]

Politics

The Upper Austrian state constitution defines Upper Austria as an independent state of the democratic Republic of Austria. In its constitution, Upper Austria also declares its support for a united Europe that is committed to democratic, constitutional, social and federal principles as well as the principle of subsidiarity, preserves the autonomy of the regions and ensures their participation in European decision-making. In its regional constitution, Upper Austria defines its position in Europe as an independent, future-oriented and self-confident region that participates in the further development of a united Europe.[8]

Like Styria, Upper Austria is a swing state that usually has a signal character in nationwide elections. The conservative Austrian People's Party dominates in rural areas, the Social Democratic Party of Austria has its strongholds in the cities of Linz, Wels and Steyr or in the Attnang-Puchheim railroad junction, but the right-wing populist Freedom Party of Austria has also traditionally had a strong presence, for example in the Innviertel.


التقسيمات الادارية

OberösterreichLänd Bezirke

Administratively, the state is divided into 15 districts (Bezirke), three Statutarstädte and 438 municipalities.

Statutory cities

  1. Linz
  2. Steyr
  3. Wels
Linz, New Cathedral

Districts

  2. Braunau
  3. Eferding
  4. Freistadt
  5. Gmunden
  6. Grieskirchen
  7. Kirchdorf
  8. Linz-Land
  9. Perg
  10. Ried
  11. Rohrbach
  12. Schärding
  13. Steyr-Land
  14. Urfahr-Umgebung
  15. Vöcklabruck
  16. Wels-Land

مناطق تاريخية

Historically, Upper Austria was traditionally divided into four regions: Hausruckviertel, Innviertel, Mühlviertel, and Traunviertel.

انظر أيضا

المراجع

  1. ^ Upper Austria Technology and Marketing Company. "Upper Austria in figures". Retrieved 2014-05-03.
  2. ^ Statistik Austria
  3. ^ "Glaube & Religion" (PDF).
  4. ^ "Kirchliche Statistik: Eintritte, Austritte, Pastoraldaten" (in الألمانية). www.katholisch.at. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  5. ^ Ronald W. Zweig; Thomas Albrich, eds. (2002). Escape Through Austria: Jewish Refugees and the Austrian Route to Palestine. Frank Cass. p. 15. ISBN 9780714652139.
  6. ^ "Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA". Statistics Austria.
  7. ^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018". Eurostat.
  8. ^ "Oö. Landes-Verfassungsgesetz (Oö. L-VG) - Artikel 1a" (PDF) (in الألمانية). p. 8. Retrieved 2024-01-25.

وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Upper Austria.
معرفة المصادر بها نص من the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica مقالة Austria, Upper.
الكلمات الدالة:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=النمسا_العليا&oldid=4070152"