العملية ماركت گاردن
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العملية ماركت جاردن (Market Garden) عملية عسكرية نفذتها قوات الحلفاء في 17 سبتمبر إلى 25 سبتمبر في عام 1944 أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية. نفذت العملية في هولندا وألمانيا.
عن طريق الاستعمال المكثف لنطاق القوات الجوية هدفت العملية التكتيكية لتضمين سلسلة الجسور الموجودة فوق الأنهار الرئيسية لهولندا المحتلة من قبل الألمان حتى يسمح للحلفاء بتقدم سريع للوحدات المسلحة. الغرض الإستراتيجي كان أن يتم السماح بعبور الحلفاء لنهر الراين، وهو المانع الطبيعي الرئيسي الأخير للتقدم نحو ألمانيا. التقدم السريع المخطط من الحدود الهولندية البلجيكية إلى شمال ألمانيا، عبر نهر ماس أو ميوس وجزئين من الراين هما الوال والراين الأوطأ، كان سيطوق خط سيغفريد وسيجعل من المحتمل تطويق منطقة روهر، وهي قلب ألمانيا الصناعية.
العملية كانت ناجحة أوليا إذ تم الاستحواذ على جسر وال في نيجميجين في 20 سبتمبر. لكن العملية فشلت بشكل عام إذ وجب إيقاف تقدم الحلفاء المخطط عبر الراين في آرنهيم. القسم البريطاني المحمول جوا الأول لم يضمن الجسر في آرنهيم، وبالرغم من أنهم استطاعوا الصمود بقرب الجسر لمدة أطول بكثير من الفترة المخططة، أخفقت الهيئة الثلاثون البريطانية (XXX Corps) في إسعافهم. بقى الراين مانعاً لتقدم الحلفاء حتى تمت الهجمات في ريماجين، وأوبينهيم، وريس، وويسيل في مارس 1945. بسبب هزيمة الحلفاء في آرنهيم، لم يكن من الممكن تحرير شمال هولندا قبل فصل الشتاء وقبل أن تأخذ "هونجيروينتر" عشرات الآلاف من الأرواح وخصوصا في مدن منطقة راندستاد.
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انظر أيضاً
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المراجع
ملاحظات معلوماتية
- ^ Dr. John C Warren wrote: "Thus ended in failure the greatest airborne operation of the war .... All objectives save Arnhem had been won, but without Arnhem the rest were as nothing.[1]
- ^ Montgomery said that "Had good weather obtained, there was no doubt that we should have attained full success".[2] [General] Student, when interrogated by Liddell Hart, did not go quite so far as this, but gave the weather as the main cause of the operation to be fully completed.[3] Chester Wilmot wrote: "Summing up the overall results of Market Garden, ... [Montgomery claiming 90% success] .... This claim is difficult to support, unless the success of the operation is judged merely in terms of the numbers of bridges captured. Eight crossings were seized but the failure to secure the ninth, the bridge at Arnhem, meant the frustration of Montgomery's strategic purpose. His fundamental objective had been to drive Second Army beyond the Maas and Rhine in one bound."[4]
- ^ While the size of the German force used to oppose Market Garden is currently unknown, Michael Reynolds notes that Fifteenth Army, based to the west of the axis of advance, contained over 80,000 men. The strength of First Parachute Army is not given. However, Reynolds notes it had just been reinforced with over 30,000 men from the Luftwaffe, including paratroopers in various stages of training. Finally, the 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions each contained in the neighborhood of 6,000–7,000 men.[7]
- ^ XXX Corps lost 70 tanks while VIII and XII Corps lost c. 18 tanks.[8]
الهامش
- ^ Warren 1956, p. 146.
- ^ Westwall 1945.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 525.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 523.
- ^ Reynolds 2001, p. 173.
- ^ Randel 1945, p. 81.
- ^ Reynolds 2001, pp. 100–01.
- ^ MacDonald 1963, and endnotes.
- ^ MacDonald 1963, p. 199.
- ^ Ryan 1999, p. 457.
- ^ Reynolds 2001, pp. 173–74.
- ^ Badsey 1993, p. 85.
- ^ Kershaw 2004, pp. 339–40.
- ^ Staff 1945, p. 32.
ببليوجرافيا
- الكتب
- Ambrose, Stephen (2001), Band of Brothers (3 ed.), New York: Touchstone, ISBN 0-7432-1645-8
- Atkinson, Rick (2013), The Guns At Last Light, New York: Henry Holt, ISBN 978-0805062908
- Austin, Brian (2001), Schonland: Scientist and Soldier, Philadelphia: Philadelphia Institute of Physics, ISBN 0-75030-501-0
- Badsey, Stephen (1993). Arnhem 1944: Operation Market Garden. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-302-5.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Balke, Ulf (1990). Der Luftkrieg in Europa. Vol. II. Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3-7637-5884-4.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Beevor, Antony (2012). The Second World War. London: Weidenfield & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84497-6.
- Beevor, Antony (2015). Ardennes 1944: Hitler’s last gamble. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02531-2.
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(help) - Bennett, David (2008), A Magnificent Disaster, Newbury: Casemate Publishers, ISBN 978-1-932033-85-4
- Brereton, L. H. (1946). The Brereton Diaries. The War in the Air in the Pacific, Middle East and Europe, 3 October 1941 – 8 May 1945. New York: W Morrow. OCLC 792951.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - D'Este, Carlo (2002), Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life, New York: Henry Holt, ISBN 978-1-85367-165-4
- Dibbs, John; Holmes, Tony (2000), Spitfire: Flying Legend, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84135-012-7
- Eisenhower, Dwight David (1977). Crusade in Europe. Politics and Strategy of World War II (reprint ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-306-70768-1.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Ellis, Major L. F.; with Warhurst, Lieutenant-Colonel A. E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1968], Butler, J. R. M., ed., Victory in the West: The Defeat of Germany, History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series, II, Naval & Military Press, ISBN 978-1-84574-059-7
- Frost, John (1980), A Drop Too Many, Cassell, ISBN 978-0-85052-927-2
- Gill, Ronald; Groves, John (2006) [1946], Club Route in Europe: The History of 30 Corps from D-Day to May 1945, MLRS Books, ISBN 978-1-905696-24-6
- Harclerode, Peter (2005), Wings Of War: Airborne Warfare 1918–1945, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-304-36730-6
- Hastings, Max (2005) [2004], Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944–45 (New ed.), London: Pan Books, ISBN 978-0-330-49062-7
- Hibbert, Christopher (2003) [1962], Arnhem, London: Phoenix, ISBN 978-1-84212-727-8
- Horrocks, Brian (1960), Escape to Action, New York: St Martin's Press, OCLC 398771
- Jackson, G. S.; et al. (2006) [1945]. 8 Corps: Normandy to the Baltic. Smalldale: MLRS Books. ISBN 978-1-905696-25-3.
- Kershaw, Robert J. (2004), It Never Snows in September: The German View of Market-Garden and the Battle of Arnhem, September 1944 (Paperback ed.), Hersham: Ian Allen Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7110-3062-6
- Laurens, Anne (1971) [1969], Lindemans Affair: Betrayal of the Arnhem Drop, Allan Wingate, ISBN 978-0-85523-007-4
- MacDonald, Charles B. (1963), The Siegfried Line Campaign, Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, OCLC 494234368, http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-7-1/CMH_Pub_7-7-1.pdf, retrieved on 27 June 2014
- Middlebrook, Martin (1995), Arnhem 1944: The Airborne Battle, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-014342-3
- Montgomery, Bernard Law (1958), The Memoirs of Field-Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, K.G., London: Collins, OCLC 375195
- Otway, T. B. H. (1990) [1951], The Second World War 1939–1945 Army Airborne Forces (illustrated, reprint ed.), Imperial War Museum, ISBN 978-0-901627-57-5
- Pogue, Forrest C. (1954), The Supreme Command, Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, OCLC 318368731, http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-1/CMH_Pub_7-1.pdf, retrieved on 27 June 2014
- Ramsey, Winston G., ed. (1973). Arnhem. pp. 1–25. OCLC 4895468.
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:|newspaper=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Randel, R. A., Major P. B. (2006) [1945]. Wilson, Major D. B. (ed.). A short history of 30 Corps in the European Campaign 1944–1945. Crawford, W. H. (illustrator). MLRS Books. ISBN 978-1-905973-69-9.
- Reynolds, M. (2001). Sons of the Reich: The History of II Panzer Corps. Stroud: Spellmount Publishers. ISBN 1862271461.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Ruppenthal, Roland G. (1953), Logistical Support of the Armies: May 1941 – September 1944, I, Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, OCLC 643383738, http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-2-1/CMH_Pub_7-2-1.pdf, retrieved on 27 June 2014
- Ruppenthal, Roland G. (1959), Logistical Support of the Armies: September 1944 – May 1945, II, Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, OCLC 256470218, http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-3-1/CMH_Pub_7-3-1.pdf, retrieved on 27 June 2014
- Ryan, Cornelius (1999) [1974], A Bridge Too Far, Wordsworth Editions, ISBN 978-1-84022-213-5
- Staff: 21st Army Group (1945). Notes on the operations of 21 Army Group 6 June 1944 – 5 May 1945. 21st Army Group. OCLC 220436388.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Warren, Dr. John C. (1956) (PDF), Airborne Operations in World War II, European Theater, USAF Historical Studies, USAF Historical Division Research Studies Institute, OCLC 78918574, Archived from the original on 24 July 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20160624044120/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090602-016.pdf, retrieved on 27 June 2014
- Wilmot, Chester; McDevitt, Christopher Daniel (1997) [1952], The Struggle For Europe, Wordsworth Editions, ISBN 978-1-85326-677-5
- دوريات
- Greenacre, J. (2004). "Assessing the Reasons for Failure: 1st British Airborne Division Signal Communications during Operation Market Garden". Defence Studies. London: Frank Cass. 4 (3). doi:10.1080/1470243042000344777. OCLC 55201531. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
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- فيديو
- Video: Battle Rages Along Nazi Wall, 1944/09/28 (1944). Universal Newsreel. 1945. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
للاستزادة
- Beale, Nick (2005). Kampfflieger: Bombers of the Luftwaffe: Summer 1943 – May 1945. Vol. IV. Hersham: Classic Publications. ISBN 1-903223-50-4.
- Burgett, Donald (2001). The Road to Arnhem: A Screaming Eagle in Holland. Dell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-440-23633-7.
- Cholewczynski, George F. (1993). Poles Apart: The Polish Airborne at the Battle of Arnhem. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-165-4.
- Devlin, Gerard M. (1979). Paratrooper: The Saga Of Parachute And Glider Combat Troops During World War II. Robson Books. ISBN 978-0-312-59652-1.
- Horne, Alistair; Montgomery, David (1994). The Lonely Leader: Monty 1944–1945. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-58708-9.
- Huston, James A. (1998). Out Of The Blue: U.S Army Airborne Operations In World War II. Purdue University Press. ISBN 1-55753-148-X.
- Lunteren, Frank van (2014). The Battle of the Bridges: The 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment in Operation Market Garden. Casemate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61200232-3.
- MacDonald, Charles B. (1960). "19 The Decision to Launch Operation Market-Garden". In Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.). Command Decisions (2000 ed.). United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 1518217. CMH Pub 70-7.
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suggested) (help) - Montgomery, Bernard Law (1947). Normandy to the Baltic. London: Hutchinson & Co. OCLC 772789924.
- Peters, Major M. L.; Buist, Luuk (2009). Glider Pilots at Arnhem. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-84415-763-1.
- JSCSC library bibliography: Operation Market Garden, The Battle of Arnhem, September 1944 (PDF). Campaign & Battle Series. UK Joint Services Command and Staff College Library. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
- Tanase, Mircea. (2006). The airborne troops during the World War II, Military Publishing House Romania, ISBN 978-973-32-0712-2
- Whiting, Charles (2002) [1985]. Bounce the Rhine. Siegfried Line Series (New ed.). Staplehurst: Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-151-7.
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وصلات خارجية
[[تصنيف:معارك الحرب العالمية الثانية التي شاركت فيها المملكة المتحدة ]]
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- العملية ماركت گاردن
- 1944 in the Netherlands
- Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)
- Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands
- معارك الحرب العالمية الثانية التي شاركت فيها پولندا
- Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
- Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
- Western European Campaign (1944–1945)
- Airborne operations of World War II
- Glider Pilot Regiment operations
- History of Gelderland
- History of North Brabant
- Code names
- Battles of World War II involving Canada
- Military history of Canada during World War II
- أحداث سبتمبر 1944
- الحرب العالمية الثانية