ليوجو
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ليوژو/ليوجو ( Liuzhou ؛ /ljuːˈdʒoʊ/;[3] صينية: 柳州�, IPA Pronunciation:[ljòʊ.tʂóʊ]) هي مدينة بمستوى محافظة في شمال-وسط گوانگ‌شي ژوانگ، المنطقة الذاتية، في جمهورية الصين الشعبية. في تعداد 2020، بلغ تعداد المحافظة 4,157,934 نسمة،[4] بما في ذلك 2,519,051 في المنطقة المبنية المكونة من خمس مناطق حضرية. إجمالي المساحة هو 18,594 كم² ومساحة المنطقة المبنية هو 3559.4 كم².
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الجغرافيا
تقع ليوجو على ضفاف نهر ليو المتعرج، على بعد نحو 255 كم من نان‌ننگ، العاصمة الإقليمية. By road, it is about 167 km (104 mi) to Guilin, 167 km (104 mi) to Hechi, 237 km (147 mi) to Nanning, 373 km (232 mi) to Fangchenggang, 448 km (278 mi) to Beihai.
Swimming in the river is a tradition of the city. The river is normally green, but sometimes in summer, floods from the mountain areas upstream bring sediment which colors the water yellow. In early 2012, a cadmium spill upstream caused serious pollution worries.[5]
The river can be deep. Normally, the depth is 60–70 metres (200–230 ft) but can as deep as 90 metres (300 ft) before it floods over the wall. In 2000 a bus, with 78 passengers, fell over the side of a bridge, and into 27 metres (89 ft) of water.[6]
 Map of the tributaries of the Pearl River |
المناخ
Liuzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa/Cwa), with mild winters and long hot summers, and very humid conditions year-round. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 10.6 °C (51.1 °F) in January to 29.1 °C (84.4 °F) in August, while extremes have ranged from −0.3 to 39.0 °C (31 to 102 °F). Rain is both the heaviest and most frequent from May to August, when nearly two-thirds of the annual rainfall occurs.
| Climate data for ليوجو (1991–2017 المعتادة، القصوى 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.8 (82.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
34.1 (93.4) |
35.6 (96.1) |
36.7 (98.1) |
38.0 (100.4) |
39.1 (102.4) |
38.9 (102.0) |
38.5 (101.3) |
36.0 (96.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
29.1 (84.4) |
39.1 (102.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
29.6 (85.3) |
31.7 (89.1) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.5 (92.3) |
31.9 (89.4) |
28.1 (82.6) |
22.9 (73.2) |
17.4 (63.3) |
25.4 (77.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.6 (51.1) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
21.6 (70.9) |
25.4 (77.7) |
27.7 (81.9) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.1 (84.4) |
27.4 (81.3) |
23.4 (74.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
21.2 (70.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
10.4 (50.7) |
13.4 (56.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.2 (72.0) |
24.9 (76.8) |
26.1 (79.0) |
25.9 (78.6) |
24.0 (75.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
18.2 (64.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.3 (36.1) |
6.7 (44.1) |
12.2 (54.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
8.3 (46.9) |
2.9 (37.2) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 61.4 (2.42) |
43.7 (1.72) |
101.8 (4.01) |
135.8 (5.35) |
241.0 (9.49) |
330.8 (13.02) |
187.6 (7.39) |
174.5 (6.87) |
81.5 (3.21) |
53.9 (2.12) |
58.5 (2.30) |
47.9 (1.89) |
1٬518٫4 (59.79) |
| Average precipitation days | 11.7 | 11.7 | 16.8 | 15.9 | 15.7 | 17.2 | 15.0 | 13.1 | 8.3 | 6.0 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 147.2 |
| Average snowy days | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 72 | 73 | 78 | 76 | 75 | 78 | 74 | 73 | 69 | 66 | 68 | 66 | 72 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.7 | 53.5 | 47.8 | 79.1 | 117.1 | 127.3 | 190.6 | 191.8 | 181.2 | 170.4 | 130.0 | 111.1 | 1٬462٫6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 19 | 17 | 13 | 21 | 28 | 31 | 46 | 48 | 50 | 48 | 40 | 34 | 33 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[7][8] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[9] | |||||||||||||
التاريخ
جمجمة كهف ليوجيانگ من National Museum of Natural History
Kaiyuan Temple (开元寺, ruins of Tang dynasty
Liuhou Ancestral Hall 柳侯祠, "Ancestral Hall of Liu Noble"
Liuzhou by Japanese Army Situation Map
The Liujiang men (صينية: 柳江人�) are among the earliest modern humans found in East Asia. Their remains were discovered in the Tongtianyang Cave (通天岩) in Liujiang County, Guangxi.[10] Liujiang man is a Late Pleistocene Homo sapiens sapiens.
Liuzhou has a history of more than 2,100 years. The city was founded in 111 B.C. when it was known as Tanzhong (潭中؛ '"Center of Deep Pool"'�).
In 742 A.D. it became known as Longcheng (龙城؛ '"Dragon City"'�), after the Long River, before finally changing to Liuzhou (柳州؛ '"Willow Prefecture"'�) after the Liu River in 1736.
The most famous historic figure is Liu Zongyuan (773–819), who was a poet and politician in the Tang Dynasty and who died in Liuzhou. He is commemorated by a park in the city.
Liuzhou was the site of Liuchow Airfield, used by Nationalist Chinese and American Army Air Forces in World War II.[11] (At that time the airfield was closer to the centre, where the zoo is now.) It was captured by the Japanese army on 7 November 1944 during the Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou and recaptured by Nationalist Chinese forces on 30 June 1945 prior to the Second Guangxi Campaign.[11]
التقسيمات الإدارية
Liuzhou has direct administration over 10 county-level divisions: 5 districts, 3 counties and 2 autonomous counties:
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الاقتصاد
Liuzhou is the second largest city in Guangxi and is the region's industrial center. According to statistics issued by the Liuzhou government in 2015, the city's GDP was 231.1 billion yuan.[12]
Among important companies based in Liuzhou are:
- LiuGong - a multinational construction machinery manufacturer
- SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile - a joint venture between General Motors, SAIC Motor and Liuzhou Wuling Motors
السياحة
As with much of Guangxi, the landscape around Liuzhou is a mix of rolling hills, mountain peaks, caves and karst scenery. It is an ideal base for exploring the minority villages in the area.
- Rongshui: Rongshui Miao Autonomous County is located in the north of Liuzhou prefecture, 118 km (73 mi) away from Liuzhou and 168 km (104 mi) from Guilin. The territory is inhabited by Miao, Yao, Dong, Zhuang, Han nationality.
- Dayaoshan scenic area is in Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County, 154 km (96 mi) from the city of Liuzhou. It has a scenic area of over 500 km2 (190 sq mi).
- Sanjiang lies to the north of Liuzhou near the Hunan border. It is a Dong minority area and is surrounded by picturesque ethnic minority villages.
- LiuZhou Industrial Museum (柳州工业博物馆) was set up on the original site of the former Cotton Textile Factory No.3, and opened in 2012.
- Well acclaimed Liuzhou Forest City will be built to the north of Liuzhou, in the mountains of Guangxi.
Some tourists engage in Culinary tourism since Liuzhou is the birthplace of Guangxi's most famous dish, Luosifen.
النقل
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- Liuzhou Bailian Airport provides flights to major cities in China.
- Liuzhou has extensive rail connections with the rest of China. Hunan-Guangxi Railway (Hengyang - Pingxiang, a.k.a. Xiang-Gui Line), Jiaozuo-Liuzhou Railway (Jiaozuo - Zhicheng - Liuzhou, a.k.a. Jiao-Liu Line) Railway and Guizhou-Guangxi Railway (Guiyang - Liuzhou, a.k.a. Qian-Gui Line) make Liuzhou the center of freight transportation in Guangxi.
- China National Highway 209
- Liuzhou Metro is under construction.
- Liuzhou-Wuzhou Railway is a newly released railway line, linking the cities of Liuzhou with Wuzhou.
العسكرية
Liuzhou is the headquarters of the 41st Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the two army groups that comprise the Guangzhou Military Region responsible for the defense of China's southern coast and its border with Vietnam.
مأثورات
Liuzhou appears in the Chinese saying 生在苏州, 活在杭州, 吃在广州, 死在柳州.
because, in the past, the city was known for its coffins, made from firwood, camphor wood, and sandalwood,[13] which are said to preserve the body after death. Guangzhou's "Cantonese" cuisine is famous worldwide, and Hangzhou is known for its prosperity and the beauty of its location. Suzhou is reputed to have the most beautiful people in China, so the line is sometimes given as "Marry in Suzhou...".
Today many tourists buy miniature coffins, about 3 to 30 cm (1.2 to 11.8 in) long, as souvenirs or good luck charms. The coffins are usually inscribed 升官发财 (shēng guān fā cái�) which means 'get promotion and get rich". The second and fourth characters are homophones of 棺材 (guāncái�) meaning 'coffin'.
Some miniature coffins are used as caskets to hold the ashes of ancestors.[13]
أشخاص بارزون
- Liuzhou was the home of Li Ning (born 1963), gymnast and entrepreneur who lit the Olympic torch in Beijing in 2008.
- Chinese gymnast, Jiang Yuyuan.
انظر أيضاً
المراجع
- ^ "China: Administrative Division (Provinces and Prefectures) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
- ^ 广西统计年鉴－2021, http://tjj.gxzf.gov.cn//tjsj/tjnj/material/tjnj20200415/2022/indexch.htm
- ^ "Liuzhou pronunciation". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
- ^ "China: Administrative Division (Provinces and Prefectures) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
- ^ http://www.danwei.com/panic-buying-of-water-in-liuzhou-a-report-from-the-ground/ Archived 2012-05-09 at the Wayback Machine Panic buying of water in Liuzhou – a report from the ground
- ^ Liuzhou Bridges 6 – Hudong Bridge
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in الصينية المبسطة). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in الصينية المبسطة). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ 柳州 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in الصينية). Weather China. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ^ Shen, G.; Wang, W.; Wang, Q.; Zhao, J.; Collerson, K.; Zhou, C.; Tobias, P. V. (2002). "U-Series dating of Liujiang hominid site in Guangxi, Southern China". Journal of Human Evolution. 43 (6): 817–829. doi:10.1006/jhev.2002.0601. PMID 12473485.
- ^ أ ب Hump Express, Vol. 1, 25. "Liuchow Victory Complete as Chinese Force Enters Smashed and Burned City Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine". India China Division, Air Transport Command, 5 July 1945.
- ^ http://www.hktdc.com/info/mi/a/mpcn/en/1X072H6F/1/Profiles-Of-China-Provinces-Cities-And-Industrial-Parks/Liuzhou-Guangxi-City-Information.htm Liuzhou ( Guangxi ) City Information
- ^ أ ب Du Feibao, Du Bai, Lin Nianpei; Things Chinese, China Travel and Tourism Press, 2002, ISBN 7-5032-1856-8
وصلات خارجية
- Official website (in Chinese and English)
- Introduction to Liuzhou
- Map of Liuzhou
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- ليوژو
- مدن گوانگ‌شي
- تقسيمات بمستوى محافظة في گوانگ‌شي