لغة تتار القرم

يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين لغة تترية.

تتار القرم
qırımtatar tili, къырымтатар тили, قریم تاتار تلی qırım tili, къырым тили, قریم تلی
Crimean Tatar in Latin, Cyrillic, and Perso-Arabic scripts.
موطنها	أوكرانيا، تركيا، أوزبكستان، رومانيا، روسيا، قيرغيزستان، بلغارية
العرق	تتار القرم
الناطقون الأصليون	480,000 (2006–2011)e18
عائلة اللغات	التوركية القپچاق Kipchak–القومان/الغز تتار القرم
نظام الكتابة	السيريلية واللاتينية، سابقاً العربية (أبجدية تتار القرم)
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	جمهورية القرم ذاتية الحكم (أوكرانيا) (بحكم القانون) سڤاستوپول (أوكرانيا/روسيا) جمهورية القرم (روسيا) (بحكم الأمر الواقع)
لغة أقلية معترف بها في	أوكرانيا
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2	crh
ISO 639-2	crh
ISO 639-3	crh
Glottolog	crim1257
Linguasphere	part of 44-AAB-a
العالم الناطق بلغة تتار القرم.

تتار القرم (Qırımtatarca، Qırımtatar tili، Къырымтатарджа, Къырымтатар тили، Crimean Tatar)، تسمى أيضاً التركية القرمية أو اختصاراً القرمية،هي اللغة الأصلية لتتار القرم. وهي لغة توركية مستخدمة في القرم وشتات تتار القرم في أوزبكستان، تركيا، رومانيا، وبلغاريا، وكذلك بين الجاليات الصغيرة في الولايات المتحدة وكندا. ينبغي عدم الخلط بينها وبين اللغة التترية، المستخدمة في روسيا.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 عدد الناطقين

"مرحباً بكم في القرم" (Qırımğa hoş keldiñiz!) مكتبة بلغة تتار القرم على حافلة مطار، مطار سيمفروپول الدولي.

تتار القرم بالحروف اللاتينية على لوحة في بخچي سراي.

اليوم، يوجد أكثر من 260.000 تتري قرمي يعيشون في القرم. 150.000 تقريباً يقيمون في وسط آسيا (بصفة رئيسية في أوزبكستان)، حيث نُفي أجدادهم عام 1944 أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية من قبل الاتحاد السوڤيتي. إلا أن جميع هؤلاء الشعوب، وخاصة الأجيال القديمة لا يزالون يتحدثون بلغة تتار القرم. في 2013، كان من المقدر أن تبدأ اللغة في الانقراض، حيث لم تكن تدرس سوى في 15 مدرسة بالقرم. قدمت تركيا دعماً لأوكرانيا، للمساعدة في جعل المدارس تدرس بلغة تتار القرم في الدولة الحديثة. يقدر أن هناك 5 مليون شخص من أصل قرمي يعيشون في تركيا، أحفاد أولئك الذين هاجروا في القرن 19 وأوائل القرن 20. Of these an estimated 2,000 still speak the language. كما توجد جاليات تترية قرمية أصغر في رومانيا (22.000)، بلغاريا (6.000)، والولايات المتحدة. لغة تتار القرم من اللغات المعرضة لخطر الانقراض في أوروپا.

 التبويب واللهجات

المقالة الرئيسية: Crimean Tatar dialects

The Crimean Tatar language consists of three dialects. There is also the southern dialect, also known as the coastal dialect (yalıboyu, cenübiy), which is in the Oghuz branch spoken in Turkey and Azerbaijan. Crimean Tatar is similar to Uzbek among the Turkic languages, because its three "dialects" belong to three different groups of Turkic languages.

 التاريخ

انظر أيضاً: أدب تتار القرم

مثال للغة تتار القرم بالحروف العربية.

The formation period of the Crimean Tatar spoken dialects began with the first Turkic invasions of Crimea by Cumans and Pechenegs and ended during the period of the Crimean Khanate. However, the official written languages of the Crimean Khanate were Chagatai and Ottoman Turkish. After Islamization, Crimean Tatars wrote with an كتابة عربية.

In 1876, the different Turkic Crimean dialects were made into a uniform written language by Ismail Gasprinski. A preference was given to the Oghuz dialect of the Yalıboylus, in order to not break the link between the Crimeans and the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. In 1928, the language was reoriented to the middle dialect spoken by the majority of the people.

In 1928, the alphabet was replaced with the Uniform Turkic Alphabet based on the Latin script. The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was replaced in 1938 by a Cyrillic alphabet. During the 1990s and 2000s, the government of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea under Ukraine encouraged replacing the script with a Latin version again, but the Cyrillic has still been widely used (mainly in published literature, newspapers and education). The current Latin-based Crimean Tatar alphabet is the same as the Turkish alphabet, with two additional characters: Ñ ñ and Q q. In the Russian-annexed "Republic of Crimea" all official communications and education in Crimean Tatar are conducted exclusively in the Cyrillic alphabet.

 علم الصوتيات

 الحروف الصائتة

	أمامي		خلفي
	UR	R	UR	R
+high	i	y	ɯ	u
-high	e	ø	ɑ	o

 الحروف الصامتة

	شفهي		أسناني/alveolar		Post- alveolar		طبقي		لهوي
أنفي		m		n				ŋ
انفجاري	p	b	t	d	t͡ʃ	d͡ʒ	k	ɡ	q
احتكاكي	f	v	s	z	ʃ		x	ɣ
Trill				r
Approximants				l		j

 نظم الكتابة

المقالة الرئيسية: أبجدية تتار القرم

 الأبجدية اللاتينية

 â لا يعتبر حرفاً منفصل.

a

b

c

ç

d

e

f

g

ğ

h

ı

i

j

k

l

m

n

ñ

o

ö

p

q

r

s

ş

t

u

ü

v

y

z

[a]

[b]

[dʒ]

[tʃ]

[d]

[e]

[f]

[ɡ]

[ɣ]

[x]

[ɯ]

[i], [ɪ]

[ʒ]

[k]

[l]

[m]

[n]

[ŋ]

[o]

[ø]

[p]

[q]

[r]

[s]

[ʃ]

[t]

[u]

[y]

[v], [w]

[j]

[z]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 الأبجدية السيريلية

а

б

в

г

гъ

д

е

ё

ж

з

и

й

к

къ

л

м

н

нъ

o

п

p

c

т

у

ф

x

ц

ч

дж

ш

щ

ъ

ы

ь

э

ю

я

[a]

[b]

[v],[w]

[ɡ]

[ɣ]

[d]

[ɛ],[jɛ]

[ø],[jø],[jo],[ʲo]

[ʒ]

[z]

[i],[ɪ]

[j]

[k]

[q]

[l],[ɫ]

[m]

[n]

[ŋ]

[o],[ø]

[p]

[r]

[s]

[t]

[u],[y]

[f]

[x]

[ts]

[tʃ]

[dʒ]

[ʃ]

[ʃtʃ]

[(.j)]

[ɯ]

[ʲ]

[ɛ]

[y],[jy],[ju],[ʲu]

[ʲa], [ja]

гъ, къ, нъ and дж are separate letters (digraphs).

 نظم الكتابة

المقالة الرئيسية: Crimean Tatar alphabet

Crimean Tatar is written in either the Cyrillic or Latin alphabets, both modified to the specific needs of Crimean Tatar, and either used respective to where the language is used.

Historically, the Arabic script was used from the sixteenth century. In the Soviet Union, it was replaced by a Latin alphabet based on Yañalif in 1928, and by a Cyrillic alphabet in 1938.

After Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, Cyrillic became the sole script allowed in Russian occupied Crimea because according to the Constitutional Court of Russia decision made in 2004, all languages of Russia must use Cyrillic. However there are some contradictions to the decision: virtually all Finnic languages, including distantly-related Skolt Sámi, spoken in Russia, however, currently use the Latin script as their sister languages Finnish and Estonian do, despite the historical existence of Karelian Cyrillic alphabet.

In 1992, a Latin alphabet based on Common Turkic Alphabet was adopted by the decision of the Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, which was formally supported by the Supreme Council of Crimea in 1997 but never implemented officially on practical level. However, in 2021, the Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories of Ukraine has announced it begins the implementation of the decision, with vice premier Oleksii Reznikov supporting the transition by stating that Latin corresponds better to Turkic phonetics. The ministry revealed it plans to finish the transition to Latin by 2025, which was supported by the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People. The alphabet is co-developed by A. Yu. Krymskyi Institute of Oriental Studies, Potebnia Institute of Linguistics, Institute of Philology of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv and Tavrida National V.I. Vernadsky University.

 الأبجدية العربية

Crimean Tatars used Arabic script from the 16th century to 1928.

 الأبجدية اللاتينية

 â is not considered to be a separate letter. Usually it represents the near-open front unrounded vowel, /æ/.

a

b

c

ç

d

e

f

g

ğ

h

ı

i (ĭ)

j

k

l

m

n

ñ

o

ö

p

q

r

s

ş

t

u

ü

v (w)

y

z

[a]

[b]

[dʒ]

[tʃ]

[d]

[e]

[f]

[ɡ]

[ɣ]

[x]

[ɯ]

[i], [ɪ]

[ʒ]

[k]

[l]

[m]

[n]

[ŋ]

[o]

[ø]

[p]

[q]

[r]

[s]

[ʃ]

[t]

[u]

[y]

[v], [w]

[j]

[z]

 الأبجدية السيريلية

а

б

в

г

гъ

д

е

ё

ж

з

и

й

к

къ

л

м

н

нъ

о

п

р

с

т

у

ф

х

ц

ч

дж

ш

щ

ъ

ы

ь

э

ю

я

[a]

[b]

[v], [w]

[ɡ]

[ɣ]

[d]

[ɛ], [jɛ]

[ø], [jø], [jo], [ʲo]

[ʒ]

[z]

[i], [ɪ]

[j]

[k]

[q]

[l], [ɫ]

[m]

[n]

[ŋ]

[o], [ø]

[p]

[r]

[s]

[t]

[u], [y]

[f]

[x]

[ts]

[tʃ]

[dʒ]

[ʃ]

[ʃtʃ]

[(.j)]

[ɯ]

[ʲ]

[ɛ]

[y], [jy], [ju], [ʲu]

[ʲa], [ja]

The digraphs гъ, къ, нъ and дж are separate letters.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 المقارنة مع اللغات الأخرى

 التركية والأذربيجانية

تتار القرم	التركية	الأذربيجانية	الإنگليزية
Meclis Haberleri 10.09.2003// Qırımtatar Milliy Meclisiniñ 120-cı toplaşuvı olıp keçti 2003 senesi sentâbr 7 künü Aqmescitteki İslâm Merkeziniñ binasında Qırımtatar Milliy Meclisiniñ 120-cı toplaşuvı olıp keçti.	Meclis Haberleri 10.09.2003// Kırım Tatar Millî Meclisi'nin 120. toplantısı gerçekleşti 7 Eylül 2003 günü Akmescit'teki İslam Merkezi'nin binasında Kırım Tatar Millî Meclisi'nin 120. toplantısı gerçekleşti.	Məclis Xəbərləri 10.09.2003// Qırım Tatar Milli Məclisinin 120-ci toplantısı keçirildi 2003-cü il sentyabrın 7-si günü Ağməsciddəki İslam Mərkəzinin binasında Qırım Tatar Milli Məclisinin 120-ci toplantısı keçirildi.	Assembly News 10.09.2003// 120th meeting of Crimean Tatar National Assembly was held On 7 September 2003, 120th meeting of Crimean Tatar National Assembly was held at the Islamic Centre building in Simferopol.

 الوضع القانوني

The Crimean peninsula is internationally recognized as territory of Ukraine, but since the 2014 annexation by the Russian Federation is de facto administered as part of the Russian Federation.

According to Russian law, by the April 2014 constitution of the Republic of Crimea and the 2017 Crimean language law, the Crimean Tatar language is a state language in Crimea alongside Russian and Ukrainian, while Russian is the state language of the Russian Federation, the language of interethnic communication, and required in public postings in the conduct of elections and referendums.

In Ukrainian law, according to the constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, as published in Russian by its Verkhovna Rada, Russian and Crimean Tatar languages enjoy a "protected" (روسية: обеспечивается ... защита) status; every citizen is entitled, at his request (ходатайство), to receive government documents, such as "passport, birth certificate and others" in Crimean Tatar; but Russian is the language of interethnic communication and to be used in public life. According to the constitution of Ukraine, Ukrainian is the state language. Recognition of Russian and Crimean Tatar was a matter of political and legal debate.

Before the Sürgünlik, the 18 May 1944 deportation by the Soviet Union of Crimean Tatars to internal exile in Uzbek SSR, Crimean Tatar had an official language status in the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

 الإعلام

The first Crimean Tatar newspaper was Terciman published in 1883-1918 by Ismail Gasprinsky. Some other Crimean Tatar media include: ATR, Qırım Aqiqat, Qırım, Meydan, Qırım Alemi, Avdet, Yañı Dünya, Yıldız.

 المراجع

• Berta, Árpád (1998). "West Kipchak Languages". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (eds.). The Turkic Languages. Routledge. pp. 301–317. ISBN 978-0-415-08200-6.
• Kavitskaya, Darya (2010). Crimean Tatar. Munich: Lincom Europa. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

 وصلات خارجية

لغة تتار القرم edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• Wiktionary's category of Crimean Tatar words
  • Turkish Wiktionary's category of Crimean Tatar words (لغة تركية)
• Linguistic corpus of Crimean Tatar language
• Crimean Tatar internet library
• Automatic Latin–Cyrillic transliterator for Crimean Tatar texts

قواميس

• Crimean Tatar Online Dictionary
• Russian–Crimean Tatar Dictionary (a)
• Russian–Crimean Tatar Dictionary (b)
• Russian–Crimean Tatar Dictionary (c)
• Ukrainian–Crimean Tatar Dictionary
• Online Crimean Tatar (Northern dialect)–Turkish–English Dictionary tatarcasozluk.com

ميديا

• ATR TV Channel
• Radio Liberty
• [www.qirim.info Qırım newspaper]
• Avdet newspaper
• Yañı Dünya newspaper