اللغات التوركية
لغات توركية Turkic | |
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Geographic distribution | — |
Linguistic classification | Altaic (controversial)
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Proto-language | Proto-Turkic |
Subdivisions |
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ISO 639-5 | trk |
Distribution of the Turkic languages across Eurasia | |
Countries and autonomous subdivisions where a Turkic language has official status |
اللغات التوركية Turkic languages عبارة عن عائلة لغوية ما لا يقل عن 35 لغة، تتحدث بها الشعوب التوركية في مناطق واسعة من شرق أوروبا والبحر الأبيض المتوسط إلى سيبيريا وغرب الصين، وتعتبر جزءا من عائلة اللغات الألطية . بعد انتهاء المؤتمر الأول للدراسات التركية في باكو سنة 1926 ، تم إقرار نظام كتابة موحد للغات التوركية .
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السمات
التاريخ
سجلات مكتوبة في وقت مبكر
التوسع الجغرافي والتطور
التصنيف
مخطط
isogloss | التوركية القديمة | التركية | آذري | الأوزبكية | أويغور | التتارية | القزخية | القيرغيزية | ألطاي | Western Yugur | Fu-yü Gyrgys | خكاس | توڤا | ساخا/ياقوت | خلج | چواش |
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z/r (تسعة) | toquz | dokuz | doqquz | toqqiz | toqquz | tuğız | toğız | toğuz | toğus | doğus | toğıs | tos | toğus | toqquz | tăχăr | |
*h- (قدم) | adaq | ayak | ayaq | oyoq | ayaq | ayaq | ayaq | ayaq | azaq | azıχ | azaχ | adaq | ataχ | hadaq | ura | |
*VdV (قدم) | adaq | ayak | ayaq | oyoq | ayaq | ayaq | ayaq | ayaq | azaq | azıχ | azaχ | adaq | ataχ | hadaq | ura | |
*-g (جبل) | tag | dağ* | dağ | toğ | tağ | taw | taw | tō | tū | tağ | daχ | tağ | dağ | tıa | tāğ | tu |
suffix *-g (جبلي) | taglıg | dağlık* | dağlıq | toğlık | tağlıq | tawlı | tawlı | tōlū | tūlu | |||||||
*-ń (قرية) | köy- | kuy- | köy-/küy- | köy- | küy- | küy- | küy- | köy- | kiěn- |
*In the standard Istanbul dialect of Turkish, the ğ في dağ و dağlık لا تتحقق كصائت، بل كمـَدّة قصيرة للحرف المتحرك السابق.
الأعضاء
Proto-Turkic | Southwestern Common Turkic (غز) |
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West Oghuz |
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East Oghuz | ||||
South Oghuz | ||||
(Arghu) |
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Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak) |
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West Kipchak |
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North Kipchak (Volga–Ural Turkic) | ||||
South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian) | ||||
Southeastern Common Turkic (Uyghuric) | West | |||
East |
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Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian) | North Siberian | |||
South Siberian | Sayan Turkic | |||
Yenisei Turkic |
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Chulym Turkic |
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Altai Turkic[8] |
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Oghur |
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مقارنة المفردات
معنى مشترك | Old Turkic | Turkish | Azerbaijani | Turkmen | Tatar | Bashkir | Kazakh | Kyrgyz | Uzbek | Uyghur | Sakha/Yakut | Chuvash | |
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- | أب | Ata | Ata | Ata | Ata | Atta | Ata(y) | Ata | Ata | Ota | Ata | Ata | Ate |
أم | Ana | Ana/Anne | Ana | Ene | Ana | Inä(y)/Asay | Ana | Ene | Ona | Ana | Anne | ||
Sound | Avaz | Avaz | Avaz | Avaz | Awaz | Əwez | Avaz | Ovoz | Avaz | Avaz | |||
ابن | O'gul | Oğul/Oğlan | Oğul | Oğul | Ul, uğıl | Ul | Ul | Uul | O'g'il | Oghul | Uol | Yvăl, Ul | |
رجل | Er(kek) | Er(kek) | Er | Erkek | İr | İr(käk) | Er(kek) | Erkek | Erkak | Er | Er | Ar/Arşçin | |
بنت | Kyz | Kız | Qız | Gyz | Qız | Qıð | Qız | Kız | Qiz | Qiz | Ky:s | Hĕr | |
شخص | Kişi | Kişi/Şahıs | Kişi/Şəxs | Kişi | Keshe | Keşe | Kisi | Kishi | Kishi | Kishi | Kihi | Şçin | |
عروس | Kelin | Gelin | Gəlin | Gelin | Kilen | Kilen | Kelin | Kelin | Kelin | Kelin | Kylyn | Kin | |
حماة | Kaynana | Qaynana | Gayın ene | Qayın ana | Qäynä | Qayın ene | Kaynene | Qayın ona | Qeyinana | Hun'ama | |||
أجزاء الجسم | قلب | Yürek | Yürek | Ürək | Ýürek | Yöräk | Yöräk | Jürek | Jürök | Yurak | Yürek | Süreq | Čĕre |
دم | Qan | Kan | Qan | Ga:n | Qan | Qan | Qan | Kan | Qon | Qan | Qa:n | Jun | |
رأس | Baš | Baş | Baş | Baş | Baş | Baş | Bas | Bash | Bosh | Baş | Bas | Puś | |
شعر | Qıl | Kıl | Qıl | Qyl | Qıl | Qıl | Qıl | Kıl | Qil | Qil | Kıl | ||
عين | Köz | Göz | Göz | Göz | Küz | Küð | Köz | Köz | Ko'z | Köz | Kos | Kuś | |
رمش | Kirpik | Kirpik | Kiprik | Kirpik | Kerfek | Kerpek | Kirpik | Kirpik | Kiprik | Kirpik | Kirbi: | Hărpăk | |
أذن | Qulqaq | Kulak | Qulaq | Gulak | Qolaq | Qolaq | Qulaq | Kulak | Quloq | Qulaq | Gulka:k | Hălha | |
أنف | Burun | Burun | Burun | Burun | Borın | Moron | Murın | Murun | Burun | Burun | Murun | ||
ذراع | Qol | Kol | Qol | Gol | Qul | Qul | Qol | Kol | Qo'l | Qol,Bilek | Qol | Hul/Hol | |
يد | El(ig) | El | Əl | El | Alaqan | Alakan | Qol;Ilik | Ili: | Ală | ||||
أصبع | Barmak | Parmak | Barmaq | Barmak | Barmaq | Barmaq | Barmaq | Barmak | Barmoq | Barmaq | Pürne/Porn'a | ||
أظفر | Tyrnaq | Tırnak | Dırnaq | Dyrnaq | Tırnaq | Tırnaq | Tırnaq | Tyrmak | Tirnoq | Tirnaq | Tynyraq | Čĕrne | |
ركبة | Tiz | Diz | Diz | Dy:z | Tez | Teð, tubıq | Tize | Tize | Tizza | Tiz | Tüsäχ | Čĕrpuśśi | |
عجل | Baltyr | Baldır | Baldır | Baldyr | Baltır | Baltır | Baltır | Baltyr | Boldir | Baldir | Ballyr | Pıl | |
قدم | Adaq | Ayak | Ayaq | Aýak | Ayaq | Ayaq | Ayaq | Ayak | Oyoq | Ayaq | Ataq | Ura | |
بطن | Qaryn | Karın | Qarın | Garyn | Qarın | Qarın | Qarın | Karyn | Qorin | Qerin | Qaryn | Hyrăm | |
حيوانات | حصان | At | At | At | At | At | At | At | At | Ot | At | At | Ut |
ماشية | Siyir, İnek | Sığır, İnek | İnək, Sığır | Sygyr | Sıyır | Hıyır | Sïır | Sıyır | Sigir | Siyir | Inax | Vıleh | |
كلب | Yt | İt | İt | It | Et | Et | Ït | It | It | It | Yt | Jytă | |
سمك | Balyq | Balık | Balıq | Balyk | Balıq | Balıq | Balıq | Balık | Baliq | Beliq | Balyk | Pulă | |
قملة | Bit | Bit | Bit | Bit | Bet | Bet | Bït | Bit | Bit | Pit | Byt | Pyjtă/Put'ă | |
أسماء أخرى | منزل | Uy | Ev | Ev | Öý | Öy | Öy | Üy | Üy | Uy | Öy | Av* | |
خيمة | Otag | Otağ | Otaq | Otag | O'toq | Otaq | Otu: | ||||||
طريق | Yol | Yol | Yol | Yo:l | Yul | Yul | Jol | Jol | Yo'l | Yol | Suol | Śul | |
جسر | Köprüq | Köprü | Körpü | Köpri | Küper | Küper | Köpir | Köpürö | Ko'prik | Kövrük | Kürpe | Kĕper | |
سهم | Oq | Ok | Ox | Ok | Uq | Uq | Oq | Ok | O'q | Oq | Oχ | Uhă | |
حريق | Ot | Od | Od | Ot | Ut | Ut | Ot | Ot | O't | Ot | Uot | Vut/Vot | |
رماد | Kül | Kül | Kül | Kül | Köl | Köl | Kül | Kül | Kul | Kül | Kül | Kĕl | |
ماء | Suv | Su | Su | Suw | Su | Hıw | Su | Suu | Suv | Su | Ui | Šyv/Šu | |
سفينة، قارب | Kemi | Gemi | Gəmi | Gämi | Köymä | Kämä | Keme | Keme | Kema | Keme | Kimĕ | ||
بحيرة | Köl | Göl | Göl | Köl | Kül | Kül | Köl | Köl | Ko'l | Köl | Küöl | Külĕ | |
شمس/يوم | Küneš | Gün(eş) | Gün(əş) | Gün | Kön | Kön | Kün | Kün | Kun | Kün | Kün | Kun | |
سحابة | Bulut | Bulut | Bulud | Bulut | Bolıt | Bolot | Bult | Bulut | Bulut | Bulut | Bylyt | Pĕlĕt | |
نجمة | Yulduz | Yıldız | Ulduz | Ýyldyz | Yoldız | Yondoð | Juldız | Jıldız | Yulduz | Yultuz | Sulus | Śăltăr | |
أرض | Topraq | Toprak | Torpaq | Toprak | Tufraq | Tupraq | Topıraq | Topurak | Tuproq | Tupraq | Toburaχ | Tăpra | |
تلة | Töpü | Tepe | Təpə | Depe | Tübä | Tübä | Töbe | Töbö | Tepa | Töpe | Töbö | Tüpĕ | |
شجرة/خشب | Yağac | Ağaç | Ağac | Agaç | Ağaç | Ağas | Ağaş | Jygach | Yog'och | Yahach | Jyvăś | ||
إله (Tengri) | Tengri | Tanrı | Tanrı | Taňry | Täñre | Täñre | Täñiri | Teñir | Tangri | Tengri | Tanara | Tură/Toră | |
سماء،أزرق | Kök | Gök | Göy | Gök | Kük | Kük | Kök | Kök | Ko'k | Kök | Küöq | Kăvak/Koak | |
الصفات | طويل | Uzun | Uzun | Uzun | Uzyn | Ozın | Oðon | Uzın | Uzun | Uzun | Uzun | Uhun | Vărăm |
جديد | Yany | Yeni | Yeni | Yany | Yaña | Yañı | Jaña | Jañı | Yangi | Yengi | Sana | Śĕnĕ | |
سمين | Semiz | Semiz | Semiz | Simez | Himeð | Semiz | Semiz | Semiz | Semiz | Emis | Samăr | ||
كامل | Tolu | Dolu | Dolu | Do:ly | Tulı | Tulı | Tolı | Tolo | To'la | Toluq | Toloru | Tulli | |
أبيض | Aq | Ak | Ağ | Ak | Aq | Aq | Aq | Ak | Oq | Aq | |||
أسود | Qara | Kara | Qara | Gara | Qara | Qara | Qara | Kara | Qora | Qara | Xara | Hura | |
أحمر | Qyzyl | Kızıl | Qızıl | Gyzyl | Qızıl | Qıðıl | Qızıl | Kızıl | Qizil | Qizil | Kyhyl | Hĕrlĕ | |
أرقام | 1 | Bir | Bir | Bir | Bir | Ber | Ber | Bir | Bir | Bir | Bir | Bi:r | Pĕrre |
2 | Eki | İki | İki | Iki | İke | İke | Eki | Eki | Ikki | Ikki | Ikki | Ikkĕ | |
4 | Tört | Dört | Dörd | Dö:rt | Dürt | Dürt | Tört | Tört | To'rt | Tört | Tüört | Tăvattă | |
7 | Yeti | Yedi | Yeddi | Yedi | Cide | Yete | Jeti | Jeti | Yetti | Yetti | Sette | Śiččĕ | |
10 | On | On | On | O:n | Un | Un | On | On | O'n | On | Uon | Vunnă/Vonnă | |
100 | Yüz | Yüz | Yüz | Yüz | Yöz | Yöð | Jüz | Jüz | Yuz | Yüz | Sü:s | Śĕr | |
Old Turkic | Turkish | Azerbaijani | Turkmen | Tatar | Bashkir | Kazakh | Kyrgyz | Uzbek | Uyghur | Sakha/Yakut | Chuvash |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
انظر ايضا
المصادر
- ^ Khalaj is surrounded by Oghuz languages, but exhibits a number of features that classify it as non-Oghuz.
- ^ Crimean Tatar and Urum are historically Kipchak languages, but have been heavily influenced by Oghuz languages.
- ^ Tura, Baraba, Tomsk, Tümen, Ishim, Irtysh, Tobol, Tara, etc. are partly of different origin (Johanson 1998) [1]
- ^ Of Altai Turkic origin, but recently closer to Kazakh (Johanson 1998)
- ^ Deviating. Probably of South Siberian origin (Johanson 1998)
- ^ Deviating. Historically developed from Southwestern (Oghuz) (Johanson 1998) [2]
- ^ Aini contains a very large Persian vocabulary component, and is spoken exclusively by adult men, almost as a cryptolect.
- ^ Some dialects are close to Kirghiz (Johanson 1998)
قراءات للإستزادة
- Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow. (In Russian)
- Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3447052120
- Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
- Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125.[3]
- Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopædia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.[4]
- Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415141982
- Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.[5]
- Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
- Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004131531
- Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.
وصلات خارجية
- Turkic Inscriptions of Orkhon Valley, Mongolia
- The LINGUIST List MultiTree Project: Turkic Family Tree
- Turkic Languages: Resources – University of Michigan
- Map of Turkic languages
- Classification of Turkic Languages
- Online Uyghur–English Dictionary
- اللغات التوركية at the Open Directory Project
- Turkic language vocabulary comparison tool / dictionary
- A Comparative Dictionary of Turkic Languages Open Project
- The Turkic Languages in a Nutshell with illustrations.
- Swadesh lists of Turkic basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)