كاسپر ديڤيد فريدريش
كاسپر ديڤيد فريدريش (5 سبتمبر, 1774 - 7 مايو, 1840) هو رسام مناظر طبيعية, الحركة الرومانسية الألمانية في القرن التاسع عشر, ويعتبر فريدريش بصفة عامة من أهم رسامي الحركة.[2] وقد كانت اولى إهتماماته الفنية التأمل في الطبيعة, and his often symbolic and anti-classical work seeks to convey a subjective, emotional response to the natural world. Friedrich's work characteristically sets the human element in diminished perspective amid expansive landscapes, reducing the figures to a scale that, according to the art historian Christopher John Murray, directs "the viewer's gaze towards their metaphysical dimension".[3]
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الحياة
العائلة والسنوات الأولى
ولد فرديريش في 5 سبتمبر, 1774 في السويد في قرية Greifswald, على الضفة الألمانية لبحر البلطيق ، وبدأ دراساته في الفن صغيرا. فيما بعد, درس في كوبنهاجن إلى أن إستقر في درسن.
الإنتقال لدرسن
الزواج والنجاح
الحياة المتأخرة والموت
مشروعات
المناظر الطبيعية والسامية
الوحدة والموت
الفلكلور الألماني
التراث
التأثير
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رأي حاسم
"I am not so weak as to submit to the demands of the age when they go against my convictions. I spin a cocoon around myself; let others do the same. I shall leave it to time to show what will come of it: a brilliant butterfly or maggot."[10] |
—Caspar David Friedrich |
أعماله
Old Heroes' Graves, (1812), 49.5 x 70.5 cm. Kunsthalle, Hamburg. A dilapidated monument inscribed "Arminius" invokes the Germanic chieftain, a symbol of nationalism, while the four tombs of fallen heroes are slightly ajar, freeing their spirits for eternity. Two French soldiers appear as small figures before a cave, lower and deep in a grotto surrounded by rock, as if farther from heaven.[11]
The Cross Beside The Baltic (1815), 45 × 33.5 cm. Schloss Charlottenburg, Berlin. This painting marked a move away by Friedrich from depictions in broad daylight, and a return to nocturnal scenes, twilight and a deeper poignancy of mood.[12]
Moonrise Over the Sea (1822). 55 × 71 cm. Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin. During the early 1820s, human figures appear with increasing frequency in the paintings. Of this period, Linda Siegel writes, "the importance of human life, particularly his family, now occupies his thoughts more and more, and his friends appear as frequent subjects in his art."[13]
Graveyard under Snow (1826). 31 × 25 cm. Museum der bildenden Künste, Leipzig. Friedrich sketched memorial monuments and sculptures for mausoleums, reflecting his obsession with death and the afterlife. He also created some of the funerary art in Dresden's cemeteries.[14]
The Oak Tree in the Snow (1829). 71 × 48 cm. Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin. Friedrich was one of the first artists to portray winter landscapes as stark and dead. His winter scenes are solemn and still—according to the art historian Hermann Beenken, Friedrich painted winter scenes in which "no man has yet set his foot".[15]
The Stages of Life (Die Lebensstufen (1835). Museum der Bildenden Künste, Leipzig. The Stages of Life is a meditation on the artist's own mortality, depicting five ships at various distances from the shore. The foreground similarly shows five figures at different stages of life.[16]
The Giant Mountains (1830–35). 72 × 102 cm. Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin. Friedrich sought not just to explore the blissful enjoyment of a beautiful view, as in the classic conception, but rather to examine an instant of sublimity, a reunion with the spiritual self through the contemplation of nature.[17]
Seashore by Moonlight (1835–36). 134 × 169 cm. Kunsthalle, Hamburg. His final "black painting", Seashore by Moonlight, is described by William Vaughan as the "darkest of all his shorelines."[18]
إقتباسات
- ^ Gaddis, John Lewis. The Landscape of History: How Historians Map the Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 1. ISBN 0-1950-6652-9
- ^ Vaughan (1980), 65
- ^ Murray, 338
- ^ Kent, Neil. The Soul of the North: A Social, Architectural and Cultural History of the Nordic Countries, 1770–1940. Reaktion Books, 2001. 231. ISBN 1-8618-9067-2
- ^ Vaughan (2004), 203
- ^ Larisey, Peter. Light for a Cold Land: Lawren Harris's Life and Work. Dundurn, 1993. 14. ISBN 1-5500-2188-5
- ^ Hughes, Robert. "Force of nature". The Guardian, January 15 2005. Retrieved on November 20, 2008.
- ^ Boime, 601
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةcausey
- ^ Russell, John. "Art born in the fullness of age". The New York Times, August 23, 1987. Retrieved on October 25, 2008.
- ^ Siegel, Linda. "Synaesthesia and the Paintings of Caspar David Friedrich". The Art Journal, Vol. 33, No. 3, Spring 1974. 196–204.
- ^ Vaughan (2004), 279
- ^ Siegel, 114
- ^ Wolf, 45
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةHB
- ^ Wolf, 12
- ^ Siegel, 62
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةV302
بيبيلوگرافيا
- Boele, Vincent and Foppema, Femke (eds.). Caspar David Friedrich & the German Romantic Landscape. Amsterdam: Hermitage Amsterdam, 2008. ISBN 9789040085680
- Boime, Albert. Art in an Age of Bonapartism, 1800–1815: A Social History of Modern Art, Vol. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. ISBN 0-2260-6335-6.
- Börsch-Supan, Helmut (tr. Twohig, Sarah). Caspar David Friedrich. New York: George Braziller, 1974. ISBN 0-8076-0747-9.
- Dahlenburg, Birgit & Carsten, Spitzer. "Major Depression and Stroke in Caspar David Friedrich". In Bougousslavsky, J. & Boller, F. (eds.), Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists. New York: Karger, c. 2005. ISBN 3-8055-7914-4.
- Griffiths, Antony and Carey, Francis; German Printmaking in the Age of Goethe, 1994, British Museum Press, ISBN 0714116599 .
- Guillaud, Maurice & Guillaud, Jacqueline. Caspar David Friedrich, line and transparency. Exhibition catalogue, The Centre Culturel du Marais, Paris. Paris: Guillaud Editions, Rizzoli, 1984. ISBN 0-8478-5408-6.
- Hofmann, Werner. Caspar David Friedrich. Thames & Hudson: New York, 2000. ISBN 0-500-09295-8.
- Johnston, Catherine, et al. Baltic Light: Early Open-Air Painting in Denmark and North Germany. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-300-08166-9
- Murray, Christopher John. Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850. ISBN 1-5795-8423-3.
- Rewald, Sabine (ed.). The Romantic Vision of Caspar David Friedrich. The Metropolitan Museum of Art: New York, 1990. ISBN 0-87099-603-7.
- Rosenblum, Robert. Modern Painting and the Northern Romantic Tradition: Friedrich to Rothko. New York, Harper & Row, Publishers; 1975, ISBN 0064300579
- Siegel, Linda. Caspar David Friedrich and the Age of German Romanticism. Branden Publishing Co, 1978. ISBN 0-8283-1659-7.
- Vaughan, William. "Caspar David Friedrich" in Romantic Landscape Painting in Dresden (exhibition catalog), Tate Gallery, London, 6 September – 16 October, 1972. ISBN 0-9008-7436-8.
- Vaughan, William.German Romantic Painting. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1980. ISBN 0-300-02387-1.
- Vaughan, William. Friedrich. London: Phaidon Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7148-4060-2.
- Werner, Christoph. Um ewig einst zu leben. Caspar David Friedrich und Joseph Mallord William Turner. Weimar: Bertuch Verlag, 2006. ISBN 3-937601-34-1.
- Wolf, Norbert. Friedrich. Cologne: Taschen, 2003. ISBN 3-8228-2293-0.
وصلات خارجية
- Caspar David Friedrich Foundation
- Hermitage Museum Archive
- Web Gallery of Art - comprehensive collection of Friedrich's works
- Artcyclopedia - links to Friedrich's pictures from Image Archives, articles etc
- Biographical timeline, Hamburg Kunsthalle