تامبا، فلوريدا

Coordinates: 27°56′51″N 82°27′31″W / 27.94750°N 82.45861°W / 27.94750; -82.45861
(تم التحويل من تامپا، فلوريدا)
"تامپا" redirects here. For other uses, see تامپا (توضيح).
Tampa, Florida
City
Downtown Tampa skyline
Tampa Theater
Plant Hall at University of Tampa
Amalie Arena
Raymond James Stadium
Ybor City
TECO Line Streetcar
Busch Gardens Tampa Bay
Tampa Riverwalk on Hillsborough River
علم Tampa, Florida
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ Tampa, Florida
الشعار
الكنية: 
Cigar City,[1] The Big Guava,[2]
Interactive map of Tampa
Tampa is located in فلوريدا
Tampa
Tampa
Location in the United States
Tampa is located in الولايات المتحدة
Tampa
Tampa
Tampa (الولايات المتحدة)
الإحداثيات: 27°56′51″N 82°27′31″W / 27.94750°N 82.45861°W / 27.94750; -82.45861
CountryUnited States
StateFlorida
CountyHillsborough
CityTampa
Settled1823
Incorporated (Village)January 18, 1849
Incorporated (Town)September 10, 1853 and
August 11, 1873
Incorporated (City)December 15, 1855[أ] and
July 15, 1887
الحكومة
 • النوعStrong Mayor–Council
 • MayorJane Castor (D)
 • LegislativeTampa City Council
المساحة
[4]
 • City175٫83 ميل² (455٫40 كم²)
 • البر114٫02 ميل² (295٫30 كم²)
 • الماء61٫82 ميل² (160٫10 كم²)  35.3%
 • الحضر
968٫9 ميل² (2٬509٫5 كم²)
 • العمران
2٬554 ميل² (6٬610 كم²)
المنسوب
48 ft (14٫6 m)
التعداد
 (2020)[5]
 • City384٬959
 • Estimate 
(2021)[5]
387٬050
 • الترتيب52nd in the US
 • الكثافة3٬376٫4/sq mi (1٬303٫6/km2)
 • Urban
[6]
2٬783٬045 (US: 17th)
 • الكثافة الحضرية2٬872٫3/sq mi (1٬109٫0/km2)
 • العمرانية
3٬175٬275 (US: 18th)
صفة المواطنTampan, Tampanian, Tampeño[7]
منطقة التوقيتUTC−5 (EST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
33601–33626, 33629–33631, 33633–33635, 33637, 33646, 33647, 33650, 33655, 33660–33664, 33672–33675, 33677, 33679–33682, 33684–33689, 33694[8]
مفتاح الهاتف813, 656
FIPS code12-71000[9]
GNIS feature ID0292005[10]
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.tampa.gov

تامپا ( /ˈtæmpə/)[11] هي مدينة كبرى، ومقعد مقاطعة هيلزبروف، فلوريدا، الولايات المتحدة.[12] تقع المدينة على الساحل الغربي لفلوريدا في خليج تامپا، بالقرب من خليج المكسيك، وهي أكبر مدينة في منطقة خليج تامپا. في تعداد 2010 وصل عدد سكان المدينة 335.709 نسمة،[9] وفي 2016 وصل عدد سكانها إلى 377.165 نسمة.[13]


Tampa was founded as a military center during the 19th century with the establishment of Fort Brooke. The cigar industry was also brought to the city by Vincente Martinez Ybor, after whom Ybor City is named. Tampa was reincorporated as a city in 1887 following the Civil War. Tampa's economy is driven by tourism, health care, finance, insurance, technology, construction, and the maritime industry.[14] The bay's port is the largest in the state, responsible for over $15 billion in economic impact.[15]

The city is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a four-county area composed of roughly 3.1 million residents,[16] making it the second-largest metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in the state and the sixth largest in the Southeastern United States, behind Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, Washington D.C., Atlanta, and Miami.[17] The Greater Tampa Bay area has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas.

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أصل الاسم

When the pioneer community living near the US Army outpost of Fort Brooke was incorporated in 1849, it was called "Tampa Town" and the name was shortened to simply "Tampa" in 1855. The earliest instance of the name "Tampa", in the form "Tanpa", appears in the memoirs of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, who spent 17 years as a captive of the Calusa and traveled through much of peninsular Florida. He described Tanpa as an important Calusa town to the north of the Calusa domain, possibly under another chief. Archaeologist Jerald Milanich places the town of Tanpa at the mouth of Charlotte Harbor. The entrances to Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor are obscured by barrier islands, and their locations, and the names applied to them, were a source of confusion to explorers, surveyors and map-makers from the 16th century through the 18th century. Bahía Tampa and Bahía de Espíritu Santo were each used, at one time or another, for the modern Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor.[18][19] Tampa Bay was labeled Bahía de Espíritu Santo (Bay of the Holy Spirit) in the earliest Spanish maps of Florida, but became known as B. Tampa (Bahía Tampa or Tampa Bay) as early as 1576.[20][21] "B. Tampa", corresponding to Tampa Bay, appeared for the first time on a printed map in Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas's Description del Destricto del Audiencia de la Espanola, from his book Descripcion de las Indias Ocidentales, printed in Madrid in 1601.[22]

A British map of 1705 also shows B. Tampa, with "Carlos Bay" for Charlotte Harbor to the south, while a 1748 British map had "B. del Spirito Santo" for Tampa Bay and, again, "Carlos Bay" to the south. A Spanish map of 1757 renamed Tampa Bay as "San Fernando". As late as 1774, Bernard Romans called Tampa Bay "Bay of Espiritu Santo", with "Tampa Bay" restricted to the Northwest arm (what is now Old Tampa Bay) and the northeast arm named "Hillsborough Bay". The name may have come from the Calusa language or possibly, the Timucua language. Some scholars have compared "Tampa" to "itimpi", which means "close to" or "nearby" in the Creek language, but its meaning is not known.[19]

People from Tampa are generally known as "Tampans", "Tampanians", or "Tampeños".[23] Local authorities consulted by Michael Kruse of the Tampa Bay Times suggest that "Tampan" was historically more common, while "Tampanian" became popular when the former term came to be seen as a potential insult.[24] A mix of Cuban, Italian, and Spanish immigrants began arriving in the late 1800s to found and work in the new communities of Ybor City and West Tampa. By about 1900, these newcomers came to be known as "Tampeños" (or "Tampeñas" for females), a term that is still sometimes used to refer to their descendants living in the area, and potentially, to all residents of Tampa regardless of their ethnic background.[24][25][26][7]


التاريخ

مقال رئيسيs: تاريخ تامپا، فلوريدا and خط زمني لتامپا، فلوريدا

الاستكشاف الأوروپي

Hernando de Soto
Extent of Tocobaga culture



السيطرة الأمريكية

A surviving Ft. Brooke cannon on the University of Tampa campus

الحرب الأمريكية وإعادة الإعمار

الازدهار الاقتصادي في عقد 1880

Port Tampa Inn, with rail line in front of hotel, c. 1900


سكك حديد پلانت

Ybor's first cigar factory c. 1900

سيجار يبور

Child labor at a cigar factory, 1909. Photo by Lewis Hine.
انظر أيضاً: تاريخ مدينة يبور
Franklin Street, looking north past the old Hillsborough County Courthouse, Tampa c. 1910s–1920s


أوائل القرن 20

بوليتا والجريمة المنظمة

Panorama of Downtown Tampa taken in 1913

منتصف-أواخر القرن 20

MacDill Air Force Base during World War II


البيئة الطبيعية

Main articles: جغرافيا منطقة خليج تامپا and مناخ منطقة خليج تامپا
Landsat 8 image of Tampa Bay Region



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الطبوغرافيا

المناخ

Climate data for تامپا، فلوريدا (مطار تامپا الدولي)، 1981−2010 normals,[ب] extremes 1890−present[ت]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 86
(30) 		88
(31) 		92
(33) 		96
(36) 		98
(37) 		99
(37) 		98
(37) 		98
(37) 		96
(36) 		95
(35) 		92
(33) 		86
(30) 		99
(37)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 81.1
(27.3) 		82.3
(27.9) 		85.2
(29.6) 		88.2
(31.2) 		93.3
(34.1) 		94.8
(34.9) 		94.8
(34.9) 		94.4
(34.7) 		93.5
(34.2) 		90.8
(32.7) 		86.2
(30.1) 		82.4
(28.0) 		96.0
(35.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 69.9
(21.1) 		72.5
(22.5) 		76.3
(24.6) 		81.0
(27.2) 		87.2
(30.7) 		89.6
(32.0) 		90.1
(32.3) 		90.2
(32.3) 		88.9
(31.6) 		84.3
(29.1) 		78.0
(25.6) 		72.0
(22.2) 		81.7
(27.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 60.8
(16.0) 		63.4
(17.4) 		67.3
(19.6) 		72.0
(22.2) 		78.4
(25.8) 		82.2
(27.9) 		83.0
(28.3) 		83.2
(28.4) 		81.7
(27.6) 		76.2
(24.6) 		69.1
(20.6) 		63.1
(17.3) 		73.4
(23.0)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 51.6
(10.9) 		54.4
(12.4) 		58.2
(14.6) 		63.0
(17.2) 		69.7
(20.9) 		74.8
(23.8) 		75.9
(24.4) 		76.2
(24.6) 		74.5
(23.6) 		68.0
(20.0) 		60.3
(15.7) 		54.2
(12.3) 		65.1
(18.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 32.6
(0.3) 		37.0
(2.8) 		41.4
(5.2) 		48.8
(9.3) 		59.6
(15.3) 		68.3
(20.2) 		70.8
(21.6) 		71.7
(22.1) 		67.5
(19.7) 		53.2
(11.8) 		44.6
(7.0) 		36.1
(2.3) 		30.2
(−1.0)
Record low °F (°C) 21
(−6) 		22
(−6) 		29
(−2) 		38
(3) 		49
(9) 		53
(12) 		63
(17) 		66
(19) 		54
(12) 		40
(4) 		23
(−5) 		18
(−8) 		18
(−8)
Average rainfall inches (mm) 2.23
(57) 		2.81
(71) 		3.03
(77) 		2.03
(52) 		2.10
(53) 		6.68
(170) 		7.07
(180) 		7.77
(197) 		6.30
(160) 		2.26
(57) 		1.55
(39) 		2.47
(63) 		46.30
(1٬176)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 inch) 6.8 6.6 6.6 4.9 5.5 12.7 15.9 16.0 12.2 6.5 5.1 5.8 104.6
Average relative humidity (%) 74.9 73.0 71.8 69.0 69.8 74.4 76.6 78.4 77.6 74.2 75.0 75.0 74.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 199.9 202.7 267.5 299.1 314.5 277.8 265.3 249.5 223.0 233.9 201.7 191.6 2٬926٫5
Percent possible sunshine 61 65 72 78 75 67 62 61 60 66 62 60 66
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[27][28][29] Weather Channel[30]
Source 2: Tampa Bay Times for April record high[31]

|date= January 2012 }}

أفق المدينة

مقال رئيسي: أفق تامپا، فلوريدا
Tampa skyline panorama facing northwest

الضواحي

مقال رئيسي: ضواحي تامپا، فلوريدا


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العمارة

المعالم

انظر أيضاً: قائمة أطول المباني في تامپا
مسرح تامپا
El Centro Español de Tampa



الديموغرافيا

التعداد التاريخي
التعداد Pop. %±
1850974—
1870796—
1880720−9٫5%
18905٬532668٫3%
190015٬839186٫3%
191037٬782138٫5%
192051٬60836٫6%
1930101٬16196�0%
1940108٬3917٫1%
1950124٬68115�0%
1960274٬970120٫5%
1970277٬7141�0%
1980271٬523−2٫2%
1990280٬0153٫1%
2000303٬4478٫4%
2010335٬70910٫6%
2016 (تق.)377٬165[32]12٫3%
source:[33][34][35][36]
ديموغرافيا تامپا
تعداد 2010 تامپا مقاطعة هيلزبروف فلوريدا
إجمالي السكان 335,709 1,229,226 18,801,310
السكان، نسبة التغير، 2000 حتى 2010 +10.6% +23.1% +17.6%
الكثافة السكانية 2,960.2/sq ميل 1,204.9/sq ميل 350.6/sq ميل
بيض أو هسپان (تشمل البيض الهسپان) 62.9% 71.3% 75.0%
(Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian) 46.3% 53.7% 57.9%
سود أو أفارقة-أمريكان 26.2% 16.7% 16.0%
هسپان أو لاتين (من أي عرقية) 23.1% 24.9% 22.5%
آسيويون 3.4% 3.4% 2.4%
أمريكان أصليون أو آلاسكيون أصليون 0.4% 0.4% 0.4%
سكان جزر الهادي أو هاوايون أصليون 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
عرقيتان أخرتان أو أكثر (متعددو العرقيات) 3.2% 3.1% 2.5%
آخرون 3.8% 5.0% 3.6%


الديانات

Sacred Heart Church
Holy Trinity Presbyterian Church
Episcopal House of Prayer



الاقتصاد

وسط مدينة تامپا كما يظهر ما أعلى
Tampa Convention Center, built at the site of Fort Brooke


أكبر شركات تامپا (2013)[37]
الشركة الموظفون الصناعة
BayCare Health System 19,600 عاية صحية
Publix Super Market 13,800 بيع تجزئة
HCA West Florida 13,150 رعاية صحية
Frontier Communications 9,950 اتصالات
Tampa General Hospital 6,600 رعاية صحية
Wal-Mart 5,800 تجارة تجزئة
Florida Hospital 5,100 رعاية صحية
JPMorgan Chase & Co. 5,000 مالية
Moffitt Cancer Center 4,300 رعاية صحية
سيتي 4,000 مالية



A KC-135R stationed at MacDill flying over Tampa Bay


الفنون والثقافة

Straz Center for the Performing Arts

الفنون والترفيه

مقال رئيسي: الإعلام في منطقة خليج تامپا
The Channelside Entertainment Complex in Tampa's Channel District




المتاحف

متحف تامپا للفن
متحف العلوم والصناعة.


المطبخ

Cuban sandwiches ready to be pressed in a busy café in Ybor City


السياحة والترفيه

A street festival on Ybor City's famous 7th Avenue



أحداث

Gasparilla and pirate ship
A sign celebrating sports successes in Tampa


الرياضة

مقال رئيسي: الرياضة في منطقة خليج تامپا
الفريق الاتحاد الملعب الموسم الأول البطولات
Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFL Raymond James Stadium 1976 1 (XXXVII)[38]
Tampa Bay Lightning NHL Amalie Arena 1992 1 (2004)[39]
Tampa Bay Rays MLB Tropicana Field (St. Petersburg) 1998 0
Tampa Bay Rowdies USL Al Lang Stadium (St. Petersburg) 1975 (original club), 2010 (current club) 2* (1975; 2012)[40]
Tampa Bay Storm AFL Amalie Arena 1987 (moved to Tampa in 1991) 5 (V; VII; IX; X; XVII)[41]


كرة القدم

داخل ملعب ريموند جيمس


البيسبول

Steinbrenner Field
مقال رئيسي: البيسبول في منطقة خليج تامپا


Amalie Arena


الهوكي

كرة القدم

The USF Sun Dome

الرياضات الجامعية

الحكومة

المطافئ

إنفاذ القانون

انظر أيضاً: شرطة تامپا


التعليم

انظر أيضاً: قائمة مدارس مقاطعة هيلزبروف، فلوريدا
Hillsborough High School in Seminole Heights


المدارس الابتدائية والثانوية

للمزيد من المعلومات: المدارس الحكومية في مقاطعة هيلزبروف، فلوريدا

المكتبات العامة

Marshall Student Center at the University of South Florida


التعليم العالي

University of Tampa's Plant Hall


الإعلام

مقال رئيسي: الإعلام في خليج تامپا
انظر أيضاً: قائمة أفلام صورت في تامپا


البنية التحتية

Courtney Campbell Causeway


النقل

الطرق

The Lee Roy Selmon Crosstown Expressway features an elevated double-decker freeway.
Eastern terminus of the Howard Frankland Bridge



المطارات

مقال رئيسي: قائمة مطارات منطقة خليج تامپا
Tampa Union Station platforms


السكك الحديدية

الرياضات المائية

A tugboat pushes a barge at the Port of Tampa.
Early morning at the Port of Tampa
مقال رئيسي: خليج ميناء تامپا



النقل العام

A HARTLine bus at the Marion Transit Center


الرعاية الصحية

Tampa General Hospital in Downtown Tampa on Davis Island


المرافق

مشاهير البلدة

مقال رئيسي: قائمة أشخاص من تامپا، فلوريدا

مدن شقيقة

انظر أيضاً: قائمة المدن الشقيقة في فلوريدا

فلوريدا على علاقة شقاقة مع المدن التالية:[42]

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

  1. ^ Original city charter revoked by Florida Legislature on October 4, 1869[3]
  2. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  3. ^ Official records for Tampa were kept at downtown from April 1890 to December 1940, Peter O. Knight Airport from January 1941 to 5 June 1946, and at Tampa Int'l since 7 June 1946. For more information, see ThreadEx

المصادر

  1. ^ "Ybor City: Cigar Capital of the World". Nps.gov. June 28, 1999. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
  2. ^ "Alive: Ybor stumbled upon Guavaween". St Petersburg Times. October 29, 1999. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
  3. ^ "John Thomas Lesley – 12th Mayor of Tampa". Archived يوليو 20, 2010 at the Wayback Machine at TampaGov. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
  4. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  5. ^ أ ب "QuickFacts: Tampa city, Florida". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
  6. ^ "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  7. ^ أ ب Guzzo, Paul (January 10, 2019). "Are you a Tampan, Tampanian or Tampeño?". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  8. ^ "Look Up a Zip Code: TAMPA FL". U.S. Postal Service. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
  9. ^ أ ب "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Tampa city, Florida". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 28, 2017.[dead link]
  10. ^ "Tampa, Florida". نظام معلومات الأسماء الجغرافية، المسح الجيولوجي الأمريكي.
  11. ^ "Tampa". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  12. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "Development and Economic Opportunity". City of Tampa (in الإنجليزية). July 7, 2014. Archived from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  15. ^ "Port of Tampa Bay Official Information". Port Tampa Bay (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  16. ^ "Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater Metro Area 2019 ACS Estimates". American Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau. 2019. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  17. ^ "table with row headers in column A and column headers in rows 3 through 4 (leading dots indicate sub-parts)". census.gov. Archived from the original (CSV) on 2022-04-16.
  18. ^ Milanich, Jerald T. (1995). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8130-1360-2.
  19. ^ أ ب Simpson, J. Clarence (1956). Boyd, Mark F. (ed.). Florida Place-Names of Indian Derivation. Tallahassee, Florida: Florida Geological Survey. pp. 106–109.
  20. ^ "University of Georgia Libraries, Hargrett Rare Books and Manuscript Library: 1695 Spanish Map". Archived from the original on June 24, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
  21. ^ See Juan Lopez de Velasco manuscript map of the West Indies, ca. 1576. John Carter Brown Library, Providence, Rhode Island.
  22. ^ "Description del Destricto Del Avdiencia Dela Espanola Herrera". luna.tampabayhistorycenter.org. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  23. ^ Guzzo, Paul (January 14, 2019). "In the debate over what to call people from Tampa, the Tampeños have spoken". Tampa Bay Times. Tampa Publishing Company. Archived from the original on January 26, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
  24. ^ أ ب Kruse, Michael. "What are you called if you live in Tampa?". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
  25. ^ Dworkin y Méndez, Kenya C. (2002). "Cuban Theater, American Stage: Before Exile". In Luis, Ramos-García (ed.). The State of Latino Theater in the United States. Psychology Press. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-0815338802. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  26. ^ Hewitt, Nancy A. (1991). "'The Voice of Virile Labor': Labor Militancy, Community Solidarity, and Gender Identity Among Tampa's Latin Workers, 1880–1921". In Baron, Ava (ed.). Work Engendered: Toward a New History of American Labor. Cornell University Press. pp. 142–167. ISBN 978-0801495434. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  27. ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
  28. ^ "Station Name: FL TAMPA INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
  29. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for TAMPA/INT'L ARPT FL 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
  30. ^ {{cite web | url = http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/vacationplanner/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USFL0481 | title = Average Weather for Tampa, FL - Temperature and Precipitation | publisher = The Weather Channel | accessdate = 2011-10-03
  31. ^ http://livesite-prd-2.tampabay.com/news/weather/its-not-just-hot-its-record-breaking-hot-in-tampa-bay-for-the-month-of/2322143
  32. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  33. ^ "CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING (1790–2000)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
  34. ^ "Tampa (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Quickfacts.census.gov. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
  35. ^ 1850 census population included Fort Brooke, which was located outside the municipal limits.
  36. ^ Not returned separately by enumerators in 1860.
  37. ^ Major Employers, Tampa Bay Partnership.
  38. ^ "Super Bowl XXXVII Box Score: Tampa Bay 48, Oakland 21". www.nfl.com. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
  39. ^ "2003-04 Tampa Bay Lightning Roster and Statistics | Hockey-Reference.com". Hockey-Reference.com. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
  40. ^ "History". www.rowdiessoccer.com. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
  41. ^ "ARENAFOOTBALL.COM - Arena Bowl". www.arenafootball.com. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
  42. ^ "Tampa Sister Cities from City of Tampa website". Tampagov.net. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved 2011-04-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ "Sister cities of İzmir". Izmir Metropolitan Municipality. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  44. ^ Florence, Jeanne. "Le Havre – Les villes jumelées" (in French). Retrieved 2013-08-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  45. ^ "Le Havre – Les villes jumelées" (in French). Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

المراجع

  • Brown, Canter (1999). Tampa before the Civil War. Tampa: University of Tampa Press. ISBN 978-1-879852-64-8.
  • Brown, Canter (2000). Tampa in Civil War & Reconstruction. Tampa: University of Tampa Press. ISBN 978-1-879852-68-6.
  • Cinchett, John (2009). Vintage Tampa Signs and Scenes. Tampa: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-6836-2.
  • Kerstein, Robert (2001). Politics and Growth in Twentieth-Century Tampa. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2083-2.
  • Lastra, Frank (2005). Ybor City: the Making of a Landmark Town. Tampa: University of Tampa Press. ISBN 978-1-59732-003-0.
  • Milanich, Jerald (1995). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1360-7.
  • Mormino, Gary (1998). The Immigrant World of Ybor City. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1630-6.
  • Pizzo, Anthony (1968). Tampa Town 1824–1886: Cracker Village with a Latin Accent. Tampa, Fl: Hurricane House.
  • Pizzo, Anthony (1983). Tampa the Treasure City. Tulsa, OK: Continental Heritage Press. ISBN 978-0-932986-38-2.
  • Stewart, George (2008). Names on the Land: a Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. New York: NYRB Classics. ISBN 978-1-59017-273-5.

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