مقاطعة ميامي-ديد، فلوريدا

Coordinates: 25°36′38″N 80°29′50″W / 25.61058°N 80.497099°W / 25.61058; -80.497099
Miami-Dade County, Florida
Miami-Dade County
Downtown Miami Panorama from the Rusty Pelican photo D Ramey Logan.jpg
Lifeguards stand South Beach 1.jpg
032117 Palm Court photo by Ra-Haus-006(1).jpg
Miami - Wynwood Arts District - Wynwood Walls 12.jpg
Ocean drive day 2009j.JPG
Venetian Pool 14.jpg
Biscayne underwater NPS1.jpg
American Airlines Arena, Miami, FL, jjron 29.03.2012.jpg
Anhinga Trail boardwalk.JPG
Images, from top down, left to right: Downtown Miami skyline; Lifeguard station on South Beach; Miami Design District's Palm Court; Wynwood Walls in Wynwood Art District; Ocean Drive in Miami Beach; Venetian Pool; Biscayne National Park; American Airlines Arena; Anhinga Trail boardwalk in Everglades National Park
علم Miami-Dade County, Florida
الختم الرسمي لـ Miami-Dade County, Florida
الشعار الرسمي لـ Miami-Dade County, Florida
الكنية: 
"Dade County", "Dade", "Metro-Dade", "Greater Miami"
Map of Florida highlighting Miami-Dade County.svg
Miami-Dade County, Florida is located in الولايات المتحدة
Miami-Dade County, Florida
Miami-Dade County, Florida
Location within the United States
Miami-Dade County, Florida is located in أمريكا الشمالية
Miami-Dade County, Florida
Miami-Dade County, Florida
Location within North America
Miami-Dade County, Florida is located in الأرض
Miami-Dade County, Florida
Miami-Dade County, Florida
Location on Earth
الإحداثيات: 25°36′38″N 80°29′50″W / 25.61058°N 80.497099°W / 25.61058; -80.497099[1]
Country الولايات المتحدة
State فلوريدا
RegionSouth Florida
Metro areaMiami
FoundedJanuary 18, 1836
السمِيْFrancis L. Dade
County seat Miami
Largest cityMiami
Incorporated cities19
الحكومة
 • النوعTwo-tier federation
 • الكيانMiami-Dade Board of County Commissioners
 • Miami-Dade Board of County Commissioners[2]
 • MayorCarlos A. Giménez
المساحة
 • الإجمالي2٬431٫178 ميل² (6٬296٫72 كم²)
 • البر1٬898٫753 ميل² (4٬917٫75 كم²)
 • الماء532٫425 ميل² (1٬378٫97 كم²)
أعلى منسوب34−40 ft (22 m)
أوطى منسوب0 ft (0 m)
التعداد
 • الإجمالي2٬498٬018
 • Estimate 
(2017)[6]
2٬751٬796
 • الكثافة1٬000/sq mi (400/km2)
منطقة التوقيتUTC−5 (Eastern Time Zone)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−4 (Eastern Daylight Time)
Zip code
33002, 33010-33018, 33030-33035, 33039, 33054, 33056, 33090, 33092, 33101-33102, 33106, 33109, 33111-33112, 33114, 33116, 33119, 33122, 33124-33147, 33149-33158, 33160-33170, 33172-33199, 33206, 33222, 33231, 33233-33234, 33238-33239, 33242-33243, 33245, 33247, 33255-33257, 33261, 33265-33266, 33269, 33280, 33283, 33296, 33299
Area codes305/786,
FIPS code12086
GNIS feature ID295755
Primary AirportMiami International Airport
MIA (Major/International)
Secondary AirportMiami Executive Airport-
TMB (Regional)-
Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport-
OPF (Regional)-
Miami Homestead General Aviation Airport-
X51 (Regional)
InterstatesI-75.svg I-95.svg I-195.svg
U.S. RoutesUS 1.svg US 27.svg US 41.svg
State RoutesFlorida's Turnpike shield.svg Florida A1A.svg Florida 9.svg Florida 90.svg Florida 94.svg Florida 112.svg Florida 823.svg Florida 825.svg Florida 826.svg Florida 836.svg Florida 852.svg Toll Florida 874.svg Toll Florida 878.svg Florida 909.svg Florida 913.svg Florida 915.svg Florida 924.svg Florida 932.svg Florida 934.svg Florida 948.svg Florida 953.svg Florida 959.svg Florida 968.svg Florida 992.svg Florida 994.svg Florida 997.svg Florida 9336.svg
Rapid TransitMetrorail
Commuter RailAmtrak logo.svg Brightline Logo.svg Tri-Rail logo.svg
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.miamidade.gov

Miami-Dade County (إسپانية: Condado de Miami-Dade)is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the southeasternmost county on the U.S. mainland. According to a 2017 census report,[7] the county had a population of 2,751,796,[8] making it the most populous county in Florida and the seventh-most populous county in the United States.[9] It is also Florida's third-largest county in terms of land area, with 1,946 square miles (5,040 km2). The county seat is Miami, the principal city in South Florida.[10]

Miami-Dade County is one of the three counties in South Florida that make up the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,158,824 people in 2017.[11]

The county is home to 36 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas. The northern, central and eastern portions of the county are heavily urbanized with many high rises up the coastline, as well as the location of South Florida's central business district, Downtown Miami. Southern Miami-Dade County includes the Redland and Homestead areas, which make up the agricultural economy of Miami. Agricultural Redland makes up roughly one third of Miami-Dade County's inhabited land area, and is sparsely populated, a stark contrast to the densely populated, urban northern Miami-Dade County. The western portion of the county extends into the Everglades National Park and is populated only by a Miccosukee tribal village. East of the mainland in Biscayne Bay is also Biscayne National Park and the Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserves.[12]


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History

Early history

The Keys were originally inhabited by Calusa and Tequesta Native Americans, and were later charted by Juan Ponce de León in 1513. De León named the islands Los Martires ("The Martyrs"), as they looked like suffering men from a distance.[13] "Key" is derived from the Spanish word cayo, meaning small island. For many years, Key West was the largest town in Florida, and it grew prosperous on wrecking revenues. The isolated outpost was well located for trade with Cuba and the Bahamas, and was on the main trade route from New Orleans. Improved navigation led to fewer shipwrecks, and Key West went into a decline in the late nineteenth century.

Overseas Railway

The Keys were long accessible only by water. This changed with the completion of Henry Flagler's Overseas Railway in the early 1910s. Flagler, a major developer of Florida's Atlantic coast, extended his Florida East Coast Railway down to Key West with an ambitious series of oversea railroad trestles. Three hurricanes disrupted the project in 1906, 1909, and 1910.

Labor Day Hurricane of 1935

The worst hurricane to strike the U.S. made landfall near Islamorada in the Upper Keys on Labor Day, Monday, September 2. Winds were estimated to have gusted to 200 mph (320 km/h), raising a storm surge more than 17.5 feet (5.3 m) above sea level that washed over the islands. More than 400 people were killed, though some estimates place the number of deaths at more than 600.

The Labor Day Hurricane was one of only three hurricanes to make landfall at Category 5 strength on the U.S. coast since reliable weather records began (about 1850). The other storms were Hurricane Camille (1969) and Hurricane Andrew (1992).

In 1935, new bridges were under construction to connect a highway through the entire Keys. Hundreds of World War I veterans working on the roadway as part of a government relief program were housed in non-reinforced buildings in three construction camps in the Upper Keys. When the evacuation train failed to reach the camps before the storm, more than 200 veterans perished. Their deaths caused anger and charges of mismanagement that led to a Congressional investigation.

The storm also ended the 23-year run of the Overseas Railway; the damaged tracks were never rebuilt, and the Overseas Highway (U.S. Highway 1) replaced the railroad as the main transportation route from Miami to Key West.[14]

Seven Mile Bridge

One of the longest bridges when it was built, the Seven Mile Bridge connects Knight's Key (part of the city of Marathon in the Middle Keys) to Little Duck Key in the Lower Keys. The piling-supported concrete bridge is 35,862 ft (10,931 m) or 6.79 miles (10.93 km) long. The current bridge bypasses Pigeon Key, a small island that housed workers building Henry Flagler's Florida East Coast Railway in the 1900s, that the original Seven Mile Bridge crossed. A 2.2-mile (3.5 km) section of the old bridge remains for access to the island, although it was closed to vehicular traffic on March 4, 2008. The aging structure has been deemed unsafe by the Florida Department of Transportation. Costly repairs, estimated to be as much as $34 million, were expected to begin in July 2008. Monroe County was unable to secure a $17 million loan through the state infrastructure bank, delaying work for at least a year. On June 14, 2008, the old bridge section leading to Pigeon Key was closed to fishing as well. While still open to pedestrians—walking, biking and jogging—if the bridge were closed altogether, only a ferry subsidized by FDOT and managed by the county would transport visitors to the island.

Overseas Highway

After the destruction of the Keys railway by the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, the railroad bridges, including the Seven Mile Bridge, were converted to automobile roadways. This roadway, U.S. Highway 1, became the Overseas Highway that runs from Key Largo south to Key West. Today this unique highway allows travel through the tropical islands of the Florida Keys and view exotic plants and animals found nowhere else on the US mainland and the largest coral reef chain in the United States.

Cuban exiles

Following the Cuban Revolution, many Cubans fled to South Florida. Key West traditionally had strong links with its neighbor ninety miles south by water, and large numbers of Cubans settled there. The Keys still attract Cubans leaving their home country, and stories of "rafters" coming ashore are not uncommon.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Conch Republic

In 1982, the United States Border Patrol established a roadblock and inspection points on US Highway 1, stopping all northbound traffic returning to the mainland at Florida City, to search vehicles for illegal drugs and undocumented peoples. The Key West City Council repeatedly complained about the roadblocks, which were a major inconvenience for travellers, and hurt the Keys' important tourism industry.

After various unsuccessful complaints and attempts to get a legal injunction against the blockade failed in federal court in Miami, on April 23, 1982, Key West mayor Dennis Wardlow and the city council declared the independence of the city of Key West, calling it the "Conch Republic". After one minute of secession, he (as "Prime Minister") surrendered to an officer of the Key West Naval Air Station (NAS), and requested one billion ($1,000,000,000) dollars in "foreign aid".[15]

The stunt succeeded in generating great publicity for the Keys' plight, and the inspection station roadblock was removed. The idea of the Conch Republic has provided a new source of revenue for the Keys by way of tourist keepsake sales, and the Conch Republic has participated in later protests.

Law, government, and politics

Miami-Dade County has operated under a unique metropolitan system of government, a "two-tier federation", since 1957. This was made possible when Florida voters approved a constitutional amendment in 1956 that allowed the people of Dade County (as it was known then) to enact a home rule charter. Prior to this year, home rule did not exist in Florida, and all counties were limited to the same set of powers by the Florida Constitution and state law.

Unlike a consolidated city-county, where the city and county governments merge into a single entity, these two entities remain separate. Instead there are two "tiers", or levels, of government: city and county. There are 34 municipalities in the county, the City of Miami being the largest.

Cities are the "lower tier" of local government, providing police and fire protection, zoning and code enforcement, and other typical city services within their jurisdiction. These services are paid for by city taxes. The County is the "upper tier", and it provides services of a metropolitan nature, such as emergency management, airport and seaport operations, public housing and health care services, transportation, environmental services, solid waste disposal etc. These are funded by county taxes, which are assessed on all incorporated and unincorporated areas.

Of the county's 2.6 million total residents (as of 2013), approximately 52% live in unincorporated areas, the majority of which are heavily suburbanized. These residents are part of the Unincorporated Municipal Services Area (UMSA). For these residents, the County fills the role of both lower- and upper-tier government, the County Commission acting as their lower-tier municipal representative body. Residents within UMSA pay a UMSA tax, equivalent to a city tax, which is used to provide County residents with equivalent city services (police, fire, zoning, water and sewer, etc.). Residents of incorporated areas do not pay UMSA tax.


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Structure of county government

Dade County Courthouse, completed in 1926

The Mayor of Miami-Dade County is elected countywide to serve a four-year term and is considered a "strong mayor." The mayor is not a member of the County Commission, appoints all 25 directors who oversee the operations of the County Departments and has veto power over the Commission. A mayoral appointment and veto can only be overridden by a two-thirds majority of the County Commission. The post is occupied by Carlos A. Giménez.

The Board of County Commissioners is the legislative body, consisting of 13 members elected from single-member districts. Members are elected to serve four-year terms, and elections of members are staggered. The Board chooses a Chairperson, who presides over the Commission, as well as appoints the members of its legislative committees. The Board has a wide array of powers to enact legislation, create departments, and regulate businesses operating within the County. It also has the power to override the Mayor's veto with a two-thirds vote.

Florida's Constitution provides for six elected officials to oversee executive and administrative functions for each county (called "Constitutional Officers"): Sheriff, Property Appraiser, Supervisor of Elections, Tax Collector, Clerk of the Circuit Court and Comptroller. However, the current Constitution allows voters in home-rule counties (including Miami-Dade) to abolish the offices and reorganize them as subordinate County departments; Miami-Dade voters chose this option for Sheriff, Supervisor of Elections, Controller and Tax Collector. The office of Clerk of the Circuit Court, and the judicial offices of State Attorney, and Public Defender, are still branches of State government and are, therefore, independently elected and not part of County government.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Miami-Dade is the only county in Florida that does not have an elected sheriff or a "Sheriff's Office".[بحاجة لمصدر] Instead, the county's law enforcement agency is known as the Miami-Dade Police Department, and its leader is known as the Metropolitan Sheriff and Director of the Miami-Dade Police Department. (Nonetheless, Miami-Dade Police badges bear the inscription, "Deputy Sheriff, Sheriff's Office, Dade County, Fla.".)

سياسة

استعراض

Miami-Dade County has voted for the Democratic candidate in most of the presidential elections in the past four decades, and has gone Democratic in every election since 1992. However, it did vote twice for Ronald Reagan (1980, 1984) and once for George H. W. Bush (1988). From 1904 to 1972 it voted almost exclusively Democrat except for four elections. In 2008 and 2012 approximately 59.69% of the electorate voted for Democrat Barack Obama. In 2016, Democrat Hillary Clinton won 63.22% of the vote.

Presidential elections results
Miami-Dade County vote
by party in presidential elections
[16]
Year GOP DEM Others
2016 33.83% 333,999 63.22% 624,146 2.94% 29,046
2012 37.87% 332,981 61.58% 541,440 0.54% 4,758
2008 41.70% 360,551 57.81% 499,831 0.49% 4,254
2004 46.61% 361,095 52.89% 409,732 0.50% 3,899
2000 46.29% 289,574 52.57% 328,867 1.14% 7,111
1996 37.87% 209,740 57.34% 317,555 4.79% 26,487
1992 43.19% 235,313 46.73% 254,609 10.08% 54,921
1988 55.26% 270,937 44.26% 216,970 0.48% 2,358
1984 59.17% 324,414 40.83% 223,863 0.01% 35
1980 50.65% 265,888 40.17% 210,868 9.17% 48,149
1976 40.45% 211,148 58.06% 303,047 1.48% 7,747
1972 58.87% 256,529 40.78% 177,693 0.35% 1,541
1968 37.02% 135,222 48.37% 176,689 14.62% 53,391
1964 35.99% 117,480 64.01% 208,941
1960 42.35% 134,506 57.65% 183,114
1956 55.37% 130,938 44.63% 105,559
1952 56.77% 122,174 43.23% 93,022
1948 37.04% 41,301 53.52% 59,681 9.44% 10,530
1944 33.56% 30,357 66.44% 60,100
1940 32.70% 25,224 67.30% 51,921
1936 26.88% 10,295 73.12% 28,007
1932 34.16% 9,244 65.84% 17,820
1928 60.15% 15,860 38.44% 10,136 1.41% 372
1924 26.01% 2,753 32.83% 3,474 41.16% 4,356[17]
1920 38.09% 3,077 53.08% 4,288 8.83% 713
1916 21.94% 629 57.69% 1,654 20.37% 584
1912 5.56% 99 65.71% 1,171 28.73% 512
1908 17.34% 275 60.59% 961 22.07% 350
1904 24.08% 307 69.57% 887 6.35% 81

Voter registration

Population and registered voters as of 8/1/2018[18]
Total population[19] 2,751,796
  Registered voters[20] 1,433,668 52.09%
    Democratic 601,261 41.93%
    Republican 377,550 26.33%
    Democratic–Republican spread +223,711 +15.60%
    Independence 5,320 0.37%
    Libertarian 1,757 0.12%
    Green 636 0.04%
    Reform 141 0.00%
    Constitution 87 0.00%
    Other 127 0.00%
    No party preference 446,789 31.16%

مدن شقيقة

Miami-Dade County has 23 sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:


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انظر أيضا

الهامش

  1. ^ https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2018_Gazetteer/2018_gaz_counties_12.txt
  2. ^ https://www8.miamidade.gov/global/government.page
  3. ^ http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=7934
  4. ^ Sea level at the Atlantic Ocean.
  5. ^ https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/miamidadecountyflorida/POP060210
  6. ^ https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/miamidadecountyflorida/POP060210
  7. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Miami-Dade County, Florida; UNITED STATES". www.census.gov (in الإنجليزية). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  8. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "MiamiHerald.com".
  10. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  11. ^ https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/miamidadecountyflorida,browardcountyflorida,palmbeachcountyflorida/POP060210
  12. ^ "Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve". Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Florida Department of Environmental Protection. July 8, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
  13. ^ Journal of Antonio de Herrera quoted in Goodwin-Nguyen, S (2008) Key West: A Comprehensive Guide to Florida's Southernmost City, Channel Lake, p. 19.
  14. ^ "about". overseasrailroad.railfan.net.
  15. ^ The Conch Republic Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org.
  17. ^ The leading "other" candidate, Prohibition candidate Herman P. Faris, received 3,170 votes while Progressive candidate Robert M. La Follette received 2,753 votes and American Party candidate Gilbert Nations received 172 votes.
  18. ^ https://www.miamidade.gov/elections/library/reports/voter-registration-statistics-cumulative.pdf
  19. ^ https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/miamidadecountyflorida/POP060210
  20. ^ https://www.miamidade.gov/elections/library/reports/voter-registration-statistics-cumulative.pdf
  21. ^ Press, Europa (May 25, 2009). "La ocupación para el primer mes del vuelo Tenerife-Miami de Air Europa alcanza ya el 70 por ciento".
  22. ^ Prefeitura.Sp – Descentralized Cooperation Archived ديسمبر 24, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities". Archived from the original on مايو 21, 2010. Retrieved يناير 31, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Partnerská města HMP" [Prague – Twin Cities HMP]. Portál „Zahraniční vztahy" [Portal "Foreign Affairs"] (in Czech). July 18, 2013. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Miami metropolitan area