الڤدانتا الجديدة
(تم التحويل من الڤيدانتا الجديدة)
| مقالات عن |
| الهندوسية |
|---|
 |
| جزء من سلسلة عن |
| آدڤايتا |
|---|
 |
 الفلسفة الهندوسية |
| جزء من سلسلة عن |
| الروحانية |
|---|
| المؤثرات |
| أبحاث |
| جزء من سلسلة عن |
| الكونية |
|---|
 |
| تصنيف |
الڤدانتا الجديدة (إنگليزية: Neo-Vedanta)، وتُعرف أيضاً باسم الحداثة الهندوسية (إنگليزية: Hindu modernism)، [1] الهندوسية الجديدة (إنگليزية: neo-Hinduism)،[2][3] الهندوسية العالمية[4] (إنگليزية: Global Hinduism، والكونية الهندوسية (إنگليزية: Hindu Universalism)،[web 1] هي مصطلحات لوصف التفسيرات الهندوسية التي تطورت في القرن التاسع عشر. مصطلح "الڤدانتا الجديدة" صاغه عالم الهنديات الألماني پول هاكر، بطريقة ازدراء، لتمييز التطورات الحديثة عن "التقليدية" أدڤايتا ڤدانتا.[5]
جادل العلماء مرارًا وتكرارًا بأن هذه التفسيرات الحديثة تتضمن أفكارًا غربية[6] في الديانات الهندية التقليدية، وخاصة أدڤايتا ڤدانتا، والتي تم التأكيد عليها على أنها مركزية أو أساسية للثقافة الهندوسية.[7] وصفها باحثون آخرون بأنها أدڤايتا ڤدانتا الأكبر،[8][note 1] التي تطورت منذ فترة العصور الوسطى.[note 2] بالاعتماد على هذه المجموعة الواسعة من المصادر، بعد أن أستبدل الحكم الإسلامي في الهند بحكم شركة الهند الشرقية، رد القادة والمفكرون الدينيون والسياسيون الهندوس على الاستعمار والاستشراق، المساهمة في حركة استقلال الهند والهوية القومية والدينية الحديثة للهندوس في جمهورية الهند. يغطي هذا الجانب المجتمعي مصطلح حركات الإصلاح الهندوسية.
من بين المؤيدين الرئيسيين لمثل هذه التفسيرات الحديثة للهندوسية ڤيڤكاناندا وأوروبيندو وراداكريسنان، الذين ساهموا أيضًا إلى حد ما في ظهور الحركات الهندوسية الجديدة في الغرب.
كان للڤدانتا الجديدة تأثير في تصور الهندوسية، سواء في الغرب أو في طبقات التعليم العالي في الهند. لقد تلقى تقييمًا "لحل المزج"، [10] ولكنه انتقد أيضًا لكونه عالميًا. كما انتقدت المصطلحات "الهندوسية الجديدة" أو "الڤدانتا الجديدة" نفسها لاستخدامها الجدلي، حيث قصدت البادئة "نيو-" بعد ذلك للإشارة إلى أن هذه التفسيرات الحديثة للهندوسية "غير صحيحة" أو من نواحٍ أخرى إشكالية.[11]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
التعريف والتسمية
التاريخ
"الڤدانتا الجديدة الكبرى"
توحيد الهندوسية
=تأثير تقاليد اليوگا
حكم الشرة في الهند وحركات الإصلاح الهندوسية
حكم الشركة في الهند
حركات الإصلاح الهندوسية
المؤيدون الرئيسيون
رام موهان روي وبراهمو ساماج
ڤيڤكاناندا (1863–1902)
غاندي
سارڤپالي راداكريسنان
الفلسفة
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
السياسة
القومية
الناشطية الاجتماعية
الديانة
وحدة الهندوسية
الكونية
الڤدانتا واللاثنائية
السورتي مقابل الخبرة
تقليد السمارتا
التأثير
تطبيق الڤدانتا
التنوع والتعددية
الشمولية الهندوسية - الهندوتڤا و"الديانات الدارمية"
الشمولية والطائفية
التأثير على الروحانية الغربية
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
الإشادة والنقد
الإشادة
النقد
نقد مصطلح الهندوسية الجديدة
نقد پول هاكر
إهمال التطور المتأصل للأديان
"أسطورة الهندوسية الجديدة"
انظر أيضاً
الهوامش
- ^ Allen has coined the term while drawing on the work of Balasubramanian,. See Balasubramanian, R., 2000, "Introduction" in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian civilization: Volume II Part 2 Advaita Vedanta. Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations.
- ^ Many of these traditions, which were influential among Neo-Vedantins, did not derive from Vedantic lineages, i.e., the "Advaita Vedanta" of Shankara. As the scholar J. Madaio points out "...it is possible to speak of sanskritic and vernacular advaitic texts (which are either explicitly non-dualistic or permit a non-dualistic reading) and 'Advaita Vedanta' texts which originate within sampradayas that claim an Advaita Vedantic lineage. This, then, avoids the obfuscating tendency to subsume advaitic but non-vedantic works under a 'Vedanta' or 'Advaita Vedanta' umbrella."[9]
المصادر
- ^ Flood 1996, p. 258.
- ^ King 2002, p. 93.
- ^ Beckerlegge 2006, p. 435.
- ^ Flood 1996, p. 265.
- ^ Madaio 2017.
- ^ Halbfass 2007a, p. 307.
- ^ King 2002, p. 135.
- ^ Allen 2017.
- ^ Madaio 2017, p. 4.
- ^ Larson 2012, p. 320.
- ^ Halbfass 2007b, p. 587.
المراجع
مراجع مطبوعة
- Allen, Michael S. (2 October 2017). "Greater Advaita Vedānta: The Case of Niścaldās". International Journal of Hindu Studies. 21 (3): 275–297. doi:10.1007/s11407-017-9214-0. S2CID 171944554.
- Allen, Michael S.; Venkatkrishnan, Anand (25 September 2017). "Introduction to Special Issue: New Directions in the Study of Advaita Vedānta". International Journal of Hindu Studies. 21 (3): 271–274. doi:10.1007/s11407-017-9218-9.
- Badrinath, Chaturvedi (1 January 2006). Swami Vivekananda, the Living Vedanta. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-306209-7.
- Bagchee, Joydeep; Adluri, Vishwa (2013), Miyang Cho, Joanne; Kurlander, Eric; McGetchin, Douglas T., eds., The passion of Paul Hacker: Indology, orientalism, and evangelism, New York: Routledge, https://www.academia.edu/9270352
- Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors
- Beckerlegge, Gwilym (2006). "Neo-Hinduism". In Clarke, Peter B. (ed.). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 435–436. ISBN 9-78-0-415-26707-6.
- Benavides, G. (Spring 1993). "Review of "The Emptying God: A Buddhist-Jewish-Christian Conversation. Edited by Cobb John B. Jr., and Ives Christopher. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1990"". Horizons. 20 (1): 194–196. doi:10.1017/S0360966900027341.
- Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7
- Burch, George Bosworth (1964), "Seven-Valued Logic in Jain Philosophy", International Philosophical Quarterly (Bronx, NY) 4 (1): 68–93, doi:, ISSN 0019-0365, http://secure.pdcnet.org/ipq
- Burley, Mikel (2007), Classical Samkhya and Yoga: An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Taylor & Francis
- Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5
- Cornille, Catherine (1992), The Guru in Indian Catholicism: Ambiguity Or Opportunity of Inculturation, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
- Comans, Michael (1993), The Question of the Importance of Samadhi in Modern and Classical Advaita Vedanta. In: Philosophy East and West Vol. 43, No. 1 (January 1993), pp. 19-38., http://www.realization.org/page/doc2/doc200.html
- Comans, Michael (2000), The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
- Dalal, Neil (2009), "Contemplative Practice and Textual Agency in Advaita Vedanta", Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 21: 15–27, doi:
- Daniel, P.S. (2000), Hindu Response to Religious Pluralism, Kant Publications, ISBN 978-8186218105, http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=3165
- Dense, Christian D. Von (1999), Philosophers and Religious Leaders, Greenwood Publishing Group
- Dharampal (1971), Collected writings of Dharampal, Other India Press, https://archive.org/details/DharampalCollectedWritingsIn5Volumes
- Dubois, Joël André-Michel (2014), The Hidden Lives of Brahman: Sankara's Vedanta through His Upanisad Commentaries, in Light of Contemporary Practice, SUNY
- Dundas, Paul (2004), Tara Sethia, ed., Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jaininsm, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ, ISBN 978-81-208-2036-4
- Fields, Rick (1992), How the Swans Came to the Lake. A Narrative History of Buddhism in America, Boston & London: Shambhala
- Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
- Frawley, David (1996), Tantric Yoga and the Wisdom Goddesses: Spiritual Secrets of Ayurveda, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
- Gier, Nicholas F. (2012), "Overreaching to be different: A critique of Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different", International Journal of Hindu Studies 16 (3): 259–285, doi:, ISSN 1022-4556
- Gilchrist, Cherry (1996), Theosophy. The Wisdom of the Ages, HarperSanFrancisco
- Godman, David (1985), Be As You Are, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-019062-5
- Gombrich, Richard F. (1996), Theravāda Buddhism. A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, London and New York: Routledge
- Halbfass, Wilhelm (1995), Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedānta, SUNY Press
- Halbfass, Wilhelm (2007a), "Research and reflection: Responses to my respondents. III. Issues of comparative philosophy (pp. 297-314)", in Franco, Eli; Preisendanz, Karin, Beyond Orientalism: the work of Wilhelm Halbfass and its impact on Indian and cross-cultural studies (1st Indian ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, ISBN 978-8120831100, https://books.google.com/books?id=tv-4tyO9u_QC
- Halbfass, Wilhelm (2007b), "Research and reflection: Responses to my respondents. V. Developments and attitudes in Neo-Hinduism; Indian religion, past and present (Responses to Chapters 4 and 5)", in Franco, Eli; Preisendanz, Karin, Beyond Orientalism: the work of Wilhelm Halbfass and its impact on Indian and cross-cultural studies (1st Indian ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, ISBN 978-8120831100, https://books.google.com/books?id=tv-4tyO9u_QC
- Harris, Mark W. (2009), The A to Z of Unitarian Universalism, Scarecrow Press
- Hori, Victor Sogen (1999), Translating the Zen Phrase Book. In: Nanzan Bulletin 23 (1999), http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/translating_zen_phrasebook.pdf
- Johnson, K. Paul (1994), The masters revealed: Madam Blavatsky and the myth of the Great White Lodge, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-2063-8, https://archive.org/details/mastersrevealedm0000john
- King, Richard (1999), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge
- King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge
- Kipf, David (1979), The Brahmo Samaj and the shaping of the modern Indian mind, Atlantic Publishers & Distri
- Koller, John (2004), Tara Sethia, ed., Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jaininsm, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ, ISBN 978-81-208-2036-4
- Larson, gerald James (2012), "The Issue of Not Being Different Enough: Some Reflections on Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different", International Journal of Hindu Studies 16 (3): 311–322, doi:, http://geraldjameslarson.com/pdf/Being_Different_Journal_Hindu_Studies.pdf
- Lavoie, Jeffrey D. (2012), The Theosophical Society: The History of a Spiritualist Movement, Universal-Publishers
- Lorenzen, David N. (2006), Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History, Yoda Press, ISBN 9788190227261, https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-YmMWpcVEC&q=origins+of+hinduism
- Madaio, James (2017), "Rethinking Neo-Vedānta: Swami Vivekananda and the Selective Historiography of Advaita Vedānta", Religions 8 (6): 101, doi:
- Maddison, Angus (2006), The World Economy - Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective and Volume 2: Historical Statistics, OECD Publishing by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, pp. 656, ISBN 9789264022621, http://www.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/display.asp?K=5L9ZBQKL5RLW&lang=EN&sort=sort_date%2Fd&stem=true&sf1=Title&st1=world+economy&sf3=SubjectCode&sp1=not&st4=E4+or+E5+or+P5&sf4=SubVersionCode&ds=world+economy%3B+All+Subjects%3B+&m=3&dc=26&plang=en
- Malhotra, Rajiv (2013), "Author's Response: The Question of Dharmic Coherence", International Journal of Hindu Studies 16 (3): 369–408, doi:
- Malhotra, Rajiv (2014), Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity, HarperCollins Publishers India, ISBN 978-9351362449, OCLC 871215576, http://indrasnetbook.com/
- McMahan, David L. (2008), The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195183276
- McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism, The University Press Group Ltd, ISBN 9780520237988
- Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
- Michaelson, Jay (2009), Everything Is God: The Radical Path of Nondual Judaism, Shambhala
- Michelis, Elizabeth De (2004), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8
- Mukerji, Mādhava Bithika (1983), Neo-Vedanta and Modernity, Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan, http://www.anandamayi.org/books/Bithika2.htm
- Myers, Michael (2013), Brahman: A Comparative Theology, Routledge
- Nicholson, Andrew J. (2010), Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History, Columbia University Press
- Panicker, P.L. John (2006), Gandhi on Pluralism and Communalism, ISPCK, ISBN 9788172149055, https://books.google.com/books?id=4s2kBMLeXoEC&q=Gandhi+on+Pluralism+and+Communalism
- Paranjape, Makarand R. (2009), Another Canon: Indian Texts and Traditions in English, Anthem Press
- Poonja, Sri H. W. L. (2000), The Truth Is, Weiser Books
- Rambachan, Anant Anand (1984), The attainment of moksha according to Shankara and Vivekananda with special reference to the significance of scripture (sruti) and experience (anubhabva), University of Leeds, http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/919/1/uk_bl_ethos_349108.pdf
- Rambachan, Anantanand (1991), Accomplishing the Accomplished: The Vedas as a Source of Valid Knowledge in Shankara, University of Hawaii Press
- Rambachan, Anatanand (1994), The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas, University of Hawaii Press
- Renard, Philip (2010), Non-Dualisme. De directe bevrijdingsweg, Cothen: Uitgeverij Juwelenschip
- Rinehart, Robin (2004), Contemporary Hinduism: ritual, culture, and practice, ABC-CLIO
- Sarma, Chandradhar (1996), The Advaita Tradition in Indian Philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
- Sen, S.N (1997), History of the Freedom Movement in India (1857-1947), New Age International
- Sen, Amiya (2006), Indispensable Vivekananda: anthology for our times, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-81-7824-130-2
- Sharf, Robert H. (1993), "The Zen of Japanese Nationalism", History of Religions 33 (1): 1–43, doi:, http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Zen_of_Japanese_Nationalism.html
- Sharf, Robert H. (1995), Whose Zen? Zen Nationalism Revisited, http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/whose%20zen_sharf.pdf
- Sharf, Robert H. (1998), "Experience", in Mark C. Taylor, Critical Terms for Religious Studies, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226791562, https://books.google.com/books?id=zhc7UkW8eHcC&q=Hindu+nationalism+Radhakrishnan
- Sharf, Robert H. (2000), The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion. In: Journal of Consciousness Studies, 7, pp. 267–87, http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf, retrieved on 10 November 2013
- Sharma, Arvind (2005), "Jivanmukti in Neo-Hinduism: The Case of Ramana Maharshi", Asian Philosophy 15 (3): 207–220, doi:
- Sharma, G.R. (2003), Trends In Contemporary Indian Philosophy Of Education A Critical Evaluation, Atlantic Publishers & Dist
- Sharma, Jyotirmaya (2011), Hindutva: Exploring the Idea of Hindu Nationalism (Third ed.), Penguin Books India, ISBN 9780143418184
- Sharma, Jyotirmaya (2013), A Restatement of Religion: Swami Vivekananda and the Making of Hindu Nationalism, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-19740-2
- Sinari, Ramakant (2000), Advaita and Contemporary Indian Philosophy. In: Chattopadhyana (gen.ed.), "History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Volume II Part 2: Advaita Vedanta", Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations
- Smart, Ninian (2009), Ninian Smart on World Religions: Traditions and the challenges of modernity. I. Individual traditions. Buddhism. 'Mysticism and scripture in Theravāda Buddhism', Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
- Smith, Brian K. (December 1998). "Questioning authority: Constructions and deconstructions of Hinduism". International Journal of Hindu Studies. 2 (3): 313–339. doi:10.1007/s11407-998-0001-9. S2CID 144929213.
- Sooklal, Anil (1993), "The Neo-Vedanta Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda", Nidan 5, http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/journal_archive/10165320/86.pdf
- Taft, Michael (2014), Nondualism: A Brief History of a Timeless Concept, Cephalopod Rex
- Vaitheespara, Ravi (2010), "Forging a Tamil caste: Maraimalai Adigal (1876-1950) and the discourcse of caste and ritual in colonial Tamilnadu", in Bergunder, Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 9783447063777, https://books.google.com/books?id=wbISha_aGocC
- Venkataramiah, Munagala (1936), Talks with Sri Ramana Maharshi, Tiruvannamalai: Sri Ramanasramam
- Versluis, Arthur (1993), American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions, Oxford University Press
- White, David Gordon (2006), "Digging wells while houses burn? Writing histories of Hinduism in a time of identity politics", History and Theory 45 (4): 104–131, doi:
- Williamson, Lola (2010), Transcendent in America: Hindu-inspired Meditation Movements as New Religion, NYU Press
- Yelle, Robert A. (2012), "Comparative Religion as Cultural Combat: Occidentalism and Relativism in Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different", International Journal of Hindu Studies 16 (3): 335–348, doi:
مراجع على الوب
قراءات إضافية
- De Michelis, Elizabeth (2005), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124
- Nicholson, Andrew J. (2014). Unifying Hinduism: philosophy and identity in Indian intellectual history. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231149877. OCLC 881368213. (266 pages), paperback
- Rambachan, Anantanand (1994). The limits of scripture: Vivekananda's reinterpretation of the Vedas. [Honolulu]: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1542-4.
- Sharma, Jyotirmaya (2013), A Restatement of Religion: Swami Vivekananda and the Making of Hindu Nationalism, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-19740-2, https://www.academia.edu/18844967
- King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge
- Hacker, Paul (1995), Halbfass, Wilhelm, ed., Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedānta, SUNY Press
- علمية
- Sharf, Robert H. (2000), "The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion", Journal of Consciousness Studies 7 (11–12): 267–87, http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf, retrieved on 10 November 2013
- Halbfass, Wilhelm (1988), India and Europe : An Essay in Understanding, State University of New York Press
- اعتذارية
- Malhotra, Rajiv (2014), Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity, HarperCollins Publishers India, ISBN 978-9351362449, OCLC 871215576, http://indrasnetbook.com/
وصلات خارجية
التاريخ
- Bithika Mukerji, Neo-Vedanta and Modernity
- Kelamuni, The Neo-Vedanta of Swami Vivekananda: Part One
- Kelamuni, The Neo-Vedanta of Swami Vivekananda: Part Two
- Swami Bhajanananda (2010), Four Basic Principles of Advaita Vedanta
نقد
- Frank Morales, Neo-Vedanta: The problem with Hindu Universalism
- DharmaCentral.com, A Devastating Critique of Neo-Hinduism
| آلهة |  | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| فلسفة |
| ||||||||||||||||
| نصوص مقدسة |
| ||||||||||||||||
| الممارسات |
| ||||||||||||||||
| متعلقة | |||||||||||||||||
تصنيفات:
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Portal-inline template with redlinked portals
- Pages with empty portal template
- Articles containing إنگليزية-language text
- Pages using Lang-xx templates
- Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page
- الڤدانتا الجديدة
- مفاهيم فلسفية هندوسية
- هندوسية القرن 19
- أدڤايتا
- لاثنائية