كارتيكيا

(تم التحويل من Kartikeya)
"Muruga" redirects here. For فيلم 2007, see موروگا (فيلم).
"موروگان" redirects here. For أشخاص بهذا الاسم, see موروگا (لقب عائلة).
إذا كنت تريد الأسماء المعطاة، انظر كارتيكيان، كارثيك، كارتيك أو، انظر كارتيكا (توضيح).
لمعلومات عن البوذي‌ساتڤا، انظر إيداتن.
Kartikeya
God of Victory and War
Commander of the Gods[1]
Batu Caves, Lord Murugan Statue. 2019-12-01 10-49-22.jpg
تمثال كارتيكيا في كهوف باتو، ماليزيا
أسماء أخرىMurugan, Subrahmanya, Kumara, Skanda, Saravana, Arumugan, Devasenapati, Shanmukha, Kathirvelan, Guha, Swaminatha, Velayuda, Vēļ[2][3]
الانتماءDeva, Siddhar
المسكنĀṟupadai veedu (Six Abodes of Murugan)
Palani Hills
Mount Kailash
الكوكبMangala, المريخ
مانتراOm Saravana Bhava
Vetrivel Muruganukku Arohara
السلاحVel
الرمزRooster
Dayالثلاثاء
الجبلPeacock
الجنسMale
الأعياد
معلومات شخصية
الأبوان
الأشقاءGanesha (brother)
القرين
جزء من سلسلة عن
كاومارام
Murugan by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg
الآلهة
Murugan (Kartikeya)
الوالدان
شيڤا
پرڤاتي
الشقيق
گانيشا
العقيلات
Devasena
Valli
الرموز المقدسة
الأسلحة
Vel
Cock flag
الطيور
طاووس
ديك
النصوص والكتب
المعاقل الست المقدسة
معابد أخرى
الأعياد

Kartikeya (بالسنسكريتية: कार्तिकेय, IAST: Kārtikeya), also known as Skanda, Subrahmanya, Shanmukha and Murugan (بالتاميل: முருகன்), is the Hindu god of war. He is the son of Shiva and Parvati and the brother of Ganesha.

Kartikeya has been an important deity in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times. It has been postulated that the Tamil deity of Murugan was syncretized with the Vedic deity of Skanda following the Sangam era. He is regarded as the "God of the Tamil people" and is hailed as the lord of Palani hills, the tutelary deity of the Kurinji region whose cult gained immense popularity. Tamil Sangam literature has several works attributed to Murugan such as Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai by Nakkīraṉãr and Tiruppukal by Arunagirinathar. Archaeological evidence from the 1st-century CE and earlier indicate his iconography associated with Agni, the Hindu god of fire, suggesting he was a significant deity in early Hinduism.

The iconography of Kartikeya varies significantly; he is typically represented as an ever-youthful man, riding or near an Indian peafowl, called Paravani and sometimes with an emblem of a rooster upon his banner. He wields a spear weapon called vel, supposedly given to him by his mother Parvati. While most icons represent him with only one head, some have six heads which reflect the legend surrounding his birth wherein he was born as six boys who were later united into one by Parvati. He is described to have aged quickly from childhood, becoming a warrior, leading the army of the Devas and credited with destroying rakshasas such as Tarakasura and Surapadma. He is regarded as a philosopher who taught the pursuit of an ethical life and the theology of Shaiva Siddhanta.

Kaumaram is the denomination that primarily venerates Kartikeya. Apart from significant Kaumaram worship and temples in South India, he is worshiped as Mahasena and Kumara in North and East India. He is also worshiped in Sri Lanka, South East Asia notably in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia, other countries with significant people of Tamil origin like Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa and Canada, Caribbean countries including Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Suriname, countries with significant Indian migrants including the United States and Australia.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Etymology and nomenclature

Kartikeya means "of the Krittikas" and the epithet is linked to the circumstances surrounding his birth.[6] According to Skanda Purana, six divine sparks emerged from Shiva which developed into separate baby boys in the Ganges, aided by Vayu and Agni. They were raised by handmaidens known as the Krittikas and were later fused into one by Parvati.[7][8]

While he has 108 names according to existing Hindu literature, he is known by more given names.[9] Most common amongst these include Skanda (from skand-, "to leap or to attack"), Murugan (handsome), Kumara (youthful), Subrahmanya (transparent), Senthil (victorious), Vēlaṇ (wielder of Vel), Swaminatha (ruler of gods), Saravaṇabhava (born amongst the reeds), Arumugha or Shanmukha (six faced), Dhanadapani (wielder of mace) and Kandha (cloud).[10][11][12]

On ancient coins where the inscription has survived along with his images, his names appear as Kumara, Brahmanya, or Brahmanyadeva.[13] On some ancient Indo-Scythian coins, his names appear in Greek script as Skanda, Kumara, and Vishaka.[14][15]


Birth and family

Various Indian literature recite numerous different stories surrounding the birth of Kartikeya. In Valmiki's Ramayana, he is described as the child of deities Rudra and Parvati, whose birth is aided by Agni and Ganga.[16] The Shalya Parva and the Anushasana Parva of Mahabharata presents Skanda's legend as the son of Maheshvara (Shiva) and Parvati.[17] As Shiva and Parvati were making love, they are disturbed, and Shiva inadvertently spills his semen which incubates in Ganges, preserved by the heat of god Agni, and this fetus is born as baby Kartikeya.[6][18]

Murugan seated on a peacock, 12th-century CE

According to the Skanda Purana, the asuras Śūrāpadma, Tārakāsura, and Simhamukha performed austerities to propitiate Shiva. Shiva granted them various boons, which gave them the ability to conquer the three worlds and near immortality.[4] They subsequently oppressed other celestial beings including the devas, and started a reign of tyranny in their respective realms. When the devas pleaded Shiva for his assistance, he manifested five additional heads, and a divine spark emerged from each of them.[8] Initially, the wind-god Vayu carried the sparks, with the fire-god Agni taking over later because of the unbearable heat. Agni deposited the sparks in the Ganga river. The water in the Ganga started evaporating due to intense heat. Ganga took them to Saravana lake, where the sparks developed into six baby boys.[8] The six boys were raised by handmaidens known as the Krittikas, and they were later fused into one by Parvati. Thus, the six-headed Kartikeya was born.[7]

In the Vana Parva of the Mahabharata, he is mentioned as the son of Agni and Svaha. It is recited that Agni goes to meet the wives of the Saptarshi (seven great sages) and while none of them reciprocate his feelings, Svaha is present there and is attracted to Agni. Svaha takes the form of six of the wives, one by one, and sleeps with Agni. She is unable to take the form of Arundhati, Vasishtha's wife, because of Arundhati's extraordinary virtuous powers. Svaha deposits the semen of Agni into the reeds of Ganges river, where it develops and is born as the six-headed Skanda.[19]

He is considered as the younger brother of Ganesha, while some texts regard that he is the elder.[20] In the northern and western Indian traditions, Kartikeya is regarded as a celibate bachelor, though few Sanskrit texts mention Devasena, the daughter of Indra, as his wife.[4][5] As per Tamil literature, he has two consorts, Devayanai (identified with Devasena) and Valli.[4][5]

Literature

Vedic text and epics

There are ancient references which can be interpreted to be Kartikeya in the Vedic texts. For example, the term Kumara appears in hymn 5,2 of the Rig Veda.[21][note 2] The verses depict a bright-colored boy hurling weapons and other motifs that have been associated with Skanda.[22] The Skanda-like motifs found in Rig Veda are found in other Vedic texts, such as section 6.1-3 of the Shatapatha Brahmana.[23] In these, the mythology is very different for Kumara, as Agni is described to be the Kumara whose mother is Ushas (goddess Dawn) and whose father is Purusha.[21] The section 10.1 of the Taittiriya Aranyaka mentions Sanmukha (six faced one), while the Baudhayana Dharmasutra mentions a householder's rite of passage that involves prayers to Skanda with his brother Ganapati (Ganesha) together.[17] The chapter 7 of the Chandogya Upanishad (~800–600 BCE) equates Sanat-Kumara (eternal son) and Skanda, as he teaches sage Narada to discover his own Atman (soul, self) as a means to the ultimate knowledge, true peace and liberation.[24][25][note 3] The first clear evidence of Kartikeya's importance emerges in the Hindu epics such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata where his story is recited.[6][18]

Sanskrit literature

Skanda from Kannauj, 8th century CE

Mentions of Skanda are found in the works of Pāṇini (~500 BCE), in Patanjali's Mahabhasya and Kautilya's Arthashastra.[27] Kalidasa's epic poem the Kumārasambhava features the life and story of Kartikeya.[28] Kartikeya is mentioned in the Skanda Purana, the largest Mahāpurāṇa, a genre of eighteen Hindu religious texts.[29] The text contains over 81,000 verses, and is part of Shaivite literature.[30] While the text is named after Skanda (Kartikeya), he does not feature either more or less prominently in this text than in other Shiva-related Puranas.[31] The text has been an important historical record and influence on the Hindu traditions related to war-god Skanda.[31][32] The earliest text titled Skanda Purana likely existed by the 6th-century CE, but the Skanda Purana that has survived into the modern era exists in many versions.[33][34][35]

Tamil literature

Tolkāppiyam, one of the ancient texts in Tamil, mentions Cēyōṉ ("the red one"), identified with Murugan, whose name is mentioned as Murukaṉ ("the youth").[36] Extant Sangam literature works, dated between the third century BCE and the fifth century CE glorified Murugan, "the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent," as "the favoured god of the Tamils."[37] Korravai is often identified as the mother of Murugan.[38] In Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai, an ancient Tamil epic dedicated to Murugan, he is called Murugu and described as a god of beauty and youth, with phrases such as "his body glows like the sun rising from the emerald sea". It describes him with six faces each with a function, twelve arms, his victory over evil, and the temples dedicated to him in the hilly regions.[39] The ancient Tamil lexicon Pinkalandai identifies the name Vēļ with the slayer of Taraka.[note 4] Sangam literature Paripatal refers to Murugan as Sevvēļ ("red spear") and as Neduvēļ ("tall spear").[40][41][42]

Buddhist

In Mahayana Buddhism, the Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra mentions Kumāra as one of the eighty gods worshipped by the common people. The Ārya Kaṇikrodhavajrakumārabodhisattava Sādhanāvidhi Sūtra (T 1796) features a section for the recitation of a mantra dedicated to the deity, where he is also paired with Iśvara. Yi Xing's Commentary of the Mahāvairocana Tantra clarifies that Kumāra is the son of Iśvara.[43] The 16th-century Siamese text Jinakalamali mentions him as a guardian god.[44]

Iconography and depictions

The six-headed Kartikeya with his two consorts on a peacock, painting by Raja Ravi Varma (1848–1906)

Ancient Yaudheya and Kushan period coins dated to 1st and 2nd century CE, show Kartikeya with either one or six heads with depictions of single head more common.[45] Similarly, sculptures show him with either one or six heads with the six head iconography dated to post-Gupta Empire era.[46] Artwork found in Gandhara and Mathura, dated to the Kushan period, show him with one head, dressed in a dhoti (a cloth wrapped at waist, covering the legs) and wearing armour wielding a spear in his right hand with a rooster on his left.[47][48] Artwork from Gandhara show him in a Scythian dress, likely reflecting the local dress culture prevalent during the time with a rooster like bird that may be a Parthian influence that symbolizes Kartikeya's agility and maneuverability as a warrior god.[49] Kartikeya's iconography shows him as a youthful god, dressed as a warrior with attributes of a hunter and a philosopher.[50]

He wields a divine spear known as the vel, granted to him by Parvati and signifies his power or shakti.[51] The Vel symbolism is associated with valor, bravery and righteousness.[9] He is sometimes depicted with other weapons including a sword, a javelin, a mace, a discus and a bow.[52][53] His vahana or mount is depicted as a peacock, known as Paravani.[54][55] While he was depicted with an elephant mount in early iconography, his iconography of a six faced lord on a peacock mount got firmly entrenched after sixth century CE along with the increasing transformation of his role from a warrior to a philosopher teacher and his increasing role in the Shaivite cannon.[56] According to Skanda Purana, when he faced asura Surapadman, he turned into a mango tree, which was split in half by Kartikeya using his Vel. One half of the tree became his mount, the peacock while the other half became the rooster entrenched on his flag.[9]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Theology and historical development

Guha (Muruga)

You who has form and who is formless,
you who are both being and non-being,
who are the fragrance and the blossom,
who are the jewel and its lustre,
who are the seed of life and life itself,
who are the means and the existence itself,
who are the supreme guru, come
and bestow your grace, O Guha [Murugan]

Kantaranuputi 51, Arunagirinathar
(Translator: Kamil Zvelebil), [57]

Regardless of the variance among the legends, his birth is in difficult circumstances, he is born through a surrogate and is raised by a host of mothers, later reuniting with his biological family. According to Fred Clothey, Muruga thus symbolizes a union of polarities.[58] He is considered a uniter, championing the attributes of both Shaivism and Vaishnavism.[59] His theology is most developed in the Tamil texts and in the Shaiva Siddhanta tradition.[6][60] He is described as dheivam (abstract neuter divinity, nirguna Brahman), as kadavul (divinity in nature, in everything), as Devan (masculine deity), and as iraivativam (concrete manifestation of the sacred, saguna Brahman).[61] According to Fred Clothey, as Murugan, he embodies the "cultural and religious whole that comprises South Indian Shaivism".[58] He is the philosopher and exponent of Shaiva Siddhanta theology, as well as the patron deity of the Tamil language.[62][63]

Originally, Murugan was not worshipped as a god, but rather as an exalted ancestor, heroic warrior and accomplished Siddhar born in the Kurinji landscape. In that role he was seen as a custodian who consistently defended the Tamils against foreign invasions with the stories of his astonishing and miraculous deeds increasing his stature in the community, who began to view him as god.[64] Many of the major events in Murugan's life take place during his youth which encouraged the worship of Murugan as a child-God.[16]

Kartikeya from Kushan era, 2nd century CE
Coins of the Yaudheyas featuring Kartikeya

According to Raman Varadara, Murugan, originally regarded as a Tamil deity, underwent a process of adoption and incorporation into the pantheon of North Indian deities.[5] In contrast, G. S. Ghurye states that according to the archeological and epigraphical evidence, the contemporary Murugan, Subrahmanya and Kartikeya is a composite of two influences, one from south and one from north in the form of Skanda and Mahasena.[65] He as the warrior-philosopher god was the patron deity for many ancient northern and western Hindu kingdoms, and of the Gupta Empire, according to Ghurye. After the 7th-century, Skanda's importance diminished while his brother Ganesha's importance rose in the west and north, while in the south the legends of Murugan continued to grow.[65][66] According to Norman Cutler, Kartikeya-Murugan-Skanda of South and North India coalesced over time, but some aspects of the South Indian iconography and mythology for Murugan have remained unique to Tamil Nadu.[67]

According to Fred Clothey, the evidence suggests that Kartikeya mythology had become widespread sometime around 200 BCE or after in north India.[68] In addition to textual evidence, his importance is affirmed by the archeological, the epigraphical and the numismatic evidence of this period. For example, he is found in numismatic evidence linked to the Yaudheyas, a confederation of warriors in north India who are mentioned by ancient Pāṇini.[69] During the Kushan era, that included rule over the northwest Indian subcontinent, more coins featuring Kartikeya were minted.[69] He is also found on ancient Indo-Scythian coins, where his various names are minted in Greek script.[70][note 5]

Skanda was regarded as a philosopher in his role as Subramanhya while similarly Murugan was regarded as the teacher of Tamil literature and poetry. In the late Chola period from sixth to thirteenth centuries CE, Murugan was firmly established in the role of a teacher and philosopher while his militaristic depictions receded.[56] Despite the changes, his portrayal was multi-faceted with significant differences between Skanda and Murugan till the late Vijayanagara period, when he was accepted as a single deity diverse facets.[56]

Other religions

Skanda Bodhisattva is the Dharma protector in Mahayana Buddhism[72] Above: Skanda's statue in Anhui province, China

In Mahayana Buddhism, he is described as a manifestation of Mahābrahmārāja with five hair coils, a handsome face emanating purple-golden light that surpasses the light of the other devas. In Chinese Buddhism, Skanda (also sometimes known as Kumāra) is known as Weituo, a young heavenly general, the guardian deity of local monasteries and the protector of Buddhist dhamma.[73][74] According to Henrik Sørensen, this representation became common after the Tang period, and became well established in the late Song period.[75] He is also regarded as one of the twenty-four celestial guardian deities, who are a grouping of originally Hindu and Taoist deities adopted into Chinese Buddhism as dharmapalas.[76] Skanda was also adopted by Korean Buddhism, and he appears in its woodblock prints and paintings.[75]

According to Richard Gombrich, Skanda has been an important deity in Theravada Buddhism pantheon, in countries such as Sri Lanka and Thailand. The Nikaya Samgraha describes Skanda Kumara as a guardian deity of the land, along with Upulvan (Vishnu), Saman and Vibhisana.[44] In Sri Lanka, Skanda as Kataragama deviyo, is a popular among both Tamil Hindus and Sinhalese Buddhists. While many regard him as a bodhisattva, he is also associated with sensuality and retribution. Anthropologist Gananath Obeyesekere has suggested that the deity's popularity among Buddhists is due to his power to grant emotional gratification, which is in stark contrast to sensual restraint that characterizes Buddhist practice in Sri Lanka.[77]

According to Asko Parpola, the Jain deity Naigamesa, who is also referred to as Hari-Naigamesin, is depicted in early Jain texts as riding the peacock and as the leader of the divine army, both symbols of Kartikeya.[78]

Worship

India

Palani Murugan Temple, one of the Six Abodes of Murugan
South India

Murugan being known as the God of the Tamils, has many temples dedicated to him across Tamil Nadu. Most renowned of them are the Six Abodes of Murugan, a set of six temples at Thiruparankundram Murugan temple, Tiruchendur Murugan Temple, Palani Murugan Temple, Swamimalai Swaminathaswamy Temple, Tiruttani Subramaniya Swamy Temple, and Pazhamudircholai which are mentioned in Sangam literature.[79] Other major temples dedicated to Murugan include Kuzhanthai Velappar Temple, Sikkal Singaravelan Temple, Marudamalai Subramanya Swamy Temple, Kumarakkottam Subramanya Swamy Temple, Valliyur Subramanya Swamy Temple, Vallakottai Subramaniyaswami temple, Thiruporur Kandaswamy temple, Vayalur Murugan Temple, Viralimalai Murugan temple, Vadapalani Andavar Temple, Thindal Murugan Temple, Pachaimalai Subramanya Swamy Temple, Balasubramaniyaswamy Temple, Kolanjiappar temple, Uthanda Velayudhaswamy temple and Siruvapuri Sri Balasubrahmanyam temple.[80]

Places of worship dedicated to Subramanya in Kerala include temples at Haripad, Neendoor, Kidangoor and Kodumbu.[81][82] In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, he is worshipped as Subrahmanya, Kumara Swamy or Skanda with major temples at Mopidevi,[83] Biccavolu,[84] Skandagiri,[85][86] Mallam,[87][88] and Indrakeeladri, Vijayawada.[89] In Karnataka, the deity that is worshipped as Subrahmanya where he is regarded as the lord of the serpents in Kukke Subramanya Temple and Ghati Subramanya.[90][91]

Other parts of India

In West Bengal, Kartikeya is associated with the birth of children and is worshiped on the last day of the month of Kartik wherein a clay model of the deity is kept at night before the day of worship (usually by friends) for the newly married couple before the door of their house. The deity is worshipped the next day in the evening and is offered toys.[92] The deity is also worshipped during the Durga Puja festival wherein Kartikeya is visualized as a young man, riding a peacock and wielding a bow and arrows. He is stated to be Kumara, that is, a bachelor as he is unmarried.[92] Temples also exist in the rest of India in Pehowa in Haryana, in Manali and Chamba in Himachal Pradesh and Rudraprayag in Uttarakhand.[93][94][95][96]

Outside India

Kartikeya is worshiped as Kumar in Nepal. Sithi Nakha (Kumar Shashthi) is celebrated on the sixth day of the waxing moon, according to the lunar calendar, in the Lunar month of Jestha. The festival is celebrated by cleaning water sources and offering a feast.[97]

Nallur Kandaswamy temple at Jaffna is dedicated to Murugan.

In Sri Lanka, Murugan is predominantly worshiped by Tamil people as Murugan and by the Sinhalese as Kataragama deviyo , a guardian deity. Numerous Murugan temples exist throughout the island including Kataragama temple, Nallur Kandaswamy temple and Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple.[98][99]

Murugan is revered in countries with significant population of Tamil people and people of Tamil origin including South East Asia notably in Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia and Myanmar, other countries with significant people of Tamil origin like Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion, South Africa and Canada, Caribbean countries including Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Suriname, countries with significant Indian migrants including the United States and Australia.[100] Sri Subramanyar Temple at Batu Caves temple complex in Malaysia is dedicated to Murugan, which has a 42.7-m-high statue of Murugan at the entrance, one of the largest Murugan statues in the world.[101][102] There are some other temples in Malaysia such as Balathandayuthapani Temple and Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple, Marathandavar Temple and Kandaswamy Kovil.[103][104][105][106] Sri Thendayuthapani Temple is a major Hindu temple in Singapore.[107] Murugan temples also exist in several western countries like United States of America,[108][109] Canada,[110] United Kingdom,[111][112][113][114][115] Australia,[116][117][118] New Zealand,[119][120] Germany[121][122] and Switzerland.[123]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الأعياد

Thaipusam procession

Festivals pertaining to Murugan are:

  • Thaipusam is celebrated on the full moon day in the Tamil month of Thai on the confluence of star Pusam.[124] The festival is celebrated to commemorate the victory of Murugan over the asuras and includes ritualistic practices of Kavadi Aattam, a ceremonial act of sacrifice carrying a physical burden as a means of balancing a spiritual debt. Worshipers often carry a pot of cow milk as an offering and also do mortification of the flesh by piercing the skin, tongue or cheeks with vel skewers.[100]
  • Panguni Uthiram occurs on the purnima of the month of Panguni on the confluence of the star Uttiram.[125] The festival marks the celebration of Murugan's marriage to Devasena.[126]
  • Karthika Deepam, a festival of lights celebrated on the full moon day of the Kartika.[127]
  • Vaikasi Visakam, celebrates the birth anniversary of Murugan and occurs during the confluence of star Visakam in the month of Vaisakha.[128]
  • Kanda Sashti falls in the month of either Aippasi or Kartikai of the Tamil calendar and commemorates the victory of Murugan over the demon Surapadman.[129]

ملاحظات شارحة

  1. ^ Karthikeya's marital status varies across regions. In South Indian traditions, he has two wives — Deivanai (identified with Devasena) and Valli whereas some Sanskrit scriptures only mention Devasena (also known as Shashthi) as his wife. He is also considered celibate in parts of North India.[4][5]
  2. ^ कुमारं माता युवतिः समुब्धं गुहा बिभर्ति न ददाति पित्रे । अनीकमस्य न मिनज्जनासः पुरः पश्यन्ति निहितमरतौ ॥१॥ कमेतं त्वं युवते कुमारं पेषी बिभर्षि महिषी जजान । पूर्वीर्हि गर्भः शरदो ववर्धापश्यं जातं यदसूत माता ॥२॥ हिरण्यदन्तं शुचिवर्णमारात्क्षेत्रादपश्यमायुधा मिमानम् । ददानो अस्मा अमृतं विपृक्वत्किं मामनिन्द्राः कृणवन्ननुक्थाः ॥३॥ क्षेत्रादपश्यं सनुतश्चरन्तं सुमद्यूथं न पुरु शोभमानम् । न ता अगृभ्रन्नजनिष्ट हि षः पलिक्नीरिद्युवतयो भवन्ति ॥४॥ (...) Hymn 5.2, Wikisource;
    English: "The youthful Mother keeps the Boy in secret pressed to her close, nor yields him to the Father. But, when he lies upon the arm, the people see his unfading countenance before them. [5.2.1] What child is this thou carriest as handmaid, O Youthful One? The Consort-Queen hath bome him. The Babe unborn increased through many autumns. I saw him born what time his Mother bare him. [5.2.2] I saw him from afar gold-toothed, bright-coloured, hurling his weapons from his habitation, What time I gave him Amrta free from mixture. How can the Indraless, the hymnless harm me? [5.2.3] I saw him moving from the place he dwells in, even as with a herd, brilliantly shining. These seized him not: he had been born already. They who were grey with age again grow youthful. [5.2.4]
    – Translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith, Wikisource
  3. ^ Verse 7.26.2 states Kumara is Skanda, but there are stylistic differences between this verse and the rest of the chapter. This may be because this verse was interpolated into the text at a later date.[26]
  4. ^ Not only are king of Chalukyas defined as "Velpularasar" in the Tamil lexicons but the name Vel is expressly stated to have belonged to them as stated in the following passage of Pinkalandai:Vēļ means either the slayer of Taraka, the king of Chalukyas or the god of love.[2][3]
  5. ^ Richard Mann states that Skanda-Kumara may be composite deity linked to Greek deities pair called Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux), given the numismatic overlap in their iconography and similar warrior-god mythologies.[71]

المراجع

الهامش

  1. ^ Zvelebil, Kamil (1991). Tamil Traditions on Subrahmaṇya-Murugan. Institute of Asian Studies.
  2. ^ أ ب Kumar 2008, p. 179.
  3. ^ أ ب Pillai 2004, p. 17.
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث Dalal 2010.
  5. ^ أ ب ت ث Varadara 1993, pp. 113-114.
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث Lochtefeld 2002, pp. 655-656.
  7. ^ أ ب T.K.R, Sridharan (2022). God and Science. Notion Press. ISBN 979-8-8870-4354-8.
  8. ^ أ ب ت Civarāman̲, Akilā (2006). Sri Kandha Puranam. Giri Trading. p. 55. ISBN 978-8-1795-0397-3.
  9. ^ أ ب ت Kozlowski, Frances; Jackson, Chris (2013). Driven by the Divine: A Seven Year Journey with Shivalinga Swamy and Vinnuacharya. Author Solutions. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-4525-7892-7.
  10. ^ "Skanda | Hindu deity" (in الإنجليزية). Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  11. ^ Clothey 1978, pp. 1, 22-25, 35-39, 49-58, 214-216.
  12. ^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 80.
  13. ^ Mann 2011, pp. 104-106.
  14. ^ Thomas, Edward (1877). Jainism: Or, The Early Faith of Aṣoka. Trübner & Company. pp. 60, 62.
  15. ^ Mann 2011, pp. 123-124.
  16. ^ أ ب Clothey 1978, p. 51.
  17. ^ أ ب Clothey 1978, pp. 50-51.
  18. ^ أ ب Clothey 1978, pp. 49, 54-55.
  19. ^ Clothey 1978, pp. 51-52.
  20. ^ Clothey 1978, pp. 54-56.
  21. ^ أ ب Clothey 1978, pp. 49-51.
  22. ^ Clothey 1978, pp. 46-51.
  23. ^ Clothey 1978, pp. 48-50.
  24. ^ Clothey 1978, pp. 49-50.
  25. ^ Hume, Robert (26 April 2024). "The Thirteen Principal Upanishads". Oxford University Press. p. 50.
  26. ^ The Thirteen Principal Upanishads Archived 25 مايو 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Robert Hume, Oxford University Press, page 262 with footnote 3
  27. ^ Clothey 1978, pp. 49-53.
  28. ^ Heifetz, Hank (1990). The origin of the young god : Kālidāsa's Kumārasaṃbhava. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 1. ISBN 81-208-0754-5. OCLC 29743892.
  29. ^ Vasudeo Tagare, Ganesh (1996). Studies in Skanda Purāṇa. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1260-3.
  30. ^ Bakker 2014, pp. 4-6.
  31. ^ أ ب Rocher 1986, pp. 114, 229-238.
  32. ^ Kurukkal, KK (1961). A Study of the Kartikeya Cult as reflected in the Epics and the Puranas. University of Ceylon. p. 131.
  33. ^ Doniger 1993, pp. 59-83.
  34. ^ Mann 2011, p. 187.
  35. ^ Bakker 2014, pp. 1-3.
  36. ^ Journal of Tamil Studies, Volume 1 (in الإنجليزية). International Institute of Tamil Studies. 1969. p. 131. Archived from the original on 13 نوفمبر 2017.
  37. ^ Sinha, Kanchan (1979). Kartikeya in Indian art and literature. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan.
  38. ^ "Korravai". Britannica. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  39. ^ Zvelebil 1973, pp. 125-127.
  40. ^ Ramanujan 2014, p. 22.
  41. ^ Balasubrahmanyam 1966, p. 8.
  42. ^ Subramanian 1978, p. 161.
  43. ^ Chia, Siang Kim (2016). "Kumāra". Digital Dictionary of Buddhism. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  44. ^ أ ب Richard Francis Gombrich; Obeyesekere, Gananath (1988). Buddhism Transformed: Religious Change in Sri Lanka. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 176–180. ISBN 978-81-208-0702-0. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  45. ^ Mann 2011, pp. 111-114.
  46. ^ Mann 2011, pp. 113-114, 122-126.
  47. ^ Mann 2011, pp. 122-126.
  48. ^ Srinivasan 2007, pp. 333-335.
  49. ^ Mann 2011, pp. 124-126.
  50. ^ Xavier Alphonse, S. (1997). Kanthapura to Malgudi: Cultural Values and Assumptions in Selected South Indian Novelists in English. Prestige. p. 167. ISBN 978-8-1755-1030-2. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017., Quote: "He [Skanda] has been hunter, warrior, philosopher. He is the teacher and inspiration of literature and arts. He is the eternal child, as old as time itself, yet as young as every new beginning. He is the handsome hero and lover, the wise Primordial One."
  51. ^ "Vanquishing the demon". The Hindu. 5 December 2005. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  52. ^ Mann 2011, pp. 123-126 with footnotes.
  53. ^ Srinivasan 2007, pp. 333-336, 515-516.
  54. ^ "The Vehicle Lord Murugan rides is a peacock called Paravani". Gandhi Luthuli Documentation Center. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  55. ^ Knapp, Stephen (2005). The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment, and Illumination. iUniverse. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-5953-5075-9.
  56. ^ أ ب ت Vadivella Belle, Carl (2018). Thaipusam in Malaysia. ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute. ISBN 978-9-8147-8666-9.
  57. ^ Zvelebil 1973, pp. 243.
  58. ^ أ ب Clothey 1978, p. 3.
  59. ^ Clothey 1978, pp. 3-4.
  60. ^ Clothey 1978, pp. 1-2.
  61. ^ Clothey 1978, pp. 10-14.
  62. ^ Lochtefeld 2002, p. 450.
  63. ^ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Scarecrow Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-0-8108-6445-0. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  64. ^ Chandran, Subramaniam (3 May 2016). "Devotion as Social Identity: The Story of the Tamil Deity". SSRN 2773448.
  65. ^ أ ب Govind Sadashiv Ghurye (1977). Indian Acculturation: Agastya and Skanda. Popular Prakashan. pp. 152–167. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  66. ^ S. Devadas Pillai (1997). Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary. Popular Prakashan. pp. 159–160. ISBN 978-81-7154-807-1. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  67. ^ Cutler, Norman (2008). Flood, Gavin (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-470-99868-7. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  68. ^ Clothey 1978, pp. 45-46.
  69. ^ أ ب Mann 2011, pp. 101-105 with footnotes.
  70. ^ Thomas, Edward (1877). Jainism: Or, The Early Faith of Aṣoka. Trübner & Company. pp. 60, 62 (see e.g. coin 11). Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  71. ^ Fleming, Benjamin; Mann, Richard (2014). Material Culture and Asian Religions: Text, Image, Object. Routledge. pp. 234–246. ISBN 978-1-135-01373-8. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  72. ^ Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 452. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  73. ^ Mann 2011, p. 32 with footnote 24.
  74. ^ Angela Falco Howard (2006). Chinese Sculpture. Yale University Press. pp. 373, 380–381. ISBN 0-300-10065-5. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  75. ^ أ ب Sørensen, Henrik (2011). Orzech, Charles; Sørensen, Henrik; Payne, Richard (eds.). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. BRILL Academic. pp. 124–125, 654–655 with footnotes. ISBN 978-90-04-18491-6. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  76. ^ Lewis Hodous; William Edward Soothill, eds. (2004). A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms : with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-203-64186-8. OCLC 275253538.
  77. ^ Trainor, Kevin, ed. (2001). Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 123. ISBN 0-19-521849-3.
  78. ^ Parpola 2015, p. 285.
  79. ^ Aiyar, P.V.Jagadisa (1982). South Indian Shrines: Illustrated. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 191–203. ISBN 978-0-4708-2958-5. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  80. ^ "Famous 24 Subramanya Swamy temples". Tapioca. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  81. ^ Mathew, Biju (September 2017). Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage. Info Kerala Communications. ISBN 978-8-1921-2844-3. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  82. ^ "Sree Subramanya Swamy Temple". Kerela Tourism. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  83. ^ "Sir Subrahmanyeswara Swamy Temple". Official website of temple. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  84. ^ "Sri Subrahmanya Devalayam". Official website of temple. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  85. ^ "Official website of temple". Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  86. ^ "Sri Subrahmanyaswamy Temple, Skandagiri, Secunderabad". Trip Advisor. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  87. ^ "Mallamu Subramanyaswamy temple". Prudwi. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  88. ^ "Sri Subramanyeswara Swamy Temple, Mallam". 1nellore. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  89. ^ "Sri Subramanya Swamy Temple in Vijayawada, Indrakeeladri Hill Temple". Vijayawadaonline.in. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  90. ^ "Kukke Subrahmanya Temple". Archived from the original on 28 April 2010. Retrieved 2018-08-15.
  91. ^ "Kukke Subramanya temple". Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  92. ^ أ ب Pattanaik, Devdutt (2014). 7 Secrets of the Goddess. Westland. ISBN 978-9-3840-3058-2.
  93. ^ "Kartikeya Temple". Haryana tourism. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  94. ^ "Himalaya's hidden gem: Pilgrimage to Karthik Swami temple". Hindustan Times. 1 April 2017. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  95. ^ "Kullu Dussehra". Government of Himachal Pradesh. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  96. ^ "Kelang or Kartikeya Temple". Bharmour View. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  97. ^ "Newar community observes Sithi Nakha festival by worshiping water sources". Myrepublica. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  98. ^ Pathmanathan, S (سبتمبر 1999). "The guardian deities of Sri Lanka: Skanda-Murgan and Kataragama". The Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies. The institute of Asian studies. Archived from the original on 26 سبتمبر 2010.
  99. ^ Bechert, Heinz (1970). "Skandakumara and Kataragama: An Aspect of the Relation of Hinduism and Buddhism in Sri Lanka". Proceedings of the Third International Tamil Conference Seminar. Paris: International Association of Tamil Research. Archived from the original on 25 سبتمبر 2010.
  100. ^ أ ب Javier, A.G. (2014). They Do What: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from Around the World. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 979-8-2161-5549-2.
  101. ^ Star, The. "Tallest statue of deity unveiled". Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  102. ^ "Batu Caves". Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  103. ^ "Tour Information". ICHSS. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  104. ^ A, Jeyaraj (16 July 2016). "Hindu Temples In Ipoh". ipohecho. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  105. ^ "Ipoh Kallumalai Murugan Temple, Ipoh". Inspirock. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  106. ^ "10,000 celebrate Masi Magam festival Sannayasi Andavar Temple in Cheng". The Star. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  107. ^ "Home Page of Sri Thendayuthapani Temple". Official website of temple. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  108. ^ "Shiva Murugan Temple". Shiva Murugan Temple. Archived from the original on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  109. ^ "Hindu temple headed for banks of Deep River". The Chatham News + Record. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  110. ^ "Explanation of Deities". Official website of temple. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  111. ^ "High Gate Hill Temple". Official website of temple. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  112. ^ "The London Sri Murugan". Official website of temple. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  113. ^ "Leicester Shri Murugan (Hindu) Temple". Registered charities in England. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  114. ^ "Sri Murugan Temple". Official visitor website for Leicestershire. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  115. ^ "Lord Murugan Temple". Official website of temple. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  116. ^ "Sydeny Murugan Temple". Official website of temple. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  117. ^ "Perth Bala Murugan". Official website of temple. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  118. ^ "Kundrathu Kumaran Temple". Official website of temple. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  119. ^ "New Zealand Thirumurugan Temple". Official website of temple. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  120. ^ Reeves, Peter (March 7, 2014). The Encyclopedia of the Sri Lankan Diaspora. Didier Millet. ISBN 978-9814260831. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  121. ^ "Architectural History – Sri Mayurapathy Murugan Temple Berlin" (in الألمانية). Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  122. ^ "Unusual sightseeing in Berlin: a Hindu temple beside a highway". www.secretcitytravel.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-08-09.
  123. ^ "Hinduismus :::: Religionen in der Schweiz / Religions en Suissse :::: Universität Luzern". 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015.
  124. ^ Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 462. ISBN 978-1-8510-9689-3.
  125. ^ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (25 August 2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils (in الإنجليزية). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-5381-0686-0.
  126. ^ Pechilis, Karen (22 March 2013). Interpreting Devotion: The Poetry and Legacy of a Female Bhakti Saint of India (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-136-50704-5.
  127. ^ Spagnoli, Cathy; Samanna, Paramasivam (1999). Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales (in الإنجليزية). Libraries Unlimited. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-56308-576-5.
  128. ^ "Vaikasi Visakam 2023: Date, Time, Significance". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  129. ^ "The fall of demons". The Hindu. 27 December 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

ببليوجرافيا عامة

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Murugan temples قالب:Burmese nats

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=كارتيكيا&oldid=3986167"