احتياطيات النفط في السعودية

(تم التحويل من النفط السعودي)
احتياطيات النفط المؤكدة في السعودية (بالأزرق) وڤنزويلا (بالأحمر).

الاحتياطيات المؤكدة للنفط في السعودية هي ثاني أكبر احتياطيات في العالم، وتُقدر بنحو 268 بليون برميل، منها 2.5 Gbbl في المنطقة الكويتية السعودية المحايدة. تتواجد معظم احتياطيات النفط في المنطقة الشرقية.[1] كانت هذه الاحتياطيات الأكبر في العالم حتى أعلنت ڤنزويلا تزايد احتياطياتها المؤكدة إلى 297 في يناير 2011.[2] تبلغ الاحتياطيات السعودية ما يقارب خمس إحتياطيات النفط التقليدية في العالم، ويأتي جزء كبير من هذه الاحتياطيات من عدد صغير من حقول النفط الضخمة، والتي يبلغ إنتجها 40% من الاحتياطيات المذكورة.

في 200، قدر المسح الجيولوجي الأمريكي بأنه من المرجح أن يصل متوسط احتياطيات النفط الغير مكتشفة في السعودية إلى 90 Gbbl.[3]

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الانتاج

انتاج السعودية من النفط الخام 1950-2012
تاريخ انتاج النفط من حقل الغوار ومن السعودية إجمالاً. وتغير عدد منصات انتاج النفط في السعودية.
خريطة توضح النفط المصدر عبر الخليج العربي وخط أنابيب شرق-غرب.[4]


Saudi Arabia has traditionally been regarded as the world’s most important swing producer of oil. When acting as such, the Saudi government would increase or decrease oil production to maintain a more stable price.[5]

Saudi Arabia produced 10.3 million barrels per day (1.6×10^6 m3/d) (Mbbl/d) in 1980, 10.6 Mbbl/d in 2006,[6] and in the region of 9.2 Mbbl/d in 2008.[7] Saudi Arabia maintains the world’s largest crude oil production capacity, estimated to be approx. 11 Mbbl/d at mid-year 2008 and announced plans to increase this capacity to 12.5 Mbbl/d by 2009[8] Cumulative production through the end of 2009 was 119.4 billion bbl.[9] Using the stated number of 267 Gbbl, past production amounts to 40% of the stated remaining proved reserves. As of 2016, Saudi Arabia cumulative oil production reached 143.97 bbl.[10]

After the then U.S. president George W. Bush asked the Saudis to raise production on a visit to Saudi Arabia in January 2008 and they declined, Bush questioned whether they had the ability to raise production any more.[11] In the summer of 2008, Saudi Arabia announced an increase in planned production of 500,000 barrels per day.[12] However, in 2008, some experts believed that Saudi oil production had already peaked or would do so in the near future.[13] In April 2015, the Saudi oil minister Ali Al-Naimi said that Saudi Arabia produced 12 million barrels per day in March that year, which was the highest figure based on records since the early 1980s. The previous peak was in August 2013 at 10.2 million barrels per day.[14]

حوالي 60-65% من كل الانتاج السعودي للنفط بين عامي 1948 و 2000 يأتي من الغوار. والانتاج التراكمي حتى نهاية عام 2005 كان نحو 60 بليون برميل (بناء على كروفت). منذ 1973 وحتى 1979، بلغ معدل الانتاج اليومي للغوار ما يزيد عن 5 مليون برميل يومياً، وهو ما يساوي 6.25% من الانتاج العالمي. وأثناء الحظر الأمريكي على النفط الإيراني في 1979، قفز انتاج الغوار، لفترات قصيرة، إلى 8 مليون برميل يومياً. وفي 2 أبريل 2019، صرحت أرامكو أن انتاج الغوار يناهز 3.8 مليون برميل.[15]


مصداقية البيانات

Historically, Saudi Arabia has maintained reserves data and related technical information as a well-guarded secret. This made independent verification of the Kingdom’s reserves and resources virtually impossible, leaving various commentators and the world at-large to rely upon speculation and indirect indicators. However, a recent (2019) independent evaluation may change that.

In a 2004 study, Matthew Simmons analyzed 200 technical papers on Saudi reserves by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and concluded that Saudi Arabia's oil production faced near term decline, and that it would not be able to consistently produce more than 2004 levels, when production of crude oil and lease condensate averaged 9.10 million barrels per day. Simmons also argued that the Saudis may have irretrievably damaged their large oil fields by over-pumping salt water into the fields in an effort to maintain the fields' pressure and boost short-term oil extraction. He concluded (in 2004): "In 2-3 years we will have conclusive evidence that Saudi oil is peaking,"[16] Since his prediction, Saudi crude oil production has varied from as low as 8.25 million barrels per day (average for 2009) up to 9.83 million barrels per day (average for 2012). Overall, in the nine years since his 2004 prediction (2005-2013), Saudi crude oil and lease condensate production has averaged 9.20 million barrels per day, just slightly higher than 2004 levels.[17]

Diplomatic cables leaked during the United States diplomatic cables leak in 2011 revealed that سداد الحسيني, former vice president of Saudi Arabia's oil monopoly Saudi Aramco, warned the US that the oil reserves in Saudi Arabia might in fact be 40% (300 billion barrels) lower than claimed.[18][19]

These skeptical viewpoints have been countered by events culminating in early 2019. In a press conference in Riyadh Saudi Arabia on January 9, 2019, Saudi Arabia Energy Minister, His Excellency (H.E.) Khalid Al-Falih officially announced that DeGolyer and MacNaughton had completed the first ever independent evaluation of proved reserves for the Kingdom. The results of this effort indicate that the proved reserves in the Kingdom are likely proximal to, and even somewhat larger than, previous official estimates. H.E. Khalid Al-Falih outlined the extensive effort in his remarks, stating that the process began in August 2016 and continued for almost 2-1/2 years. DeGolyer and MacNaughton personnel (more than 60 geophysicists, petrophysicists, geologists, simulation engineers, reserves engineering specialists, and economists) built the detailed independent evaluation using the extensive raw database from each of the wells and reservoirs in the evaluated reservoirs, applying their own techniques and methodologies to reach the resulting independent estimate of proved reserves. Reaction in the press to the independent evaluation was notable. For example, Ellen Wald, global energy policy analyst, told CNBC that “Whether they have 260 or 266 billion barrels isn't really the issue,” she said. “The point is that they had DeGolyer and MacNaughton, which is a very respected source, do an audit…I think it’s designed to put to rest the controversy that’s always plagued them since the publication of ‘Twilight in the Desert’.”


انظر أيضاً

معرض الصور

  • مواقع حقول النفط والغاز.

    مواقع حقول النفط والغاز.

  • إنتاج، إستهلاك، وصادرات النفط السعودية.

    إنتاج، إستهلاك، وصادرات النفط السعودية.

  • حتياطيات النفط العالمية قبل زيادة احتياطيات ڤنزويلا.

    حتياطيات النفط العالمية قبل زيادة احتياطيات ڤنزويلا.

  • A map of world oil reserves according to U.S. EIA, 2017

    A map of world oil reserves according to U.S. EIA, 2017

المصادر

  1. ^ Learsy, Raymond (2011). Oil and Finance: The Epic Corruption. p. 89.
  2. ^ Venezuela: Oil reserves surpasses Saudi Arabia's at english.ahram.org.eg
  3. ^ US Geological Survey, Saudi Arabia, 2000.
  4. ^ "ارامكو ترفع الطاقة الاستيعابية لخط شرق – غرب الى 5 ملايين برميل يوميا". جريدة الرياض. 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
  5. ^ Daniel Yergin, “Who will rule the oil market,” New York Times, 23 Jan. 2015.
  6. ^ Farsalas, Ken (2008-07-29). "No Speculation On Oil Reality". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
  7. ^ "Petroleum (Oil) Production". International Petroleum Monthly. U.S. Energy Information Administration. April 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
  8. ^ "Saudi Arabia Oil Statistics". Country Analysis Briefs. US Energy Intelligence Administration. August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
  9. ^ "Daily and Cumulative Crude Oil Production in OPEC Members". OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin. OPEC. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
  10. ^ "OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin" (PDF). OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin. OPEC. 2017. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
  11. ^ Tverberg, Gail (2008-01-18). "President Bush Questions Saudi Ability to Raise Oil Supply". PRWeb. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  12. ^ Penketh, Anne (2008-06-16). "Saudi King: 'We will pump more oil'". The Independent. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  13. ^ Report, Ken Farsalas, the Oberweis. "No Speculation On Oil Reality". forbes.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ "Saudi pumps up oil production to record high 10.3 million bpd". Reuters. 8 April 2015.
  15. ^ Javier Blas (2019-04-02). "The Biggest Saudi Oil Field Is Fading Faster Than Anyone Guessed". بلومبرگ.
  16. ^ "New study raises doubts about Saudi oil reserves". Institute for the Analysis of Global Security. 2004-03-31. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
  17. ^ US EIA, Crude Oil + Lease Condensate, International Energy Statistics, Petroleum Production.
  18. ^ John Vidal (9 February 2011). "WikiLeaks cables: Saudi Arabia cannot pump enough oil to keep a lid on prices". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  19. ^ "Saudi oil reserves 'overstated'". Al Jazeera. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2011.

وصلات خارجية

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