اللاتينية القديمة

Old Latin
Archaic Latin
Prisca Latinitas
Duenos inscription.jpg
Duenos inscription، أحد أقدم نصوص اللاتينية القديمة
موطنهاالجمهورية الرومانية
المنطقةإيطاليا
الحقبةDeveloped into Classical Latin during the 1st century BC
Latin alphabet 
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في
روما
ينظمهاSchools of grammar and rhetoric
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-3None (mis)
qbb
Glottologoldl1238
Expansion of Rome, 2nd century BC.gif
Expansion of the Roman Republic during the 2nd century BC. Very little Latin is likely to have been spoken beyond the green area, and other languages were spoken even within it.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

اللاتينية القديمة بالإنجليزية Old Latin ، هي اللغة اللاتينية في الفترة التي سبقت اللاتينية الكلاسيكية، وهي اللاتينية التي كانت قبل 75 ق.م..[1] (In New and Contemporary Latin, this language is called prisca Latinitas ("ancient Latin") rather than vetus Latina ("old Latin"), as vetus Latina is used to refer to a set of Biblical texts written in Late Latin.) It is ultimately descended from the Proto-Italic language.

The use of "old", "early" and "archaic" has been standard in publications of Old Latin writings since at least the 18th century. The definition is not arbitrary, but the terms refer to writings with spelling conventions and word forms not generally found in works written under the Roman Empire. This article presents some of the major differences.

The earliest known specimen of the Latin language appears on the Praeneste fibula. A new analysis performed in 2011 declared it to be genuine "beyond any reasonable doubt"[2] and dating from the Orientalizing period, in the first half of the seventh century BC.[3]

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البنى حسب فقه اللغة

لغة العصور القديمة

The concept of Old Latin (Prisca Latinitas) is as old as the concept of Classical Latin, both dating to at least as early as the late Roman Republic. In that period Cicero, along with others, noted that the language he used every day, presumably the upper-class city Latin, included lexical items and phrases that were heirlooms from a previous time, which he called verborum vetustas prisca,[4] translated as "the old age/time of language".

During the classical period, Prisca Latinitas, Prisca Latina and other idioms using the adjective always meant these remnants of a previous language, which, in the Roman philology, was taken to be much older in fact than it really was. Viri prisci, "old-time men", were the population of Latium قبل تأسيس روما.

اللغات اللاتينية الأربع لإيزيدور

In the Late Latin period, when Classical Latin was behind them, the Latin- and Greek-speaking grammarians were faced with multiple phases, or styles, within the language. Isidore of Seville reports a classification scheme that had come into existence in or before his time: "the four Latins" ("Latinas autem linguas quattuor esse quidam dixerunt").[5] They were Prisca, spoken before the founding of Rome, when Janus and Saturn ruled Latium, to which he dated the Carmen Saliare; Latina, dated from the time of king Latinus, in which period he placed the laws of the Twelve Tables; Romana, essentially equal to Classical Latin; and Mixta, "mixed" Classical Latin and Vulgar Latin, which is known today as Late Latin. The scheme persisted with little change for some thousand years after Isidore.

جسد اللغة

The Praeneste Fibula, the earliest known specimen of the Latin language and dated to the first half of the seventh century BC.
The Forum inscription (Lapis Niger, "black stone"), one of the oldest known Latin inscriptions, from the 6th century BC; it is written boustrophedon, albeit irregularly; from a rubbing by Domenico Comparetti.

Old Latin authored works began in the 3rd century BC. These are complete or nearly complete works under their own name surviving as manuscripts copied from other manuscripts in whatever script was current at the time. In addition are fragments of works quoted in other authors.

الأصوات

Diphthong changes from Old Latin (left) to Classical Latin (right)

أمثلة

Notable Old Latin fragments still in existence include:

النحو والصوتيات (الإختلافات عن اللاتينية الكلاسيكية)

الأسماء

أول إنحراف (a)

The 'A-Stem Declension'. Nouns of this declension usually end in -a and are typically feminine.

puella, –aī
girl, maiden f.
Singular الجمع
Nominative puella puellai
Genitive puellās/-es/-aī puellōm/ -āsom
Dative puellai puellaīs/-eīs/ -abos
Accusative puellam puellā
Ablative puellād puellaīs/-eīs/ -abos
Vocative puella puellai
Locative puellā puellaīs/-eīs

حرف الإنحراف الثاني (b)

The 'O-Stem Declension'. Nouns of this declension are either masculine or neuter.

campos, –oī
field, plain m.
saxom, –oī
rock, stone n.
المفرد الجمع المفرد الجمع
Nominative campos campoī saxom saxa
Genitive campoī campōm/ -ōsom saxoī saxōm/ -ōsom
Dative campoī campoīs saxoī saxoīs
Accusative campom campōs saxom saxa
Ablative campōd campoīs saxōd saxoīs/ -oes
Vocative campe campoī saxe saxoī
Locative campō campoīs saxō saxoīs/ -oes

Note the genitive plural ending has two endings: the earlier -ōm, almost exactly like the Ancient Greek -ōn, and the later Archaic Latin form -ōsom. Due to the fact that in Archaic Latin /r/'s and /s/'s were often interchangeable, a phenomenon known as rhotacism, the later -ōsom evolved into the Classical Latin -ōrum.

حرف الإنحراف الثالث (c)

The 'E-Stem ' and 'I-Stem ' Declension. This declension contains nouns that are masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Regs –es
ملك مذكـّر
المفرد الجمع
Nominative regs reges
Genitive regis regōm
Dative regei regebos
Accusative regem reges
Ablative regeid regebos
Vocative regs reges
Locative regei regebos

The nominative as regs instead of rex shows a common feature in Old Latin; the letter x was seldom used alone to designate the /ks/ or /gs/ sound, but instead, written as either 'ks', 'cs', or even 'xs'.


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الضمائر الشخصية

Personal pronouns are among the most common thing found in Old Latin inscriptions. Note how in all three persons, the ablative singular ending is identical to the accusative singular.

Ego, I Tu, You Suī, Himself, Herself, Etc.
Nominative ego tu -
Genitive mis tis sei
Dative mihei, mehei tibei sibei
Accusative mēd tēd sēd
Ablative mēd tēd sēd
الجمع
Nominative nōs vōs -
Genitive nostrōm, -ōrum, -i vostrōm, -ōrum, -i sei
Dative nōbeis, nis vōbeis sibei
Accusative nōs vōs sēd
Ablative nōbeis, nis vōbeis sēd

الضمير النسبي

In Old Latin, the relative pronoun is also another common concept, especially in inscriptions. Unfortunately, the forms are quite inconsistent and leave much to be reconstructed by scholars.

queī, quaī, quod who, what
المذكر المؤنث المحايد
Nominative queī quaī quod
Genitive quoius, quoios quoia quoium, quoiom
Dative quoī, queī, quoieī, queī
Accusative quem quam quod
Ablative quī, quōd quād quōd
الجمع
Nominative ques, queis quaī qua
Genitive quōm, quōrom quōm, quārom quōm, quōrom
Dative queis, quīs
Accusative quōs quās quōs
Ablative queis, quīs

الأفعال

المضارع القديم والتام

There is not much actual proof of the inflection of Old Latin verb forms and the few carvings we have hold many inconsistencies between forms. Therefore, the forms below are ones that are both proven by scholars through Old Latin carvings, and recreated by scholars based on other early Indo-European languages such as Greek, Oscan, Umbrian, and other Italic dialects.

Indicative Present: Sum Indicative Present: Facio
Old Classical Old Classical
المفرد الجمع المفرد الجمع المفرد الجمع المفرد الجمع
First Person som, esom somos, sumos sum sumus fac(e/ī)o fac(e)imos faciō facimus
Second Person es esteīs es estis fac(e/ī)s fac(e/ī)teis facis facitis
Third Person est sont est sunt fac(e/ī)d/-(e/i)t fac(e/ī)ont facit faciunt
Indicative Perfect: Sum Indicative Perfect: Facio
Old Classical Old Classical
المفرد الجمع المفرد الجمع المفرد الجمع المفرد الجمع
First Person fuei fuemos fuī fuimus (fe)fecei (fe)fecemos fēcī fēcimus
Second Person fuistei fuisteīs fuistī fuistis (fe)fecistei (fe)fecisteis fēcistī fēcistis
Third Person fued/fuit fueront/-erom fuit fuērunt (fe)feced/-et (fe)feceront/-erom fēcit fēcērunt

انظر أيضا

وصلات خارجية

المصادر

  1. ^ "Archaic Latin". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.
  2. ^ Maras, Daniele F. (Winter 2012). "Scientists declare the Fibula Praenestina and its inscription to be genuine "beyond any reasonable doubt" (PDF). Etruscan News. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 فبراير 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Maras, Daniele Federico. "Scientists declare the Fibula Prenestina and its inscription to be genuine 'beyond any reasonable doubt'". academia.edu. Archived from the original on 19 أكتوبر 2017. Retrieved 4 مايو 2018. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ De Oratoribus, I.193.
  5. ^ Book IX.1.6.
الكلمات الدالة: