الحرب الڤيتنامية الكمبودية

يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين the Khmer–Vietnamese War (1123–1150) that took place in 12th-century, and Siamese–Vietnamese wars in 18th-19th-century Cambodia.

Cambodian–Vietnamese War
جزء من the Third Indochina War and the Cold War
Vietnamese soldiers entering Phnom Penh in January 1979
التاريخ 25 December 1978 – 26 September 1989 (10 years, 9 months and 1 days) الموقع Cambodia, southern Vietnam, eastern Thailand النتيجة Vietnamese/People's Republic of Kampuchea victory Khmer Rouge removed from power and collapse of Democratic Kampuchea End of the Cambodian genocide Establishment of the People's Republic of Kampuchea Chinese invasion of Vietnam and continued border skirmishes Vietnamese occupation until 1989 Start of CGDK insurgency and Thai border skirmishes Signing of the 1991 Paris Peace Accords agreeing to UN-led transition
المتحاربون
Democratic Kampuchea (1979–1982) Post-invasion: CGDK (1982–1990) Khmer Rouge KPNLF FUNCINPEC تايلند (border clashes) Supported by: الصين تايلند ماليزيا سنغافورة المملكة المتحدة الولايات المتحدة رومانيا	ڤيتنام FUNSK Post-invasion: 1979–1989: ڤيتنام People's Republic of Kampuchea 1989–1991: State of Cambodia Supported by: الاتحاد السوڤيتي كوبا جمهورية پولندا الشعبية تشيكوسلوڤاكيا ألمانيا الشرقية
القادة والزعماء
Pol Pot Khieu Samphan Ieng Sary Son Sann Dien Del Norodom Sihanouk Prem Tinsulanonda Chatichai Choonhavan	Lê Duẩn Trường Chinh Nguyễn Văn Linh Văn Tiến Dũng Lê Đức Anh Heng Samrin Hun Sen Pen Sovan Chea Sim
القوى
1979: 73,000 1989: 30,000	150,000–200,000 Vietnamese soldiers 1,000 Lao soldiers (1988)
الضحايا والخسائر
1975–1979: ~15,000 killed 1979–1989: Unknown	1975–1979: 10,000 killed 1979–1989: Vietnam: 15,000+–25,300 killed 30,000 wounded Cambodia: Unknown Total: 25,000–52,000 killed
200,000+ Cambodian civilians killed (excluding deaths from famine) 30,000+ Vietnamese civilians killed (1975–1978)

The Cambodian–Vietnamese War (خمير وسطى: សង្គ្រាមកម្ពុជា-វៀតណាម, ڤيتنامية: Chiến tranh Campuchia–Việt Nam), known in Vietnam as the Counter-offensive on the Southwestern border (ڤيتنامية: Chiến dịch Phản công Biên giới Tây-Nam), and by Cambodian nationalists as the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia (خمير وسطى: ការឈ្លានពានរបស់វៀតណាមមកកម្ពុជា), was an armed conflict between Democratic Kampuchea, controlled by the Khmer Rouge, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The war began with repeated attacks by the Kampuchean Revolutionary Army on the southwestern border of Vietnam, particularly the Ba Chuc massacre which resulted in the deaths of over 3,000 Vietnamese civilians. On 25 December 1978, Vietnam launched a full-scale invasion of Kampuchea, and subsequently occupied the country and removed the government of the Communist Party of Kampuchea from power.

During the Vietnam War, Vietnamese and Cambodian communists had formed an alliance to fight U.S.-backed governments in their respective countries. Despite their cooperation with the Vietnamese, the Khmer Rouge leadership feared that the Vietnamese communists were planning to form an Indochinese federation, which would be dominated by Vietnam. In order to pre-empt any attempt by the Vietnamese to dominate them, the Khmer Rouge leadership began, as the Lon Nol government capitulated in 1975, to purge Vietnamese-trained personnel within their own ranks. Then, in May 1975, the newly formed Democratic Kampuchea began attacking Vietnam, beginning with an attack on the Vietnamese island of Phú Quốc.

In spite of the fighting, the leaders of reunified Vietnam and Kampuchea made several public diplomatic exchanges throughout 1976 to highlight the supposedly strong relations between them. However, behind the scenes, Kampuchean leaders continued to fear what they perceived as Vietnamese expansionism. Therefore, on 30 April 1977, they launched another major military attack on Vietnam. Shocked by the Kampuchean assault, Vietnam launched a retaliatory strike at the end of 1977 in an attempt to force the Kampuchean government to negotiate. The Vietnamese military withdrew in January 1978, even though its political objectives had not been achieved; the Khmer Rouge remained unwilling to negotiate seriously.

Small-scale fighting continued between the two countries throughout 1978, as China tried to mediate peace talks between the two sides. However, the two governments could not reach a compromise. By the end of 1978, Vietnamese leaders decided to remove the Khmer Rouge-dominated government of Democratic Kampuchea, perceiving it as being pro-Chinese and hostile towards Vietnam. On 25 December 1978, 150,000 Vietnamese troops invaded Democratic Kampuchea and overran the Kampuchean Revolutionary Army in just two weeks, thereby ending the excesses of Pol Pot's government, which had been responsible for the deaths of almost a quarter of all Cambodians between 1975 and December 1978 (the Cambodian genocide). Vietnamese military intervention, and the occupying forces' subsequent facilitation of international food aid to mitigate the massive famine, ended the genocide.

On 8 January 1979 the pro-Vietnamese People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) was established in Phnom Penh, marking the beginning of a ten-year Vietnamese occupation. During that period, the Khmer Rouge's Democratic Kampuchea continued to be recognised by the United Nations as the legitimate government of Kampuchea, as several armed resistance groups were formed to fight the Vietnamese occupation. Throughout the conflict, these groups received training in Thailand from the British Army's Special Air Service. Behind the scenes, Prime Minister Hun Sen of the PRK government approached factions of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK) to begin peace talks. Under diplomatic and economic pressure from the international community, the Vietnamese government implemented a series of economic and foreign policy reforms, and withdrew from Kampuchea in September 1989.

At the Third Jakarta Informal Meeting in 1990, under the Australian-sponsored Cambodian Peace Plan, representatives of the CGDK and the PRK agreed to a power-sharing arrangement by forming a unity government known as the Supreme National Council (SNC). The SNC's role was to represent Cambodian sovereignty on the international stage, while the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) was tasked with supervising the country's domestic policies until a Cambodian government was elected by the people. Cambodia's pathway to peace proved to be difficult, as Khmer Rouge leaders decided not to participate in the general elections, but instead chose to disrupt the electoral process by launching military attacks on UN peacekeepers and killing ethnic Vietnamese migrants. In May 1993, Sihanouk's FUNCINPEC movement defeated the Cambodian People's Party (CPP), formerly the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP), to win the general elections. However, the CPP leadership refused to accept defeat, and announced that the eastern provinces of Cambodia, where most of the CPP's votes were drawn from, would secede from Cambodia. To avoid such an outcome, Norodom Ranariddh, the leader of FUNCINPEC, agreed to form a coalition government with the CPP. Shortly afterward, the constitutional monarchy was restored and the Khmer Rouge was outlawed by the newly formed Cambodian government.

. This clique became the genesis of the Khmer Rouge, and its doctrine was heavily influenced by Maoist ideology.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 انظر أيضاً

• Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge
• Ba Chúc massacre
• Khmer Krom
• Nong Chan Refugee Camp
• Nong Samet Refugee Camp
• Sino-Vietnamese War
• Nam tiến
• Vietnamese border raids in Thailand

 المراجع

 المصادر

• "Annual Report 2012 Cambodia Programme". (2013). United Nations Development Programme.
• "Cambodia UN-REDD National Programme". (n.d.). United Nations Development Programme.
• Bannon, Ian; Collier, Paul (2003). Natural resources and violent conflict: Options and actions. World Bank Publications.
• Billon, Philippe Le (2002). "Logging in muddy waters: The politics of forest exploitation in Cambodia". Critical Asian Studies, 34(4), 563–586.
• Broyle, William (1996). Brothers in Arms: A Journey from War to Peace. Austin, TX: First University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70849-1.
• Bultmann, Daniel (2015). Inside Cambodian Insurgency: A Sociological Perspective on Civil Wars and Conflict. Burlington, VT/Farnham, UK: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4724-4305-2.
• Chandler, David (2000). A History of Cambodia (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3511-6.
• Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
• Corbera, Esteve; Schroeder, Heike (2011). "Governing and implementing REDD+". Environmental science & policy, 14(2), 89-99.
• Corfield, Justin (1991). A History of the Cambodian Non-Communist Resistance, 1975–1983. Clayton, Vic.: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University. ISBN 978-0-7326-0290-1.
• Corfield, Justin (2009). The History of Cambodia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35722-0.
• Deng, Yong; Wang, Fei-Ling (1999). In the Eyes of the Dragon: China Views the World. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-9336-8.
• DeRouen, Karl; Heo, UK (2007). Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts since World War II. Westport, CT: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-919-1.
• Dijkzeul, Dennis (1998). "The united nations development programme: The development of peace?". International Peacekeeping, 5(4), 92-119.
• Etcheson, Craig (2005). After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-98513-X.
• Faure, Guy; Schwab, Laurent (2008). Japan-Vietnam: A Relation Under Influences. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-389-3.
• Farrell, Epsey C. (1998). The Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Law of the Sea: An Analysis of Vietnamese Behaviour within the Emerging International Oceans Regime. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. ISBN 90-411-0473-9.
• Froster, Frank (1993). Vietnam's Foreign Relations: Dynamics of Change. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-3016-65-5.
• Gottesman, E. (2003). Cambodia after the Khmer Rouge: Inside the Politics of Nation Building. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10513-1.
• Haas, Michael (1991). Genocide by Proxy: Cambodian Pawn on a Superpower Chessboard. Westport, CT: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-275-93855-0.
• International Business Publications, USA (2008). Vietnam Diplomatic Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, DC: International Business Publications. ISBN 978-1-4330-5868-4. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
• Jackson, Karl D. (1989). Cambodia, 1975–1978: Rendezvous with Death. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-07807-6.
• Jones, David M.; Smith, M.L.R. (2006). ASEAN and East Asian International Relations: Regional Delusions. Cheltenham, UK/Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-84376-491-5.
• Kiernan, Ben (2002). The Pol Pot regime: race, power, and genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79. Yale University Press.
• Kiernan, Ben (2006). "External and Indigenous Sources of Khmer Rouge Ideology". In Westad, Odd A.; Quinn-Judge, Sophie (eds.). The Third Indochina War: Conflict between China, Vietnam and Cambodia, 1972–79. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39058-3.
• Khoo, Nicholas (2011). Collateral Damage: Sino-Soviet Rivalry and the Termination of the Sino-Vietnamese Alliance. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15078-1.
• Kiyono, Yoshiyuki et al. (2010). "Carbon stock estimation by forest measurement contributing to sustainable forest management in Cambodia". Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ, 44(1), 81-92.
• Largo, V. (2004). Vietnam: Current Issues and Historical Background. New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 1-59033-368-3.
• Luoma-Aho, T. et al. (2003). "Forest genetic resources conservation and management". Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, Kepong, Malaysia. 15-18.
• McCargo, Duncan (2004). Rethinking Vietnam. London: Routledge-Curzon. ISBN 0-415-31621-9.
• McElwee, Pamela (2004). "You say illegal, I say legal: the relationship between 'illegal' logging and land tenure, poverty, and forest use rights in Vietnam". Journal of sustainable forestry, 19(1-3), 97–135.
• Martin, Marie A. (1994). Cambodia: A Shattered Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07052-3.
• Matthew, Richard Anthony; Brown, Oli; Jensen, David (2009). "From conflict to peacebuilding: the role of natural resources and the environment (No. 1)". UNEP/Earthprint.
• Mee, Lawrence D. (2005). "The role of UNEP and UNDP in multilateral environmental agreements". International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 5(3), 227–263.
• Minang, Peter Akong; Murphy, Deborah (2010). REDD after Copenhagen: The way forward. International Institute for Sustainable Development.
• Morley, James W.; Nishihara, M. (1997). Vietnam Joins the World. New York, NY: M.E. Sharp. ISBN 1-56324-975-8.
• Morris, Stephen J. (1999). Why Vietnam invaded Cambodia: political culture and causes of war. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3049-5.
• O'Dowd, Edward C. (2007). Chinese military strategy in the third Indochina war: the last Maoist war. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-08896-8.
• Peaslee, Amos J. (1985). Constitutions of Nations: The Americas. Vol. 2. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-247-2900-9.
• Phelps, Jacob; Webb, Edward L.; Agrawal, Arun (2010). "Does REDD+ threaten to recentralize forest governance?". Science, 328(5976), 312-313.
• Ra, Koy et al. (2011). "Towards understanding household-level forest reliance in Cambodia–study sites, methods, and preliminary findings". Forest and Landscape Working Papers, (60).
• Raison, Robert John; Brown, Alan Gordon; Flinn, David W. (2001). Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management (Vol. 7). CABI.
• Raymond, Gregory. 2020. "Strategic Culture and Thailand's Response to Vietnam's Occupation of Cambodia, 1979–1989: A Cold War Epilogue". Journal of Cold War Studies.
• Salo, Rudy S. (2003). "When the Logs Roll Over: The Need for an International Convention Criminalizing Involvement in the Global Illegal Timber Trade". Georgetown Environmental Law Review, 16, 127.
• SarDesai, D.R. (1998). Vietnam, Past and Present. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4308-2.
• Shiraishi, Masaya (1990). Japanese relations with Vietnam, 1951–1987. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program. ISBN 0-87727-122-4.
• Spooner, Andrew (2003). Footprint Cambodia. London: Footprint Handbooks. ISBN 978-1-903471-40-1.
• Stibig H-J. et al. (2014). "Change in tropical forest cover of Southeast Asia from 1990 to 2010". Biogeosciences, 11(2), 247.
• Trisurat, Yongyut (2006). "Transboundary biodiversity conservation of the Pha Taem Protected Forest Complex: A bioregional approach". Applied Geography, 26(3–4), 260–275.
• Swann, Wim (2009). 21st century Cambodia: view and vision. New Delhi: Global Vision Publishing House. ISBN 9788182202788.
• Thayer, Carlyle (1994). The Vietnam People's Army under Doi Moi. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-3016-80-9.
• Thayer (a), Carlyle A. (1999). Vietnamese foreign policy in transition. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 0-312-22884-8.
• Thu-Huong, Nguyen (1992). Khmer Viet Relations and the Third Indochina Conflict. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-89950-717-0.
• Vickery, Michael (1990). "Notes on the Political Economy of the People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK)". Journal of Contemporary Asia, 20(4), 435-465.
• White, Nigel D. (2005). The Law of International Organisations (2nd ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 1-929446-77-2.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 وصلات خارجية

• Albert Grandolini, Tom Cooper, & Troung (January 25, 2004). "Cambodia, 1954–1999; Part 1". Air Combat Information Group (ACIG). Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Albert Grandolini, Tom Cooper, & Troung (January 25, 2004). "Cambodia, 1954–1999; Part 2". Air Combat Information Group (ACIG). Archived from the original on March 17, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• The Khmer Rouge National Army: Order of Battle, January 1976
• The Fall of the Khmer Rouge
• 1979: Vietnam forces Khmer Rouge retreat
• Meanwhile: When the Khmer Rouge came to kill in Vietnam
• Second Life, Second Death: The Khmer Rouge After 1978
• Slocomb M. "The K5 Gamble: National Defence and Nation Building under the People's Republic of Kampuchea". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 2001;32(02):195–210