العلم الأكتواري

جدول 2003 وفيات (حياة) الولايات المتحدة، الجدول 1، الصفحة 1

العلم الأكتواري Actuarial science هو التخصص الذي يطبق الطرق الرياضية و الإحصائية في تقييم المخاطر في التأمين والتمويل وصناعات ومهن أخرى. وبشكل عام ، يطبق الخبراء الاكتواريون رياضيات صارمة لنمذجة مسائل عدم اليقين.

الاكتواريون هم محترفون مدربون على هذا التخصص. في العديد من البلدان، يجب على الخبراء الاكتواريين إثبات كفاءتهم من خلال اجتياز سلسلة من الاختبارات المهنية الصارمة.

يشمل العلوم الاكتوارية عددًا من الموضوعات المترابطة ، بما في ذلك الرياضيات، نظرية الاحتمالات، الإحصائيات، المالية، الاقتصاد، وعلوم الحاسب. من الناحية التاريخية، استخدم العلم الاكتواري نماذج حتمية في بناء الجداول والأقساط. لقد مر العلم بتغييرات ثورية منذ الثمانينيات بسبب انتشار أجهزة الكمبيوتر عالية السرعة واتحاد النماذج الاكتوارية العشوائية مع النظرية المالية الحديثة (Frees 1990).

العديد من الجامعات لديها برامج جامعية ودراسات عليا في العلوم الاكتوارية. في عام 2010 ، صنفت دراسة نشرها موقع البحث عن الوظائف CareerCast الخبير الاكتواري على أنه الوظيفة رقم 1 في الولايات المتحدة (Needleman 2010). استخدمت الدراسة خمسة معايير رئيسية لترتيب الوظائف: البيئة ، والدخل ، وتوقعات التوظيف ، والطلبات المادية ، والضغوط. دراسة مماثلة من قبل "الولايات المتحدة News & World Report في عام 2006 أدرج الخبراء الاكتواريون من بين أفضل 25 مهنة تتوقع أنها ستكون مطلوبة بشكل كبير في المستقبل (Nemko 2006).

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 انظر أيضاً

• Actuarial control cycle
• Actuarial exam
• نظرية البجعة السوداء
• Category:Actuarial associations
• التنقيب في البيانات
• Scenario optimization
• قائمة مواضيع اكتوارية
• Ruin theory

 المراجع

 أعمال مذكورة

• Bühlmann, Hans (November 1997). "The Actuary: the Role and Limitations of the Profession Since the Mid-19th Century" (PDF). ASTIN Bulletin. 27 (2): 165–171. doi:10.2143/ast.27.2.542046. ISSN 0515-0361. Retrieved 2006-06-28. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• "Analysis of Senate Bill 174: Hearing Aids for Children" (PDF). Revised November 19, 2004. California Health Benefits Review Program. February 9, 2004. Retrieved 2006-06-28. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• D’Arcy, Stephen P. (May 1989). "On Becoming An Actuary of the Third Kind" (PDF). Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society. LXXVI (145): 45–76. Retrieved 2006-06-28. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• "When the Spinning Stops: Can Actuaries Help to Sort out the Mess in Corporate Pensions?". The Economist. 2006-01-26. Retrieved 2006-04-10.
• Feldblum, Sholom (2001) [1990]. "Introduction". In Robert F. Lowe (ed.). Foundations of Casualty Actuarial Science (4th ed.). Arlington, Virginia: Casualty Actuarial Society. ISBN 0-9624762-2-6. LCCN 2001088378. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• "History of the actuarial profession". Faculty and Institute of Actuaries. 2004-01-13. Archived from the original on 2008-04-04. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
• Frees, Edward W. (January 1990). "Stochastic Life Contingencies with Solvency Considerations" (PDF). Transactions of the Society of Actuaries. XLII: 91–148. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-01-03. Retrieved 2006-06-28.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Halley, Edmond (1693). "An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind, Drawn from Curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at the City of Breslaw; with an Attempt to Ascertain the Price of Annuities Upon Lives" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 17 (192–206): 596–610. doi:10.1098/rstl.1693.0007. ISSN 0260-7085. Retrieved 2006-06-21. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Harcourt, Bernard E. (2003). "The Shaping of Chance: Actuarial Models and Criminal Profiling at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century" (PDF). University of Chicago Law Review. The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 70, No. 1. 70 (105): 105–128. doi:10.2307/1600548. ISSN 0041-9494. JSTOR 1600548. Retrieved 2018-10-02. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Hickman, James (2004). "History of Actuarial Profession" (PDF). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-24. Retrieved 2006-06-28. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |encyclopedia= ignored (help)
• Hsiao, William C. (August 2001). "Commentary: Behind the Ideology and Theory: What Is the Empirical Evidence for Medical Savings Accounts?" (PDF). Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 26 (4): 733–737. doi:10.1215/03616878-26-4-733. PMID 11523960. Retrieved 2006-07-01. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Hsiao, William C (2004). "Harvard School of Public Health". Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-27. Retrieved 2010-09-27. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Johnston, Harold Whetstone (1932) [1903]. "Burial Places and Funeral Ceremonies". The Private Life of the Romans. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475–§476. LCCN 32007692. Retrieved 2006-06-26. Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbāria, or for both....If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after death, they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral....If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbārium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortēs virīlēs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
• Lewin, Chris (June 14, 2007). "Actuarial History". Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Loan, Albert (Winter 1992). "Institutional Bases of the Spontaneous Order: Surety and Assurance". Humane Studies Review. 7 (1): 538. Retrieved 2006-06-26. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• MacGinnitie, James (November 1980). "The Actuary and his Profession: Growth, Development, Promise" (PDF). Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society. LXVII (127): 49–56. Retrieved 2006-06-28. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Michelbacher, Gustav F. (1920). "The Technique of Rate Making as Illustrated by the 1920 National Revision of Workmen's Compensations Insurance Rates" (PDF). Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society. VI (14): 201–249. Retrieved 2006-06-28. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Moriarty, Charlene (2006). "The Actuary's New Clothes, A Canadian Perspective on the Financial Economics Debate". American Academy of Actuaries, Contingencies Jul/Aug. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2006-06-28. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Needleman, Sarah E. (January 5, 2010). "The Best and Worst Jobs". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-01-07. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Nemko, Marty (2006). "Best Careers 2007". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on November 18, 2007. Retrieved 2008-09-14. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Nieto, Marcus; David, Jung (August 2006). "The Impact of Residency Restrictions on Sex Offenders and Correctional Management Practices: A Literature Review" (PDF). California Research Bureau, California State Library. Retrieved 2006-09-18. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Ogborn, M.E. (December 1956). "The Professional Name of Actuary" (PDF). Journal of the Institute of Actuaries. Faculty and Institute of Actuaries. 82 (2): 233–246. doi:10.1017/S0020268100046424. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Perkins, Judith (August 25, 1995). The Suffering Self; Pain and Narrative Representation in the Early Christian Era. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11363-6. LCCN 94042650. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Silver, Eric; Chow-Martin, Lynette (October 2002). "A Multiple Models Approach To Assessing Recidivism Risk: Implications for Judicial Decision Making". Criminal Justice and Behavior. 29 (5): 538–568. doi:10.1177/009385402236732. ISSN 0093-8548. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Slud, Eric V. (2006) [2001]. "6: Commutation Functions, Reserves & Select Mortality". Actuarial Mathematics and Life-Table Statistics (PDF). pp. 149–150. Retrieved 2006-06-28. The Commutation Functions are a computational device to ensure that net single premiums...can all be obtained from a single table lookup. Historically, this idea has been very important in saving calculational labor when arriving at premium quotes. Even now...company employees without quantitative training could calculate premiums in a spreadsheet format with the aid of a life table. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
• Thucydides (1994–2009) [c. 431 BCE]. "VI – Funeral Oration of Pericles". History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley. Greece. Retrieved 2006-06-27. My task is now finished....those who are here interred have received part of their honours already, and for the rest, their children will be brought up till manhood at the public expense: the state thus offers a valuable prize, as the garland of victory in this race of valour, for the reward both of those who have fallen and their survivors. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Tong, Vinnee (June 19, 2006). "Americans' donations to charity near record". Chicago Sun-Times. Digital Chicago Inc. Retrieved 2006-06-21. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Whelan, Shane (December 2002). "Actuaries' contributions to financial economics" (PDF). The Actuary. Staple Inn Actuarial Society. pp. 34–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-24. Retrieved 2006-06-28. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

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 ببليوگرافيا

• Charles L. Trowbridge (1989). "Fundamental Concepts of Actuarial Science" (PDF). Revised Edition. Actuarial Education and Research Fund. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-29. Retrieved 2006-06-28. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

 وصلات خارجية

• العلم الأكتواري at the Open Directory Project