ضبع مرقط

ضبع مرقط Temporal range: Late Pliocene – Recent
Spotted hyena in Amboseli National Park, كينيا
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
التصنيف العلمي
مملكة:	الحيوانية
Phylum:	الحبليات
Class:	الثدييات
Order:	آكلات اللحوم
Family:	Hyaenidae
Genus:	Crocuta
Species:	C. crocuta
Binomial name
Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben, 1777)
Spotted hyena range
Synonyms
Species synonymy capensis Heller, 1914 cuvieri Bory de St. Vincent, 1825 fisi Bory de St. Vincent, 1825 fortis J. A. Allen, 1924 gariepensis Matschie, 1900 germinans Matschie, 1900 habessynica de Blainville, 1844 kibonotensis Lönnberg, 1908 leontiewi Satunin, 1905 maculata Thunberg, 1811 noltei Matschie, 1900 nzoyae Cabrera, 1911 panganensis Lönnberg, 1908 rufa Desmarest, 1817 rufopicta Cabrera, 1911 sivalensis Falconer and Cautley in Falconer, 1868 thierryi Matschie, 1900 thomasi Cabrera, 1911 togoensis Matschie, 1900 wissmanni Matschie, 1900

ضبع مرقط spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), يعرف أيضاً laughing hyena أو tiger wolf, حيوان من فصيلة الثدييات، مشهور بعوائه الغريب الذي يشبه ضحكة هستيرية للإنسان. ويحصل الضبع على غذائه باصطياد الحيوانات، كما أنه يأكل بقايا الحيوانات النافقة التي يعثر عليها. والنوع الأكثر شيوعا هو الضبع المرقط أو الضبع الضاحك، وهناك أنواع أخرى منها الضبع المخطط أو الضبع البني.

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 أصل الكلمة، والإكتشاف والتسمية

 الأسماء الأصلية والمحلية

Indigenous names for Crocuta crocuta

Linguistic group or area	Indigenous name
Afrendille	Walaba
Afrikaans	Gevlekte hiëna
Amharic	ጅብ (Djibb)
Arabic (CAR) and Arabic (Chad)	Marfaïn
Arabic (North Africa)	D'ba
Arabic (Ethiopia)	Dibb
Ateso	Ibuin
Avukaia	Labagu
Babouté	Mangou
Baguirmien	Niougo
Baka	Libagu
Bakola	Massobé
Bambara	Namakoro or suruku
Banda	Bongo
Bechuana	Piri or phiri
Bemba (Zambia)	Chimbwi
Bornouan	Boultou
Creole	Lobo
Danakil	Jangóula
Dioula	Suruku or namakoro
Elkoni	Makatiet nyenegea
الإنگليزية	Spotted hyena
French	Hyène tachetée
Fula (Fulfulde/Pulaar/Pular)	Bonooru, fowru or deppuru
Galaorabéjsa	Wårabéssa or orabéjsa
Gambe	Mangili
Ganda and Runyoro	Empisi
German	Tüpfelhyäne or Fleckenhyäne
Gourage	Woraba
Gourmatche	Namlino
Harari	ዎራባ (Worábba)
Hassānīya Arabic	Guervave
Hausa	Koura
Herero	Mbúngu-mbidíwa
Ila (Zambia)	Kabwenga
Jita	Imembe
Kalenjin	Kimatet
Kaonde	Mungolwe
Karamojong	Ebu or etutui
Kichagga	Ingurunju or ifulu
Kigogo and kikongo	Misi
Kikondo	Mbulu
Kiliangulu	Warabes
Kiluba	Kimburi
Kimeru	Mbitingaau
Kinyarwanda	Impysi
Kinyaturo	Mpiti
Kinyiha	Ipatama
Kipare and Kizigua	Ibau
Kirangi	Mbichi
Kisukuma, Kikamba and Kimaragoli	Mbiti
Kisungwa	Fifi
Kota	Massoba
Kotoko	Machi
Kunda	Tika
Kitaita	Mbisi
Lugbara	Rara
Luhya	Namuyu
Luo	Otoyo
Lwo	Lagwara
Madi	Ebowu
Malinke	Namakoro or souroukou
Mambakushu	Dimbugurumba
Manding	Tourouma
Mangbetu	Neunga
Masai	Ondilili or Oln'gojine
Maure	Chertat, gaboune or gougouh
Mboko	Assoba
M'boum	Baglak
Mondo	Lepagu
Mongom	Massobe
Moore	Katre or swasa
Ngambaye	Riguen ndah
Nkoya (Zambia)	Muntambwi
Nsenga (Zambia)	Chimbwe
Njanja (Zambia)	Fisi
Ovambo	kafukambungu or mbungu-omanini
Ovacuangari and Ovadirico	Divúndu
Portuguese	Hiena-malhada
Pulaar, Pular, Peul	(see Fula)
Runyoro	Empisi
Sara	Nyéyi
Sebei	Mangatiet
Serer	Omone
seTswana	Phiri or leHolo
Shona	Bere
Somali (Ethiopia)	Worabbo
Somali (central Somalia)	Uaraba
Somali (Migiurtina)	Duruà
Somali (Nogal)	Drueh
Songhai	Koro
Soninke	Tourouguė
Sotho (northern and southern)	Phiri
Swahili	Fisi or Nyangao
Tigrinya	ዝብእ (Zibb-i)
Tonga (Zambia)	Suntwe
Tsonga	Mhisi
Tumbuka (Zambia)	Chimbwi
Twi	Pataku
Wolof	Bouki
Xhosa	Impisi, mpisi or isAndawane
Yoruba	Kòriko or ikookò
Zande	Ngini or nzege

 التصنيف، النشأة والتطور

A pair of spotted hyenas at White River, Mpumalanga. Note the great degree of individual variation in fur colour, which was once used as a basis for separating the species into various subspecies

 الوصف الفيزيائي

Skeleton

Spotted hyena walking in profile

Skull, as illustrated by Frédéric Cuvier. Note the disproportionately large carnassials and premolars adapted for bone consumption

هو حيوان ذو فرو خشن رمادي اللون ويميل إلى الصفرة مع بقع سوداء. أما الضباع المخططة فلون فرائها ضارب إلى اللون الرمادي مع وجود خطوط سوداء على الجسم والأرجل. ويعيش الضبع البني في الجزء الجنوبي من القارة الأفريقية إلى الجنوب من نهر الزمبيزي. ولهذا النوع من الضباع شعر طويل على ظهره، كما أن لون فرائه الخشن رمادي وضارب إلى السواد، وتكون الخطوط على أرجله فقط.

 الأعضاء التناسلية الأنثوية

انظر أيضاً: Clitoris § In other animals

Female spotted hyena urogenital system.

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 السلوك

 الاستنساخ والتنمية

انظر أيضاً: Animal sexual behaviour § Spotted hyena

Female nursing cub, Amboseli National Park, Kenya

Spotted hyena cubs in Limpopo, South Africa. Note the well defined spots, which will fade with age

 Denning behaviour

Spotted hyena and two cubs in their den, Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania

 البيئة

يعيش الضبع المرقط في أفريقيا جنوب منطقة الصحراء، أما الضباع المخططة فتعيش في شمال أفريقيا، وفي تركيا وفي المنطقة الممتدة من الشرق الأوسط إلى الهند، وهذه الضباع أصغر حجما من الضباع المرقطة.

 التغذية

Spotted hyena with a wildebeest skeleton in Karatu, Arusha, Tanzania

 الأعداء والمنافسين

Spotted hyena and subadult male lion in the Masai Mara

 الاتصالات

 لغة الجسد

Spotted hyenas interacting aggressively in the Masai Mara

Spotted hyenas greeting one another in Kruger National Park

 الأصوات

Name	Sound description	Posture	Context
Whoop	A series of 6-9 (sometimes 15) calls lasting 2–3 seconds each and spaced 2–10 seconds apart. The general tone is a "oo" tone which begins in a low pitch and ends with a high note. This sound can be heard more than 5 km away	Usually done standing, with the mouth opened slightly and the head bent down	Used by both sexes when alone or in a group, and appears to be done spontaneously without external cause
Fast whoop	Similar to the whoop, but higher pitched and with shorter intervals	Tail is either horizontal or high with the ears cocked. Often done while running, with the mouth bent down	Used with other hyenas present just before the onset of an attack, often during a dispute over a kill with lions or other hyenas
Grunt	A soft, very low pitched growling sound which lasts several seconds	The mouth is closed, and the posture aggressive	Emitted on the approach of another, unwelcome hyena, and may be followed by chasing
Groan	Similar to above, but more "ooo" sounding and higher in pitch Example from the Florida Teaching Zoo		Before and during meeting ceremonies
Low	"Ooo" sound with a usually low pitch and lasts several seconds	The mouth is slightly open with the head horizontal	Like the fast whoop, but with less tendency to attack
Giggle	A series of loud, very high pitched "hee-hee-hee" sounds usually lasting less than 5 seconds	Running in a fleeing posture with the mouth slightly open	When attacked or chased, usually over a kill
Yell	A loud, high pitched call lasting several seconds	As with the giggle	As with the giggle, but when actually being bitten
Growl	A loud, rattling, low pitched sound lasting several seconds, with an "aa" and "oh" quality	Defensive posture	When under attack, preceding a retaliatory bite
Soft grunt-laugh	A rapid succession of low pitched, soft sounding staccato grunts lasting several seconds	The mouth is closed or slightly open with a fleeing posture and the tail horizontal or high and the ears cocked	When fleeing in surprise from a lion, man or when attacking large prey
Loud grunt-laugh	Louder than the soft grunt-laugh, though still not very loud, and often lasts more than 5 minutes	The mouth is the same as in the soft grunt-laugh, but with the tail high and ears cocked	In encounters with lions or other hyena clans
Whine	Loud, high pitched, rapid, drawn out "eeee" sounding squeals	The mouth is slightly open with the head and tail hanging low	Mostly used by cubs when following a female before suckling, or when thwarted from getting food
Soft squeal	Same as above, but softer and without the staccato quality	The mouth is slightly open with the ears flattened and the head tilted to one side with the teeth bared	Used by both cubs and adults encountering a clan-mate after a long separation

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 المدى، والسكن والتعداد

Country	Population	Status	Threats/Protection
أنگولا	Unknown	Data Deficient	Although present, its numbers are unknown due to the Angolan Civil War
بنين	50-100	Threatened	Although generally tolerated, spotted hyenas in Benin are declining due to persecution and prey depletion
بتسوانا	1,000-2,000	Lower Risk	Botswana's spotted hyena population is stable and legally protected by the Fauna Conservation Acts of 1982 and 1987, where it is listed as a game animal. A single game licence is required to hunt one, and control measures have largely removed the species from settled areas
بوركينا فاسو	100-1,000	Data Deficient	Burkina Faso's hyenas are depleted in number because of hunting, poaching and declining prey populations. Though still poisoned and trapped in retaliation against livestock depredations, the species is otherwise tolerated
بوروندي	Unknown	Threatened	Probably on the verge of extinction
الكاميرون	100-1,000	Threatened	Although protected within national parks, Cameroon hyenas suffer from habitat desertification and human expansion, and are sometimes killed by tourist hunters and herdsmen
جمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى	100-1,000	Data Deficient	Although spotted hyena populations in CAR are probably stable and are generally tolerated, their level of legal protection is unknown
تشاد	Unknown	Data Deficient
الكونغو	Unknown	Data Deficient
الكونغو الديمقراطية	Unknown	Data Deficient
جيبوتي	Unknown	Data Deficient
غينيا الإستوائية	Unknown	Data Deficient
إرتريا	Unknown	Data Deficient
إثيوپيا	1,000-2,000	Lower Risk	Ethiopia has a stable population of hyenas which are considered valuable in clearing urban and rural populated areas, and are occasionally provisioned by the hyena men of Harar. There is no active bounty on them, even though they are considered vermin. They may be hunted without licence outside of national parks for five Ethiopian Birr (US$ 2.50)
الگابون	Unknown	No Record
غانا	Unknown	Data Deficient
غينيا-بيساو	Unknown	Lower Risk	Althoug still relatively common in some protected areas, spotted hyenas are lively declining due to persecution
كنيا	2,000-4,000	Lower Risk	Kenya's spotted hyena population differs in status for protected and unprotected areas, being Lower Risk in protected areas and Threatened elsewhere. They are thought to be declining due to persecution through poisoning, shooting, snaring and trapping
ليبريا	0	No Record
ملاوي	100-1,000	Data Deficient	Malawi hyena populations occur at reasonable densities, though a growth in human population, habitat destruction and reduction in prey have caused the species to disappear from the central highlands. They are protected inside national parks, but are not tolerated elsewhere
مالي	10-50	Threatened
موريتانيا	100-500	Threatened	Spotted hyenas are still present in the Adrar
موزمبيق	Unknown	Data Deficient	Although protected by law, spotted hyenas are still hunted for their body parts
ناميبيا	2,000-3,000	Lower Risk	Namibian hyena populations are classed as Lower Risk in protected areas and Threatened elswhere. They are occasionally killed in communal and commercial farming areas
النيجر	20-50	Threatened	Niger's hyena populations are declining due to drought, desertification, eradication and poisoning
نيجريا	100	Threatened	Nigerian spotted hyenas are on the verge of extinction, due to lack of legal protection, declines in prey populations and persecution in retaliation to livestock predation
رواندا	Unknown	Threatened	Although present in Rwanda, it is unlikely that many individuals have survived the destruction of conservation areas during the Rwandan Civil War
السنغال	100-1,000	Data Deficient	Although considered useful scavengers and are afforded legal protection in national parks, spotted hyenas are not tolerated elsewhere
سيراليون	Unknown	Threatened	Although no longer regarded as pests, the population size and dynamics of spotted hyenas in Sierra Leone are unknown
الصومال	Unknown	Data Deficient
جنوب أفريقيا	Cape: 80-100 Transvaal: 50-100 Kruger: 1,300-3,900 Natal: 250-1,000	Cape: Threatened Transvaal: Threatened Kruger: Data Deficient Natal: Threatened	Cape spotted hyena populations are even smaller than those of local brown hyenas, due to past persecution. Transvaal's spotted hyenas are not protected, though they are not bountied. Natal's spotted hyenas have been increasing in number within all game preserves and nature reserves, where they are protected.
السودان	Unknown	Data Deficient
تنزانيا: Serengeti	7,200-7,700	Lower Risk
Tanzania: elsewhere	3,000-4,500	Threatened
أوغندا	100-1,000	Data Deficient	Although protected and tolerated, Ugandan hyenas rarely occur outside protected areas
زامبيا	1,000-2,000	Data Deficient	Zambia's hyenas are increasing in the Luangwa Valley, but declining elsewhere
زيمبابوي	5,600	Lower Risk	Spotted hyenas are not protected and are considered problem animals in the 8th Schedule of the Parks and Wildlife

 العلاقات مع البشر

 تصوير الثقافية والتصورات

 في عصور ما قبل التاريخ

20,000 year old spotted hyena painting from the Chauvet Cave, فرنسا

Atlatl mammoth ivory "creeping hyena", found in La Madeleine rock shelter, dated back to circa 12,000 to 17,000 years ago

 في أفريقيا

Spotted hyena being fed in Harar, Ethiopia

 الصيد واستخدامها في الطب التقليدي

Spotted hyena attacked by Maasai warriors

Spotted hyena shot by Abel Chapman at the Lukenia Heights, January 23, 1906

 الضباع مرقط في الأسر كحيوانات أليفة

South African zoologist Kevin Richardson with captive spotted hyenas

 انظر أيضاً

• Cave hyena

 المصادر

 قائمة المراجع

• Brehm, Alfred Edmund (1895). Brehm's Life of Animals. Chicago: A. N. Marquis & Company. Archived from the original. . http://www.archive.org/details/brehmslifeofanim00breh 
• Estes, Richard (1992). The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08085-8 
• Estes, Richard (1998). The safari companion: a guide to watching African mammals, including hoofed mammals, carnivores, and primates. Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 1-890132-44-6 
• Funk, Holger (2010). Hyaena: On the Naming and Localisation of an Enigmatic Animal. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 3-640-69784-7 
• Kingdon, Jonathan (1988). East African mammals: an atlas of evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part 1. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-43721-3 
• Kruuk, Hans (1972). The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour. University of California Press 
• Kurtén, Björn (1968). Pleistocene mammals of Europe. Weidenfeld and Nicolson 
• Lydekker, Richard (1908). The Game Animals of Africa. London, R. Ward, limited. Archived from the original. . http://www.archive.org/details/gameanimalsofafr00lydeiala 
• Macdonald, David (1992). The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores. New York: Parkwest. ISBN 0-563-20844-9 
• Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0442-1. Archived from the original. . http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/1998-013.pdf 
• Mills, Gus; Mills, Margie (2011). Hyena Nights & Kalahari Days. Jacana Media. ISBN 1-77009-811-9 
• Roosevelt, Theodore (1910). African Game Trails: An Account of the African Wanderings of an American Hunter, Naturalist. New York, C. Scribner's sons. ISBN 978-1-4510-0191-4. Archived from the original. . http://www.archive.org/details/africangametrail01roos 
• Rosevear, Donovan Reginald (1974). The carnivores of West Africa. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0-565-00723-8. Archived from the original. . http://ia341037.us.archive.org/1/items/carnivoresofwest00rose/carnivoresofwest00rose.pdf 
• Schaller, George B. (1976). The Serengeti Lion: A Study in Predator-Prey Relationships. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-73640-7. Archived from the original. . http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ann2dYn9iYC&pg=PA377&dq=the+serengeti+lion+hyenas&hl=en&ei=7k2XTpWEL4_a4QTKyZ2bBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=hyenas&f=false 
• Stevenson-Hamilton, James (1917). Animal life in Africa, Vol. 1. London : William Heinemann. Archived from the original. . http://ia341306.us.archive.org/3/items/animallifeinafri01steviala/animallifeinafri01steviala.pdf 

 قراءات أخرى

• Hugo Van Lawick and Jane Goodall. Innocent Killers. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1971
• Mills, M.G.L. Kalahari Hyenas: Comparative Behavioral Ecology of Two Species. The Blackburn Press, 2003

 وصلات خارجية

توجد في معرفةالفصائل معلومات أكثر حول:

Crocuta crocuta

• The IUCN Hyaenidae Specialist Group page on spotted hyena
• Davis, Delbert Dwight & Story, Harriette Elizabeth (1949), The Female External Genitalia of the Spotted Hyena, Fieldiana: Zoology, vol. 31, no. 33, Chicago Natural History Museum
• McPherson, Jamie The Good, the Bad and the Hyena, BBC Wildlife, Summer 2008.