هاوسا (لغة)

(تم التحويل من Hausa language)
الهاوسا
Hausa
موطنهاالنيجر، نيجيريا، غانا، بنين، الكاميرون، ساحل العاج، توگو والسودان
المنطقةالنيجر، نيجيريا
العرقشعب الهاوسا
الناطقون الأصليون
40 مليون (2015–2016)e21
20 مليون كلغة ثانية (لا يوجد بيانات)؛ [1][2]
اللاتينية (أبجدية البوكو)
العربية (الأعجمية)
برايل الهاوسا
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في
Niger flag 300.png نيجر (الوضع الوطني)
Flag of Nigeria.svg نيجيريا
Flag of Ghana.svg غانا (الوضع الوطني)
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2hau
ISO 639-2hau
ISO 639-3hau
Glottologhaus1257
Linguasphere19-HAA-b
Hausa language map.png
مناطق تمركز شعوب الهاوسا في النيجر ونيجيريا
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

الهاوسا ( /ˈhaʊsə/؛[3] Harshen/Halshen Hausa)، هي لغة تشادية (إحدى فروع عائلة اللغات الأفروآسيوية) حيث يستخدمها كلغة أولى حوالي 44 مليون شخص، وكلغة ثانية من قبل 20 مليون شخص. "هَرْشَن/هَوْسَ" تعني حرفياً لسان الهاوسا. كلمة "هَرْشَن" تعني اللسان. يبلغ إجمالي عدد الناطقين بالهاوسا 63 مليون شخص، تبعاً لإثنولوگ.[4]

لغة أجداد شعب الهاوسا، واحدة من أكبر الجماعات العرقية في وسط أفريقيا، تعتبر الهاوسا أكثر اللغات استخداماً في جنوب النيجر وشمال نيجيريا. لأغراض تجارية، تطورت إلى لغة تواصل مشترك عبر معظم بلاد غرب أفريقيا.

التصنيف

المقالة الرئيسية: اللغات الأفروآسيوية

تنتمي الهاوس لمجموعة اللغات التشادية الغربية، إحدى فروع مجموعة اللغات التشادية، والتي تعتبر بدورها جزءاً من عائلة اللغات الأفروآسيوية. اللغات الأفروآسيوية الأخرى التي تعتبر لغات سامية تشمل الغربية، الآرامية، العبرية، الفينيقية والآكادية البائدة، اللغات الكوشية وتشمل الصومالية والأورومية؛ وتشمل اللغات التشادية الأخرى لغة الگلاڤدا، البابر، المواگهاڤول، التـِرا، التانگالى، الكاركارى، البولى، الساياوا، البواتيى، النگاس، البادى، الگواندارا، الگالامبو، الپالي، الهيگي، الرون، الدوهوا، المارگي، الكيلبا، الدواي، وغيرها.


الانتشار الجغرافي

الجماعات اللغوية في نيجيريا، 1979.

الناطقون الأصليون للهاوسا، شعب الهاوسا، ينتشرون بصفة رئيسية في النيجر، في شمال نيجريا، وفي تشاد. علاوة على ذلك، تستخدم اللغة كلغة تواصل مشترك من قبل الناطقين غير الأصليين في معظم أنحاء شمال نيجيريا وجنوب النيجر، وكلغة تجارة في مناطق شاسعة من غرب أفريقيا (بنين، غانا، الكاميرون، توگو، ساحل العاج) ومناطق من السودان.

حسب البلد

نيجيريا

In Nigeria, Hausa is dominant throughout the north, but not dominant in the states of Kwara, Kogi and Benue. States (or cities) in which Hausa is spoken predominantly include Kano, Kaduna, Katsina, Daura, Gobir, Zaria, Sokoto, Birnin Kebbi, Gusau, Dutse, Hadejia, Bauchi, Misau, Zamfara, Gombe, Nafada, Maiduguri, Yobe, Yola, Jalingo, Jos, Lafia, Nasarawa, Minna, Kontagora, Keffi and Abuja.[5]

النيجر

In Niger, Hausa is spoken by up to 53% of the population.[6] It is very popular in the cities of Maradi, Diffa, Tahoua, Zinder, Tillaberi, Dosso, and Agadez.

الكاميرون

In Cameroon, Hausa is spoken in the north, including the cities of Ngaoundere, Garoua, and Maroua.[7]

غانا

In Ghana, Hausa is the lingua franca of the Zongo communities across the country.[8]

بنين

In Benin, Hausa is spoken in the north. Cities where it is spoken include Parakou, Kandi, Natitingou, and Djougou.[9]

توگو

In Togo, Hausa is spoken in the north. Cities where it is spoken include Sokode, Kara, and Dapaong.[10]

تشاد

In Chad, Hausa is spoken in the south. Cities where it is spoken include N'Djamena.[بحاجة لمصدر]

السودان

In Sudan, Hausa is spoken in almost all the states of Jazirah, Blue Nile, and Kordofan, Darfur States, Gadaref State, Red Sea State, White Nile State, River Nile[بحاجة لمصدر]

المتكلمون حسب البلد

Hausa is widely used as a lingua franca across much of West Africa and is spoken by people from various ethnic and cultural backgrounds across Northern Nigeria and Niger.[11]

Hausa speakers, Ethnologue (2025)[أ]
Country Hausa speakers (L1+L2)[12]
 نيجريا 67 million
 النيجر 22 million
 ساحل العاج 1٫6 million
 بنين 1٫2 million
 السودان 900٬000
 غانا 600٬000
 الكاميرون 400٬000
 تشاد 300٬000


اللهجات

5:43
عينة محكية من الهاوسا الحديثة

Hausa presents a wide uniformity wherever it is spoken.[13] However, linguists have identified dialect areas with a cluster of features characteristic of each one.[14]

اللهجات التقليدية

Eastern Hausa dialects include Dauranci in Daura, Kananci in Kano, Bausanci in Bauchi, Gudduranci in Katagum Misau and part of Borno, and Hadejanci in Hadejiya.[15]

Western Hausa dialects include Sakkwatanci in Sokoto, Katsinanci in Katsina, Arewanci in Gobir, Adar, Kebbi, and Zanhwaranci in Zamfara, and Kurhwayanci in Kurfey in Niger. Katsina is transitional between Eastern and Western dialects. Sokoto is used in a variety of classical Hausa literature, and is often known as Classical Hausa.[16]

Northern Hausa dialects include Arewa (meaning 'North') and Arewaci.

Zazzaganci in Zazzau is the major Southern dialect.[17]

The Daura (Dauranchi) and Kano (Kananci) dialects are the standard. The BBC, Deutsche Welle, Radio France Internationale and Voice of America offer Hausa services on their international news web sites using Dauranci and Kananci. In recent language development Zazzaganci took over the innovation of writing and speaking the current Hausa language use.[18]

اللهجات الشمالية القصوى وفقدان التنغيم

The western to eastern Hausa dialects of Kurhwayanci, Damagaram and Adarawa, represent the traditional northernmost limit of native Hausa communities.[19] These are spoken in the northernmost sahel and mid-Saharan regions in west and central Niger in the Tillaberi, Tahoua, Dosso, Maradi, Agadez and Zinder regions.[19] While mutually comprehensible with other dialects (especially Sakkwatanci, and to a lesser extent Gaananci), the northernmost dialects have slight grammatical and lexical differences owing to frequent contact with the Zarma, Fula, and Tuareg groups and cultural changes owing to the geographical differences between the grassland and desert zones. These dialects also have the quality of bordering on non-tonal pitch accent dialects.

This link between non-tonality and geographic location is not limited to Hausa alone, but is exhibited in other northern dialects of neighbouring languages; example includes differences within the Songhay language (between the non-tonal northernmost dialects of Koyra Chiini in Timbuktu and Koyraboro Senni in Gao; and the tonal southern Zarma dialect, spoken from western Niger to northern Ghana), and within the Soninke language (between the non-tonal northernmost dialects of Imraguen and Nemadi spoken in east-central Mauritania; and the tonal southern dialects of Senegal, Mali and the Sahel).[20]

لهجة الهاوسا الغانية

The Ghanaian Hausa dialect (Gaananci), spoken in Ghana and Togo, is a distinct western native Hausa dialect-bloc with adequate linguistic and media resources available. Separate smaller Hausa dialects are spoken by an unknown number of Hausa further west in parts of Burkina Faso, and in the Haoussa Foulane, Badji Haoussa, Guezou Haoussa, and Ansongo districts of northeastern Mali (where it is designated as a minority language by the Malian government), but there are very little linguistic resources and research done on these particular dialects at this time.

Gaananci forms a separate group from other Western Hausa dialects, as it now falls outside the contiguous Hausa-dominant area, and is usually identified by the use of c for ky, and j for gy. This is attributed to the fact that Ghana's Hausa population descend from Hausa-Fulani traders settled in the zongo districts of major trade-towns up and down the previous Asante, Gonja and Dagomba kingdoms stretching from the sahel to coastal regions, in particular the cities of Accra (Sabon Zango, Nima), Takoradi and Cape Coast

Gaananci exhibits noted inflected influences from Zarma, Gur, Jula-Bambara, Akan, and Soninke, as Ghana is the westernmost area in which the Hausa language is a major lingua-franca among sahelian/Muslim West Africans, including both Ghanaian and non-Ghanaian zango migrants primarily from the northern regions, or Mali and Burkina Faso. Ghana also marks the westernmost boundary in which the Hausa people inhabit in any considerable number. Immediately west and north of Ghana (in Côte d'Ivoire, and Burkina Faso), Hausa is abruptly replaced with Dioula–Bambara as the main sahelian/Muslim lingua-franca of what become predominantly Manding areas, and native Hausa-speakers plummet to a very small urban minority.

Because of this, and the presence of surrounding Akan, Gbe, Gur and Mande languages, Gaananci was historically isolated from the other Hausa dialects.[21] Despite this difference, grammatical similarities between Sakkwatanci and Ghanaian Hausa determine that the dialect, and the origin of the Ghanaian Hausa people themselves, are derived from the northwestern Hausa area surrounding Sokoto.[22]

Hausa is also widely spoken by non-native Gur, and Mandé Ghanaian Muslims, but differs from Gaananci, and rather has features consistent with non-native Hausa dialects.

اللهجات المحلية الأخرى

Hausa is also spoken in various parts of Cameroon and Chad, which combined the mixed dialects of Northern Nigeria and Niger. In addition, Arabic has had a great influence in the way Hausa is spoken by the native Hausa speakers in these areas.

الهاوسا غير المتوطنة

In West Africa, Hausa's use as a lingua franca has given rise to a non-native pronunciation that differs vastly from native pronunciation by way of key omissions of implosive and ejective consonants present in native Hausa dialects, such as ɗ, ɓ and kʼ/ƙ, which are pronounced by non-native speakers as d, b and k respectively.[23][24] This creates confusion among non-native and native Hausa speakers, as non-native pronunciation does not distinguish words like daidai ("correct") and ɗaiɗai ("one-by-one"). Another difference between native and non-native Hausa is the omission of vowel length in words and change in the standard tone of native Hausa dialects (ranging from native Fulani and Tuareg Hausa-speakers omitting tone altogether, to Hausa speakers with Gur or Yoruba mother tongues using additional tonal structures similar to those used in their native languages). Use of masculine and feminine gender nouns and sentence structure are usually omitted or interchanged, and many native Hausa nouns and verbs are substituted with non-native terms from local languages.

Non-native speakers of Hausa numbered more than 25 million and, in some areas, live close to native Hausa. It has replaced many other languages especially in the north-central and north-eastern part of Nigeria and continues to gain popularity in other parts of Africa as a result of Hausa movies and music which spread out throughout the region.


Hausa-based pidgins

Gibanawa
المنطقةJega, Nigeria
الناطقون الأصليون
None[25]
Hausa-based pidgin
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-3gib
Glottologgiba1240
ELPGibanawa

There are several pidgin forms of Hausa. Barikanchi was formerly used in the colonial army of Nigeria. Gibanawa is currently in widespread use in Jega in northwestern Nigeria, south of the native Hausa area.[25]

الكلمات المستعارة

The Hausa language has a long history of borrowing words from other languages, usually from the languages being spoken around and near Hausaland.[26]

Word Language
akwati - 'box', agogo - 'clock', ashana - 'matches' Yoruba
dattijo - 'old man', inna - 'mother', kawu – 'uncle' Fulani
karatu – 'reading', rubutu – 'writing', birni – 'city' Kanuri

علم الصوتيات

الحروف الساكنة

تحتوي الهاوسا على 23-25 حرف ساكن تبعاً للناطق.

الحروف الساكنة
شفهي لثوي بعد-
اللثوي 		ظاهري مزماري
أمامي اعتيادي دائري
أنفي m n
انفجاري/
احتكاكي 		implosive ɓ ɗ
جهري b d (d)ʒ ɟ ɡ ɡʷ
tenuis t tʃ c k kʷ ʔ
ejective (t)sʼ (tʃʼ) cʼ kʼ kʷʼ
احتكاكي جهري z
tenuis ɸ s ʃ h
Approximant l j; j̰ w
Rhotic r ɽ

الحروف المتحركة

Hausa vowel chart, from Schuh & Yalwa (1999:91). The short vowels /i, u, a/ have a much wider range of allophones than what is presented on the chart.


النبرات

نظم الكتابة

البوكو (اللاتينية)

A a B b Ɓ ɓ C c D d Ɗ ɗ E e F f G g H h I i J j K k Ƙ ƙ L l
/a/ /b/ /ɓ/ /tʃ/ /d/ /ɗ/ /e/ /ɸ/ /ɡ/ /h/ /i/ /(d)ʒ/ /k/ /kʼ/ /l/
M m N n O o R r R̃ r̃ S s Sh sh T t Ts ts U u W w Y y (Ƴ ƴ) Z z ʼ
/m/ /n/ /o/ /ɽ/ /r/ /s/ /ʃ/ /t/ /(t)sʼ/ /u/ /w/ /j/ /ʔʲ/ /z/ /ʔ/

The letter ƴ (y with a right hook) is used only in Niger; in Nigeria it is written ʼy.

Tone, vowel length, and the distinction between /r/ and /ɽ/ (which does not exist for all speakers) are not marked in writing. So, for example, /daɡa/ "from" and /daːɡaː/ "battle" are both written daga.

الأعجمية (العربية)

اللاتينية IPA العربية الأعجمية
a /a/   ـَ‎
a /aː/   ـَا‎
b /b/   ب‎
ɓ /ɓ/   ب‎ (same as b), ٻ‎ (not used in Arabic)
c /tʃ/   ث‎
d /d/   د‎
ɗ /ɗ/   د‎ (same as d), ط‎ (also used for ts)
e /e/   تٜ‎ (not used in Arabic)
e /eː/   تٰٜ‎ (not used in Arabic)
f /ɸ/   ف‎
g /ɡ/   غ‎
h /h/   ه‎
i /i/   ـِ‎
i /iː/   ـِى‎
j /(d)ʒ/   ج‎
k /k/   ك‎
ƙ /kʼ/   ك‎ (same as k), ق‎
l /l/   ل‎
m /m/   م‎
n /n/   ن‎
o /o/   ـُ‎  (same as u)
o /oː/   ـُو‎  (same as u)
r /r/, /ɽ/   ر‎
s /s/   س‎
sh /ʃ/   ش‎
t /t/   ت‎
ts /(t)sʼ/   ط‎ (also used for ɗ), ڟ‎ (not used in Arabic)
u /u/   ـُ‎  (same as o)
u /uː/   ـُو‎  (same as o)
w /w/   و‎
y /j/   ی‎
z /z/   ز‎     ذ‎
ʼ /ʔ/   ع‎

نظم أخرى

المقالة الرئيسية: برايل الهاوسا


انظر أيضاً


الهوامش

  1. ^ قالب:E17
  2. ^ قالب:Ethnologue20
  3. ^ Bauer (2007), p. ?.
  4. ^ "Hausa". Ethnologue (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2018-08-16.
  5. ^ Simwa, Adrianna (2018-06-21). "List of states in Nigeria predominantly inhabited by the Hausas". Legit.ng - Nigeria news. (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2024-07-05.
  6. ^ "The Languages of Niger: Hausa". Wells Bring Hope (in الإنجليزية). 2022-11-14. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
  7. ^ "Hausa - Boston University" (PDF). Boston University. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  8. ^ "The history of the Hausa people in Ghana". GhanaWeb. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  9. ^ "Nigeria Maps - Perry-Castañeda Map Collection - UT Library Online". maps.lib.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2024-12-17.
  10. ^ "Africa EENI Global Business School-Business in Sokodé Kotokoli (Islam, Togo)". (c) Africa - EENI Global Business School. Retrieved March 23, 2025.
  11. ^ قالب:E28
  12. ^ قالب:E28
  13. ^ Department, United States Army; Army, United States Department of the (1964). U.S. Army Area Handbook for Nigeria. Second Edition, March 1964 (in الإنجليزية). U.S. Government Printing Office.
  14. ^ "Hausa Language Variation and Dialects". African Languages at UCLA (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  15. ^ "The Hausa Language – Department of African Studies". www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  16. ^ Caron, Bernard (2011). Hausa Grammatical Sketch. Paris: LLACAN.
  17. ^ "Nigeria: 'Tribalism' and the nationality question". Punch Newspapers (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  18. ^ onnaedo (2021-08-31). "Hausa Language: 4 interesting things you should know about Nigeria's most widely spoken dialect". Pulse Nigeria (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  19. ^ أ ب Hausawa (January 7, 2021). "Hausa dialects (part-two)". Facebook (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-02-15.
  20. ^ "'The improtance [sic] of Hausa language as a verbal communication to Hausa people' as the research topic". InfantLinguistmam's conner for Undergraduate Students (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 13 April 2013. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
  21. ^ Bodomo, Adams B. (1996). "On Language and Development in Africa: The Case of Ghana" (PDF). Nordic Journal of African Studies. 5 (2): 31–51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-07. Retrieved 2021-07-17 – via University of Helsinki.
  22. ^ Guerini, Federica. "Multilingualism and language attitudes in Ghana: a preliminary survey" (PDF). Ethnorêma. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  23. ^ "Hausa Language Variation and Dialects". African Languages at UCLA (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2024-11-21.
  24. ^ Mazrui, Ali AlʼAmin; Mazrui, Alamin M.; Mazrui, Alamin (1998-08-03). The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience (in الإنجليزية). University of Chicago Press. pp. 130, 189. ISBN 978-0-226-51429-1.
  25. ^ أ ب قالب:E25
  26. ^ Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (1963). "Neologisms in Hausa: A Sociological Approach". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 33 (1): 25–44. doi:10.2307/1157795. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 1157795. S2CID 143323447.

المصادر

  • "Hausa Language". Hausa.ng (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2005-09-13. Retrieved 2018-09-13.

المراجع

  • Bauer, Laurie (2007). The Linguistics Student’s Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2758-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D. (1999). "Hausa". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–95. ISBN 0-521-63751-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Charles Henry Robinson; William Henry Brooks; Hausa Association, London (1899). Dictionary of the Hausa Language: Hausa–English. The Oxford University Press.
  • Schön, James Frederick (Rev.) (1882). Grammar of the Hausa language (in الإنجليزية). London: Church Missionary House. p. 270. Archived from the original on Oct 19, 2018. Retrieved Oct 19, 2018. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) (Now in the public domain).

وصلات خارجية

Wikipedia
هاوسا (لغة) edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
يمكنك أن تجد معلومات أكثر عن هاوسا (لغة) عن طريق البحث في مشاريع المعرفة:

Wiktionary-logo-en.png تعريفات قاموسية في ويكاموس
Wikibooks-logo1.svg كتب من معرفة الكتب
Wikiquote-logo.svg اقتباسات من معرفة الاقتباس
Wikisource-logo.svg نصوص مصدرية من معرفة المصادر
Commons-logo.svg صور و ملفات صوتية من كومونز
Wikinews-logo.png أخبار من معرفة الأخبار.


خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "lower-alpha"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="lower-alpha"/>

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