منطقة الخليج الأكبر گوانگ‌دونگ-هونگ كونگ-ماكاو

"Greater Bay Area" redirects here. For other uses, see Bay Area (disambiguation).
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (green), while Pearl River Delta Economic Zone area is indicated in red line, but only includes city areas of Zhaoqing and Huizhou.

منطقة الخليج الأكبر گوانگ‌دونگ-هونگ كونگ-ماكاو (GD-HK-MO،‏ الصينية المبسطة: 粤港澳大湾区؛ الصينية التقليدية: 粵港澳大灣區�) أو ببساطة منطقة الخليج الأكبر (Greater Bay Area ؛ GBA)، هي megalopolis, consisting of nine cities and two special administrative regions in South China. On 7 December 2016, the concept for the area was mentioned in the English version of China's 13th Five-Year Plan.[1] On 13 April 2017, the heading of a piece of news released at the English.gov.cn website of the State Council adopted the name "Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Bay Area".[2] Just over two months later, on 1 July 2017, the "Framework Agreement on Deepening Guangdong - Hong Kong - Macau Cooperation in the Development of the Bay Area" (深化粵港澳合作 推進大灣區建設框架協議) was signed in Hong Kong.[3]

GBA is the largest and most populated urban area and is among the 5th largest bay areas in the world, comparable with the bay areas of London, New York, San Francisco, and Tokyo.[4]

GBA – with a total population of approximately 71.2 million people (5% of China's total population) – includes nine mega cities of Guangdong province: Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Jiangmen, Huizhou, and Zhaoqing as well as two special administrative regions Hong Kong and Macau. Hong Kong, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen are also among of the world's 50 “superstar cities”.[5] Surrounding the Pearl River Delta with a total area of 56,000 km2 (area of Croatia) it is the largest and the richest economic region in South China.

GBA's combined regional GDP is USD 1,641.97 billion in 2018, which is equivalent to 12 percent of GDP for the whole of mainland China and would rank GBA as 12th biggest economy in the world (almost of South Korea’s and more than of Australia’s).[6] As one of China's most vibrant and important regions, GBA has a highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the country and houses majority of China's most innovative technology companies, such as Huawei, a leader in 5G technology, ZTE, or DJI, and China's leading internet services company Tencent (mother company of WeChat) . At the same time GBA has a rich ecosystem of startups, incubators, and accelerators in the areas of agile tech, biotech, healthtech and innovation. That make experts to see the region as an emerging Silicon Valley of Asia.[7]

Given traditional divisions between the provincial and municipal governments and business elites, there are some opinions that an ambitious idea behind GBA might be difficult to implement.[8]

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الجغرافيا ومراكز السكان

The GBA is located in the southern coastal area of China (21◦320–24◦260N, 111◦200–115◦240E). Located in the very south part of China, the climate of Greater Bay Area ranges from humid subtropical to tropical climate in the far south. There a few mountain ranges collectively called the Nan Mountains (Nan Ling) as well as a few inactive volcanoes on Leizhou Peninsula.

Guangdong province's simultaneously estuarine and mountainous geography, with its vast numbers of islands, bays, and peninsulas, has contributed to an exceptionally long coastline (4114 km). The Pearl River Delta that is the convergent point of three upstream rivers: the East River, North River, and West River is filled with hundreds of small islands. Many of the cities within the Greater Bay Area are archipelagic in nature, with Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Hong Kong SAR, and Macao SAR each furthermore possessing constituent and distinctly islanded territorial niches that are focused on industrial areas.

The entire area has warm and pleasant spring (March to May), hot and wet summer (June to August), clear and cool autumn (September to November) and also warm and not dry winter (December to February). The annual average temperature of Guangdong Province is around 22.3℃, with the average temperature of 16-19℃ in January and 28-29℃ in July. However, the highest temperature in summer goes more than 35℃ and the lowest can be lower than 10℃. Temperatures in Hong Kong and Macau are nearly the same, with the annual average temperature around 23℃, a little higher due to their location more to the south and closer to the equator. GBA receives abundant amount of precipitation throughout the year.

GBA has a total population of approximately 71.2 million people (5% of China's total population). The population is expected to reach 100 million people by 2030.

Cities Urban
area pop.[9]		 District
area pop.[9]		 Administrative
area pop.[9]		 Census date
Guangzhou 10,641,408 14,904,400 14,904,400 2020-11-01
Shenzhen 12,356,820 12,356,820 12,356,820 2020-11-01
Dongguan 8,396,820 2019 8,396,820 2019-11-01
Hong Kong 7,515,489 7,515,489 7,515,489 2020-06-30
Foshan 7,348,581 7,348,581 7,348,581 2014-11-01
Zhongshan 2,913,974 3,121,275 3,121,275 2020-11-01
Huizhou 1,807,858 2,344,634 4,598,402 2010-11-01
Jiangmen 1,480,023 1,822,614 4,450,703 2010-11-01
Zhuhai 1,369,538 1,759,000 1,759,000 2020-11-01
Zhaoqing 784,642 1,397,152 3,916,467 2010-11-01
Macau 652,032 652,032 652,032 2020-08-12[10]
Total 50,850,140 56,350,214 63,751,386


الاقتصاد

GBA accounts for 37% of the China's exports.[11] GBA is represented by megacities, large airports and railway stations connected by a modern transportation system. GBA hosts 3 of the world's top 10 container ports with the air freight traffic bigger than of San Francisco, New York and Tokyo combined and 5 international airports (Hong Kong International Airport, Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, Macau International Airport and Zhuhai Jinwan Airport).[12]

The core idea behind the development of the Greater Bay Area (GBA) is laid out in ‘Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area’ released by the central Chinese government in February 2019.[13] The ambitious goal foresees a linkage of the nine cities in Guangdong province's Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong and Macau into an integrated economy and world-class business hub. The document-stipulated crucial milestones for GBA is a formation of the Framework for an international first-class bay area in 2022 and an evolution of the region into an international first-class bay area by 2035. The progress will be achieved through deepening reform, prioritizing innovation, accelerating connectivity, and improving the environmental footprint in the region.[13]

The Outline Development Plan foresees implementation of several infrastructural projects such as developing a world-class airport cluster in the region, as well as building inter-city high speed rail links and motorways to improve connectivity both within the GBA and beyond. A planned construction of two bridges across the Pearl River Delta will significantly reduce travelling times within the region and simultaneously promote a free flow of people, goods, capital, and information in the region. Given the rising concerns about the environmental impact of rapid urbanization and infrastructure development, the Outline Development Plan includes ecological conservation as well as green and low-carbon development models. The end goal stipulated by the document is to transform GBA to a services-oriented economy.[13]

GBA's combined regional GDP was USD 1,641.97 billion in 2018, which is equivalent to 12 percent of GDP for the whole of mainland China and would rank GBA as 12th biggest economy in the world (almost of South Korea's and more than of Australia's). GDP growth of GBA is 4.4% and GDP is expected to reach USD 4 trillion by 2030, which would be greater than Germany's today.[14] The region has a diverse economic outlook with massive high-tech industrial development zones in all 11 cities covering emerging industries (IoT, AI, hydrogen, new mobility, clean tech), R&D and high-end sectors.[15]

Another rapidly growing economic area in the GBA is healthcare.[16] The Guangzhou International Bio Island located in Huangpu district, Guangzhou is a leading global biotech industrial zone in the region.

Outline Development Plan also envisages gradual financial liberalization.[17] In May 2020, People's Bank of China has introduced new measures aimed at liberalizing China's controls on foreign exchange and foreign currency remittance.

المقارنة بمدن العالم

البنية التحتية والمواصلات

الجسور

Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Bay Area Rail Transit Network

انظر أيضاً

Wikisource
Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:

المراجع

  1. ^ http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201612/P020161207645765233498.pdf
  2. ^ english.gov.cn
  3. ^ info.gov.hk
  4. ^ "China: population in the Greater Bay Area 2019". Statista (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  5. ^ "'Superstars': The dynamics of firms, sectors, and cities leading the global economy | McKinsey". www.mckinsey.com. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  6. ^ "China and the world: Inside the dynamics of a changing relationship | McKinsey". www.mckinsey.com. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  7. ^ "China's government plan for its own Silicon Valley". Roland Berger. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  8. ^ "China's Greater Bay Area Has Real Economic Power". Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank (in الإنجليزية). 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  9. ^ أ ب ت 国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
  10. ^ cycles, This text provides general information Statista assumes no liability for the information given being complete or correct Due to varying update; Text, Statistics Can Display More up-to-Date Data Than Referenced in the. "Topic: Macao". Statista (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  11. ^ "Greater Bay to drive China's growth". www.sustainablefinance.hsbc.com (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  12. ^ Arcadis. "Enhancing connectivity in the Greater Bay Area mirroring overseas practices and case studies". Arcadis (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  13. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة bayarea.gov.hk
  14. ^ "Colliers Radar | Greater Bay Area: A 2030 Outlook | Colliers International". www2.colliers.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  15. ^ Lau, Ricky Wong,Ayesha (2020-03-19). "Keys to success in the Greater Bay Area - KPMG China". KPMG (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2020-11-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Lau, Ricky Wong,Ayesha (2020-03-19). "Keys to success in the Greater Bay Area - KPMG China". KPMG (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2020-11-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ "China's Greater Bay Area in 2020: Financial Sector Opening is a Priority". China Briefing News (in الإنجليزية). 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2020-11-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)


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