گرمن إف-14 تومكات
F-14 Tomcat | |
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A U.S. Navy F-14D conducts a mission over the Persian Gulf-region in 2005. | |
الدور | Interceptor, air superiority, and multirole fighter |
دولة المنشأ | United States |
الصانع | Grumman Aerospace Corporation |
أول تحليق | 21 December 1970 |
التقديم | 22 September 1974 |
أحيلت للتقاعد | 22 September 2006 (United States Navy) |
الوضع | In service with the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force |
المستخدم الرئيسي | United States Navy (historical) Imperial Iranian Air Force (historical) Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force |
المنتـَج | 1969–1991 |
العدد المنتج | 712 |
The Grumman F-14 Tomcat is an American supersonic, twin-engine, two-seat, twin-tail, variable-sweep wing fighter aircraft. The Tomcat was developed for the United States Navy's Naval Fighter Experimental (VFX) program after the collapse of the F-111B project. The F-14 was the first of the American Teen Series fighters, which were designed incorporating air combat experience against MiG fighters during the Vietnam War.
The F-14 first flew on 21 December 1970 and made its first deployment in 1974 with the U.S. Navy aboard يوإسإس Enterprise (CVN-65), replacing the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II. The F-14 served as the U.S. Navy's primary maritime air superiority fighter, fleet defense interceptor, and tactical aerial reconnaissance platform into the 2000s. The Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night (LANTIRN) pod system was added in the 1990s and the Tomcat began performing precision ground-attack missions.[1]
In the 1980s, F-14s were used as land-based interceptors by the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force during the Iran–Iraq War, where they saw combat against Iraqi warplanes. Iran claimed their F-14s shot down at least 160 Iraqi aircraft during the war (only 55 of these confirmed according to historian Tom Cooper),[2] while 16 Tomcats were lost including seven losses due to accidents.[2][3]
The Tomcat was retired by U.S. Navy on 22 September 2006, having been supplanted by the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. Several retired F-14s have been put on display across the US. The F-14 remains in service with Iran's air force, having been exported to Iran under the Pahlavi regime in 1976. In November 2015, reports emerged of Iranian F-14s flying escort for Russian Tupolev Tu-95, Tu-160, and Tu-22M bombers on air strikes in Syria.[4]
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Development
Background
Design
Operational history
United States
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![Portrait photography of four aircraft overflying orange desert and almost-flat terrain; horizon is blurred. Leading is black aircraft, followed by two single-engine jet aircraft, the one closer to camera being refueled by leading jet via a stiff hose connecting the two. Closest jet to camera is pale gray, has two engines and vertical fins, flying with wings unswept.](/w/images/thumb/7/75/Gypsy_escortDN-ST-91-05966.jpg/230px-Gypsy_escortDN-ST-91-05966.jpg)
Iran
The sole foreign customer for the Tomcat was the Imperial Iranian Air Force, during the reign of the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In the early 1970s, the Imperial Iranian Air Force (IIAF) was searching for an advanced fighter, specifically one capable of intercepting Soviet MiG-25 reconnaissance flights. After a visit of U.S. President Richard Nixon to Iran in 1972, during which Iran was offered the latest in American military technology, the IIAF selected and initiated acquisition of the F-14 Tomcat, but offered McDonnell Douglas the chance to demonstrate its F-15 Eagle.[5] The US Navy and Grumman Corporation arranged competitive demonstrations of the Eagle and the Tomcat at Andrews AFB for the Shah and high-ranking officers, and in January 1974 Iran placed an order for 30 F-14s and 424 AIM-54 Phoenix missiles, initiating Project Persian King, worth US$300 million. A few months later, this order was increased to a total of 80 Tomcats and 714 Phoenix missiles as well as spare parts and replacement engines for 10 years, complete armament package, and support infrastructure (including construction of the Khatami Air Base near Isfahan).
The first F-14 arrived in January 1976, modified only by the removal of classified avionics components, but fitted with the TF-30-414 engines. The following year 12 more were delivered. Meanwhile, training of the first groups of Iranian crews by the U.S. Navy was underway in the US; one of these conducted a successful shoot-down with a Phoenix missile of a target drone flying at 50,000 ft (15 km).
Following the overthrow of the Shah in 1979, the air force was renamed the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF) and the post-revolution Interim Government of Iran canceled most Western arms orders. In 1980, an Iranian F-14 shot down an Iraqi Mil Mi-25 helicopter for its first air-to-air kill during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988).[2] According to research by Tom Cooper, Iranian F-14s scored at least 50 air-to-air victories in the first six months of the war against Iraqi MiG-21s, MiG-23s, and some Su-20s/22s. During the same period, only one Iranian F-14 suffered damage after being hit by debris from a nearby MiG-21 that exploded.[6]
Iranian Tomcats were originally used as an early-warning platform assisting other less-sophisticated aircraft with targeting and defense. They were also crucial to the defense of areas deemed vital by the Iranian government, such as oil terminals on Kharg Island and industrial infrastructure in the capital Tehran. Many of these patrols had the support of Boeing 707-3J9C in-flight refueling tankers. As fighting escalated between 1982 and 1986, the F-14s gradually became more involved in the battle. They performed well, but their primary role was to intimidate the Iraqi Air Force and avoid heavy engagement to protect the fleet's numbers. Their presence was often enough to drive away opposing Iraqi fighters. The precision and effectiveness of the Tomcat's AWG-9 weapons system and AIM-54A Phoenix long-range air-to-air missiles enabled the F-14 to maintain air superiority.[6][7] In December 1980, an Iraqi MiG-21bis accounted for the only confirmed kill of an F-14 by that type of aircraft.[8] On 11 August 1984, a MiG-23ML shot down an F-14A using an R-60 missile.[8] On 2 September 1986, a MiG-23ML mistakenly shot down an F-14 that was defecting to Iraq with an R-24T missile.[9] In another engagement, a MiG-23ML shot down another F-14A on 17 January 1987.[8]
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Iraq also obtained Mirage F.1EQ fighters from France in 1981, armed with Super530F and Magic Mk.2 air-to-air missiles. The Mirage F.1 fighters were eventually responsible for four confirmed F-14 kills.[11] The IRIAF attempted to keep 60 F-14s operational throughout the war, but reports indicate this number was reduced to 30 by 1986 with only half fully mission-capable.[6][12]
Based on research by Tom Cooper and Farzad Bishop, Iranian claimed their F-14s shot down at least 160 Iraqi aircraft during the Iran–Iraq War, including 58 MiG-23s (15 of these are confirmed according to Cooper), 33 Mirage F1s, 23 MiG-21s, 23 Su-20s/22s, nine MiG-25s (one of these are confirmed according to Iraqi), five Tu-22s, two MiG-27s, one Mil Mi-24, one Dassault Mirage 5, one B-6D, one Aérospatiale Super Frelon, and two unidentified aircraft. Despite the circumstances the F-14s and their crews faced during the war against Iraq – lacking support from AWACS, AEW aircraft, and Ground Control Intercept (GCI) – the F-14 proved to be successful in combat. It achieved this in the midst of a confrontation with an enemy that was constantly upgrading its capabilities and receiving support from three major countries – France, the US, and the USSR. Part of the success is attributed to the resilient Iranian economy and IRIAF personnel.[2][6]
While Iraq's army claimed it shot down more than 70 F-14s, the Foreign Broadcast Information System in Washington DC estimated that Iran lost 12 to 16 F-14 during the war. Cooper writes three F-14 were shot down by Iraqi pilots and four by Iranian surface-to-air missiles (SAM). Two more Tomcats were lost in unknown circumstances during the battle, and seven crashed due to technical failure or accidents.[13] During the war, the Iranian Air Force F-14s suffered 9 confirmed losses, one lost due to engine stall, one in unknown conditions, two by Iranian Hawk SAMs, two by MIG-23s and three were shot down by Mirage F-1EQs. There are also unconfirmed reports of the downing of 10 more Tomcats.[14]
On 31 August 1986, an Iranian F-14A armed with at least one AIM-54A missile defected to Iraq. Then again on 2 September 1986 another Iranian F-14A defected to Iraq.[15][16] In addition, one or more of Iran's F-14A was delivered to the Soviet Union in exchange for technical assistance; at least one of its crew defected to the Soviet Union.[17]
On 24 July 2002, an Iranian F-14A confronted two Azerbaijani MiG-25s that were threatening an Iranian P-3F, securing a radar lock on one of the MiGs, which then turned away, during tensions over attempts by Azerbaijan to survey for oil in Iranian waters in the Caspian Sea.[18]
Iran had an estimated 44 F-14s in 2009 according to Combat Aircraft.[19] Aviation Week estimated it had 19 operational F-14s in January 2013,[20] and Flight Global estimated that 28 were in service in 2014.[21]
Following the US Navy's retirement of its Tomcats in 2006, Iran sought to purchase spare parts for its aircraft.[22] In January 2007, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that sales of spare F-14 parts would be suspended over concerns of the parts ending up in Iran.[23] In July 2007, the remaining American F-14s were shredded to ensure that any parts could not be acquired.[24] Despite these measures, Iran managed to significantly increase its stocks of spare parts, increasing the number of airworthy Tomcats, although as it did not manage to obtain spare parts for the aircraft's weapon systems, the number of combat ready Tomcats was still low (seven in 2008).[25] In 2010, Iran requested that the U.S. deliver the 80th F-14 that it had purchased in 1974 but never received due to the Islamic Revolution.[26][27] In October 2010, an Iranian Air Force commander claimed that the country overhauls and optimizes different types of military aircraft, mentioning their Air Force has installed Iran-made radar systems on the F-14.[28] In 2012, the Iranian Air Force's Mehrabad Overhaul Center delivered an F-14 with upgraded weapon systems with locally sourced components, designated F-14AM.[29] Shortages of Phoenix missiles led to attempts to integrate the Russian R-27 semi-active radar-guided missile, but these proved unsuccessful. An alternative was the use of modified MIM-23 Hawk missiles to replace the Tomcat's Phoenixes and Sparrows, but as the Tomcat could only carry two Hawks, this project was also abandoned, and the Fakour-90 missile, which used the guidance system of the Hawk packaged into the airframe of the Phoenix, launched. Pre-production Fakour-90s were delivered in 2017, and a production order for 100 missiles (now designated AIM-23B) was placed in 2018, intending to replace the F-14s AIM-7E Sparrow missiles.[30]
On 26 January 2012, an Iranian F-14 crashed three minutes after takeoff. Both crew members were killed.[31]
In November 2015, Iranian F-14s had been reported flying escort for Russian Tu-95 bombers on air strikes in Syria against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[32]
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Operators
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- Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
- 72nd TFS: F-14A, 1976–1985
- 73rd TFS: F-14A, 1977–1985
- 81st TFS: F-14A, 1977–present
- 82nd TFS: F-14A, 1978–present
- 83rd Tomcat Flight School: F-14A, 1978–1979
- 83rd TFS: F-14A, renamed former 62nd TFS[33]
Former operators
- United States Navy operated F-14 from 1974 to 2006
- Navy Fighter Weapons School (TOPGUN) (Merged with Strike University (Strike U) to form Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC) 1996)
- VF-126 Bandits (Disestablished 1 April 1994)
- VF-1 Wolfpack (Disestablished 30 September 1993)
- VF-2 Bounty Hunters (Pacific Fleet through 1996, Atlantic Fleet 1996–2003, Pacific Fleet 2003–present; redesignated VFA-2 with F/A-18F, 1 July 2003)
- VF-11 Red Rippers (Redesignated to VFA-11 with F/A-18F, May 2005)
- VF-14 Tophatters (Redesignated VFA-14 with F/A-18E, 1 December 2001, and transferred to Pacific Fleet, 2002)
- VF-21 Freelancers (Disestablished 31 January 1996)
- VF-24 Fighting Renegades (Disestablished 20 August 1996)
- VF-31 Tomcatters (Redesignated VFA-31 with F/A-18E, October 2006)
- VF-32 Swordsmen (Redesignated VFA-32 with F/A-18F, 1 October 2005)
- VF-33 Starfighters (Disestablished 1 October 1993)
- VF-41 Black Aces (Redesignated VFA-41 with F/A-18F, 1 December 2001)
- VF-51 Screaming Eagles (Disestablished 31 March 1995)
- VF-74 Bedevilers (Disestablished 30 April 1994)
- VF-84 Jolly Rogers (Disestablished 1 October 1995; squadron heritage and nickname transferred to VF-103)
- VF-102 Diamondbacks (Redesignated VFA-102 with F/A-18F, 1 May 2002, and transferred to Pacific Fleet)
- VF-103 Sluggers/Jolly Rogers (Redesignated VFA-103 with F/A-18F, 1 May 2005)
- VF-111 Sundowners (Disestablished 31 March 1995; squadron heritage and nickname adopted by VFC-111)
- VF-114 Aardvarks (Disestablished 30 April 1993)
- VF-142 Ghostriders (Disestablished 30 April 1995)
- VF-143 Pukin' Dogs (Redesignated VFA-143 with F/A-18E, early 2005)
- VF-154 Black Knights (Redesignated VFA-154 with F/A-18F, 1 October 2003)
- VF-191 Satan's Kittens (Disestablished 30 April 1988)
- VF-194 Red Lightnings (Disestablished 30 April 1988)
- VF-211 Fighting Checkmates (Pacific Fleet through 1996, then transferred to Atlantic Fleet; redesignated VFA-211 with F/A-18F, 1 October 2004)
- VF-213 Black Lions (Pacific Fleet through 1996, then transferred to Atlantic Fleet; redesignated VFA-213 with F/A-18F, May 2006)
- Navy Fighter Weapons School (TOPGUN) (Merged with Strike University (Strike U) to form Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC) 1996)
- Naval Air Systems Command Test and Evaluation Squadrons
- VX-4 Evaluators (Disestablished 30 September 1994 and merged into VX-5 to form VX-9)
- VX-9 Vampires (Currently operates F/A-18C/D/E/F, EA-18G, F-35C, EA-6B, AV-8B, AH-1 and UH-1)
- VX-23 Salty Dogs (Currently operates F/A-18A+/B/C/D/E/F, EA-6B, EA-18G, F-35C and T-45)
- VX-30 Bloodhounds (Currently operates P-3, C-130, S-3)
- Fleet Replacement Squadrons
- VF-101 Grim Reapers; Atlantic Fleet, then sole single-site, F-14 FRS (Disestablished 15 September 2005; squadron heritage and nickname adopted by VFA-101, an F-35C Fleet Replacement Squadron established in May 2012. VFA-101 itself would be disestablished 23 May 2019)[34][35]
- VF-124 Gunfighters; Pacific Fleet F-14 FRS
- (Disestablished 30 September 1994)
- Naval Air Force Reserve Squadrons
- Naval Air Force Reserve Squadron Augmentation Units (SAUs)
- VF-1285 Fighting Fubijars (Disestablished September 1994); augmented VF-301 and VF-302
- VF-1485 Americans (Disestablished September 1994); augmented VF-124
- VF-1486 Fighting Hobos (Disestablished September 2005); augmented VF-101
- NASA operated a single F-14 #834 at Dryden Flight Research Center in 1986 and 1987 in a program known as the Variable-Sweep Transition Flight Experiment (VSTFE). This program explored laminar flow on variable sweep aircraft at high subsonic speeds.[36]
Aircraft on display
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Notable F-14s preserved at museums and military installations include:
- Bureau Number (BuNo) – Model – Location – Significance
- F-14A
- 157982 – Cradle of Aviation Museum, Garden City, New York. Prototype No. 3 Nonstructural demonstration testbed.[37]
- 157984 – National Naval Aviation Museum, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. Fifth F-14 manufactured and one of the prototypes used in flight testing. Mounted on pedestal at entrance to museum.[38]
- 157988 – NAS Oceana Air Park, Virginia.[39]
- 157990 – March Field Air Museum, Riverside, California. Eleventh F-14 manufactured and one of the prototypes used in carrier suitability testing.[40]
- 158617 – Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Post 7293, Whitehall, Pennsylvania.[41]
- 158623 – Naval Base Ventura County, NAS Point Mugu, California. Pedestal mount at Front Gate Airpark.[42]
- 158627 – Hickory Aviation Museum, Hickory, NC.
- 158978 – USS Midway Museum, San Diego, California.[43]
- 158985 – Yanks Air Museum, Chino, California.[44]
- 158998 – Air Victory Museum, Lumberton, New Jersey.[45]
- 158999 – Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth (former Carswell AFB), Fort Worth, Texas.[46]
- 159025 – Patriot's Point Naval and Maritime Museum, Charleston, South Carolina.[47]
- 159445 – Naval Station Norfolk (former Naval Air Station Norfolk) East Gate Airpark, Virginia.[48]
- 159448 – Naval Inventory Control Point, Pennsylvania.[49]
- 159455 – NAS Patuxent River, Lexington Park, Maryland. Former VX-23 flight test squadron aircraft.[50]
- 159600 – Fort Worth Aviation Museum, Fort Worth, Texas[51]
- 159620 – NAF El Centro, California.[52]
- 159626 – Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center, Naval Air Station Fallon, Nevada.[53]
- 159631 – San Diego Aerospace Museum, San Diego, California.[54]
- 159829 – Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum, former Lowry AFB, Denver, Colorado. From VF-211, later used for aircraft maintenance training by Naval Air Reserve Center Denver at Buckley AFB.[55]
- 159830 – Western Museum of Flight, Torrance, California.[56]
- 159848 – Tillamook Air Museum, Tillamook, Oregon.[57]
- 159853 – Defense Supply Center Richmond, Richmond, Virginia.[58]
- 159856 – Naval Air Facility El Centro, California.[59]
- 160382 – Museum of Flight, Tukwila, Washington. VF-84 "Jolly Rogers" AJ202. Stationed on the USS Nimitz. This aircraft, as well as several other F-14As from the famous "Jolly Rogers" squadron, appear in the 1980 film The Final Countdown, which was filmed on board the USS Nimitz. On loan from the National Museum of Naval Aviation at Pensacola, Florida.[60]
- 160386 – Recruit Training Command, Naval Station Great Lakes. Chicago, Illinois.[61]
- 160391 – Texas Air Museum, Lubbock, Texas.[62]
- 160395 – Air Zoo, Kalamazoo, Michigan.[63]
- 160401 – Fleet Area Control and Surveillance Facility Virginia Capes (FACSFAC VACAPES), Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia.[64]
- 160403 – American Airpower Heritage Museum, Midland, Texas.[65] It is one of the aircraft involved in 1981 Gulf of Sidra incident.
- 160411 – Empire State Aerosciences Museum, Glenville, New York.[66]
- 160658 – NAES Lakehurst, New Jersey.[67]
- 160661 – U.S. Space and Rocket Center's Aviation Challenge facility in Huntsville, Alabama.[68]
- 160666 – Western Aerospace Museum, Oakland, California. Originally delivered to VF-111 in 1978, subsequently reassigned to NAVAIR test duties, permanently modified for development of follow-on avionics and weapons systems.[69]
- 160684 – Pima Air and Space Museum, adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB, Tucson, Arizona. Repainted in its original markings as "NL 211" of VF-111 aboard USS KITTY HAWK (CV-63), as this particular aircraft appeared in its initial operational squadron service, c. 1978–1981.[70]
- 160694 – USS Lexington Museum, Corpus Christi, Texas. Painted with Hi-Vis markings of VF-103 "Jolly Rogers". Aircraft is on loan from the National Museum of Naval Aviation at NAS Pensacola, Florida.[71]
- 160889 – Pacific Coast Air Museum at Charles M. Schulz Sonoma County Airport, Santa Rosa, California.[72]
- 160898 – Palm Springs Air Museum, Palm Springs, California.[73]
- 160902 – Grumman Memorial Park, Calverton, New York.[74]
- 160903 – Mid-America Air Museum, Liberal Mid-America Regional Airport, Liberal, Kansas.[75]
- 160909 – Dobbins Air Reserve Base, Atlanta, Georgia.[76]
- 160914 – Willmar Municipal Airport, Wilmar, Minnesota[77]
- 160925 – on display at Eisenhower Park, WaKeeney, Kansas[78]
- 161134 – Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum, Space Coast Regional Airport, Titusville, Florida.[79]
- 161598 – Tulsa Air and Space Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma. It has VF-41 "Black Aces" markings.[80]
- 161860 – Aviation Museum of Kentucky
- 162591 – United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, transferred from Quonset Air Museum, North Kingstown, Rhode Island.[81]
- 162592 – Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Simi Valley, California.[82]
- 162608 – Southern Museum of Flight, Birmingham, Alabama.[83]
- 162689 – يوإسإس Hornet (CV-12), USS Hornet Museum, former Naval Air Station Alameda, Alameda, California.[84]
- 162694 – MAPS Air Museum, North Canton, Ohio.[85]
- 162710 – National Naval Aviation Museum, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.[86]
- F-14B
- 157986 – يوإسإس Intrepid (CV-11), Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum, Manhattan, New York. 7th Tomcat built, retained as research and development airframe.[87]
- 161422 – Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum[88]
- 161605 – Wings of Eagles Discovery Center/National Warplane Museum, Horseheads, New York.[89]
- 161615 – Combat Air Museum, Topeka, Kansas.[90]
- 161620 – Selfridge Military Air Museum, Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Mount Clemens, Michigan.[91]
- 161623 – Patuxent River Naval Air Museum, Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Lexington Park, Maryland. It is a former VX-23 flight test squadron aircraft.[92]
- 162912 – Grissom Air Museum, Grissom Air Reserve Base (former Grissom AFB), Indiana.[93]
- 162916 – Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Post 8896 – Richard R. Gross Post, East Berlin, Pennsylvania.[94]
- 162926 – New England Air Museum, Windsor Locks, Connecticut.[95]
- 162911 – Estrella Warbird Museum, Paso Robles, California.[96]
- F-14D(R)
- 159600 – OV-10 Bronco Museum, Fort Worth, Texas. On loan from the National Museum of Naval Aviation, NAS Pensacola, Florida. Nicknamed "Christine", it was the longest-serving F-14 Tomcat in U.S. Navy. Remanufactured from F-14A to F-14D(R) configuration, it was originally built in 1976 and made the final combat deployment/cruise of the F-14 in 2006.[97]
- 159610 – Smithsonian National Air & Space Museum, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, Chantilly, Virginia. This F-14 was one of those involved in the second Gulf of Sidra incident.[98]
- 159619 – Florida Air Museum at Sun 'n Fun, Lakeland Linder International Airport, Lakeland, Florida.[99]
- 161159 – National Naval Aviation Museum, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. Completed the last combat flight and the last combat carrier arrested landing (trap) by a U.S. Navy F-14.[100]
- 161163 – Prairie Aviation Museum, Bloomington, Illinois. Depot Level Conversion performed September 1991. Retired as MODEX 205 of Fighter Squadron 213 (VF-213), Black Lions.[101]
- 161166 – Carolinas Aviation Museum, Charlotte, North Carolina.[102]
- 162595 – Naval Test Wing Atlantic, Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland.[103]
- F-14D
- 163893 – main gate, Arnold Engineering and Development Center, Arnold AFB, Tennessee.[104]
- 163897 – Aerospace Museum of California, McClellan Airfield (former McClellan AFB and current Coast Guard Air Station Sacramento), Sacramento, California.[105]
- 163902 – Hickory Aviation Museum at Hickory Regional Airport, Hickory, North Carolina. VF-31 Tomcatters aircraft Modex number 107; flew the F-14 retirement ceremony with LCDR Chris Richard and LT Mike Petronis at the controls.[106]
- 163904 – Pacific Aviation Museum, Ford Island, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii.[107]
- 164342 – Wings Over Miami, Miami, Florida.[108]
- 164343 – Evergreen Aviation Museum, McMinnville, Oregon.[109]
- 164346 – Virginia Aviation Museum, Richmond, Virginia. On loan from National Museum of Naval Aviation, Pensacola, Florida. Last Tomcat to operationally trap aboard a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier.[110]
- 164350 – Joe Davies Heritage Airpark at Palmdale Plant 42, Palmdale, California.[111]
- 164601 – Castle Air Museum at former Castle AFB, Atwater, California.[112]
- 164603 – Grumman Headquarters, Bethpage, New York. Felix 101 from VF-31 is the last Tomcat to fly in U.S. Navy service. Final flight was from NAS Oceana, Virginia to the American Airpower Museum at Republic Airport Long Island, New York on 4 October 2006 where it was displayed for a year and a half before being moved to Grumman Plant 25.[113]
- 164604 – NAS Oceana Memorial Park, Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia. Last F-14 manufactured, assigned to VX-4, later VX-9, at Naval Air Station Point Mugu, California during its operational service and used the callsign "Vandy 1".[114]
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Specifications (F-14D)
البيانات من U.S. Navy file,[1] Spick,[115] M.A.T.S.,[116] Flight International March 1985[117]
المواصفات العامة
- الطاقم: 2 (Pilot and Radar Intercept Officer)
- الطول: 62 ft 9 in (19.13 m)
- الباع: 64 ft 1.5 in (19.545 m)
- Swept wingspan: 38 ft 2.5 in (11.646 m) swept
- الارتفاع: 16 ft (4.9 m)
- مساحة الجناح: 565 sq ft (52.5 m2) wings only
- 1,008 sq ft (94 m2) effective area including fuselage[118]
- المنساب الهوائي:
- Grumman (1.74)(35)9.6)-(1.1)(30)(1.1) root
- Grumman (1.27)(30)(9.0)-(1.1)(40)(1.1) tip[119]
- الوزن الفارغ: 43,735 lb (19,838 kg)
- الوزن الإجمالي: 61,000 lb (27,669 kg)
- وزن الإقلاع الأقصى: 74,350 lb (33,725 kg)
- سعة الوقود: 16,200 lb (7,348 kg) internal fuel; 2 × optional 267 US gal (222 imp gal; 1,010 L) / 1,756 lb (797 kg) external tanks[115]
- Powerplant: 2 × General Electric F110-GE-400 afterburning turbofans, 16,610 lbf (73.9 kN) thrust each dry, 28,200 lbf (125 kN) with afterburner[N 1]
الأداء
- السرعة القصوى: Mach 2.34 (1,544 mph, 2,485 km/h) at altitude
- المدى: 1,600 nmi (1,800 mi, 3,000 km)
- المدى القتالي: 500 nmi (580 mi, 930 km)
- سقف الخدمة: 53,000 ft (16,000 m) plus
- g limits: +7.5[N 2]
- Rate of climb: 45,000 ft/min (230 m/s) plus
- Wing loading: 96 lb/sq ft (470 kg/m2) [116]
- 48 lb/sq ft (230 kg/m2) effective[118]
- Thrust/weight: 0.92 at gross weight (1.07 with loaded weight & 50% internal fuel)
Armament
- Guns: 1× 20 mm (0.787 in) M61A1 Vulcan 6-barreled Gatling cannon, with 675 rounds
- Hardpoints: 10 total: 6× under-fuselage, 2× under nacelles and 2× on wing gloves[121][N 3] with a capacity of 14,500 lb (6,600 kg) of ordnance and fuel tanks[122]
- Rockets:
- 7x LAU-10 rocket pods (for a total of 28 rockets)
- Others:
- Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance Pod System (TARPS)
- LANTIRN Targeting System (LTS) pod (AN/AAQ-14)
- 2× 267 US gal (1,010 L; 222 imp gal) drop tanks for extended range/loitering time
- Missiles:
- Air-to-air missiles: AIM-54 Phoenix, AIM-7 Sparrow, AIM-9 Sidewinder
- Loading configurations:
- 2× AIM-9 + 6× AIM-54 (Rarely used due to weight stress on airframe)
- 2× AIM-9 + 2× AIM-54 + 3× AIM-7 (Most common load during Cold War era)
- 2× AIM-9 + 4× AIM-54 + 2× AIM-7
- 2× AIM-9 + 6× AIM-7
- 4× AIM-9 + 4× AIM-54
- 4× AIM-9 + 4× AIM-7
- Bombs:
- JDAM precision-guided munition (PGMs)
- Paveway series of laser-guided bombs
- Mk 80 series of unguided iron bombs
- Mk 20 Rockeye II
Avionics
- Hughes AN/APG-71 radar
- AN/ASN-130 Inertial navigation system, Infrared search and track, AAX-1 TCS
- Remotely Operated Video Enhanced Receiver (ROVER) upgrade
Tomcat logo
The Tomcat logo design came when Grumman's Director of Presentation Services, Dick Milligan, and one of his artists, Grumman employee Jim Rodriguez, were asked for a logo by Grumman's Director of Business Development and former Blue Angels No. 5 pilot, Norm Gandia.[123] Per Rodriguez, "He asked me to draw a lifelike Tomcat wearing boxing gloves and trunks sporting a six-shooter on his left side; where the guns are located on the F-14, along with two tails." The Cat was drawn up after a tabby cat was sourced and used for photographs, and named "Tom". The logo has gone through many variations, including one for the then–Imperial Iranian Air Force F-14, called "Ali-cat". The accompanying slogan "Anytime Baby!" was developed by Norm Gandia as a challenge to the U.S. Air Force's McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle.[123][124]
Notable appearances in media
The Grumman F-14 Tomcat was central to the 1986 film Top Gun.[125][126][127] The aviation-themed film was such a success in creating interest in naval aviation that the US Navy, which assisted with the film, set up recruitment desks outside some theaters.[128] Producers paid the US Navy US$886٬000 ($1٬914٬550 in 2024) as reimbursement for flight time of aircraft in the film with an F-14 billed at US$7٬600 ($16٬423 in 2024) per flight hour.[129][130]
Two F-14As of VF-84 from the USS Nimitz were featured in the 1980 film The Final Countdown,[131] with four from the squadron in the 1996 release Executive Decision,[132] the Jolly Rogers' final film appearance before being disestablished. The military legal drama TV series JAG (1995–2005) featured lead character Harmon Rabb, a Tomcat pilot-turned-lawyer.[125]
Multiple F-14s are featured in the 2008 documentary "Speed and Angels", featuring the story of two young Navy recruits working to achieve their dream of becoming F-14 fighter pilots.[133]
See also
تطورات ذات صلة
طائرات شبيهة
- Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
- McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25
- Panavia Tornado ADV
- Sukhoi Su-33
قوائم ذات صلة
References
Notes
- ^ These figures are static, sea-level uninstalled thrust. Static, sea-level installed thrust is 13,800 lbf (61 kN) at military power and 23,600 lbf (105 kN) in full afterburner. At Mach 0.9 at sea-level, installed thrust is 30,200 lbf (134 kN) in full afterburner.[120]
- ^ The g limit was operationally limited by the U.S. Navy to +6.5 g to increase service life.
- ^ The hardpoints between nacelles include two on centerline plus four others next to nacelles. Points between nacelles can only carry a maximum of four missiles at one time. Each wing glove can carry one large pylon for larger missiles, with one rail on the outboard side of the pylon for a Sidewinder.
Citations
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- ^ Cooper, Tom and Farzad Bishop. Iranian F-14 Tomcat Units in Combat, p. 84. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1 84176 787 5.
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- ^ Cooper, Tom and Bishop, Farzad, "Iranian F-14 Tomcat Units in Combat"
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- ^ Cooper and Bishop, p. 84.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 يوليو 2009. Retrieved 23 سبتمبر 2009.
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buno 162591 visible in photo
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Bibliography
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وصلات خارجية
![](/w/images/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- F-14 U.S. Navy fact file (Archive) and F-14 U.S. Navy history page
- F-14 page on NASA Langley site
- Joe Baugher's Website on Grumman F-14 Tomcat
- F-14 Tomcat Reference Work, Home of M.A.T.S.
- A music video by F-14 pilot from VF-31 while tanking for the last time with a KC-135, titled "Boom Operator" at YouTube, recorded 7 February 2006.
- CS1 الإنجليزية البريطانية-language sources (en-gb)
- مقالات بالمعرفة تحتاج تمحيص الحقائق from August 2019
- جميع الصفحات التي تحتاج تمحيص حقائق
- Articles with dead external links from October 2010
- Short description with empty Wikidata description
- Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page
- Use dmy dates from September 2019
- Aircraft specs templates using more power parameter
- Aircraft specs templates using afterburner without dry parameter
- Articles with إيطالية-language sources (it)
- Grumman aircraft
- 1970s United States fighter aircraft
- Twinjets
- High-wing aircraft
- Variable-sweep-wing aircraft
- Carrier-based aircraft
- مقالات تحتوي مقاطع ڤيديو
- Aircraft first flown in 1970
- Fourth-generation jet fighter
- Twin-tail aircraft