منفى

من أجل استخدامات أخرى، انظر منفى (توضيح).

دانته في المنفى بريشة فنان مجهول.

المنفى ، أو النفي ، هو إبعاد شخص ما عن موطنه (مدينته، دولته، بلدته) ويكون هناك عقاب بالسجن أو الاعدام إذا ما رجع الشخص إلى موطنه. وهو أحد أشكال العقاب.^[1]

كان النفي نوعا شائعًا من العقوبات على الجرائم والمخالفات السياسية في فلسطين القديمة وبلاد الإغريق وروما. وكانت الحروب الأهلية تتسبب غالبًا في النفي لزعماء الجانب المهزوم.

أما في الأزمنة الحديثة فإن كثيرًا من الدول قد أرسلت المجرمين والمعارضين والسياسيين إلى أماكن نائية في بلادها. فقد أرسلت بريطانيا مجرميها إلى المستعمرات الأمريكية وأستراليا لكي تقدم مصدرًا للعمل لتنمية الأراضي الجديدة. ومعظم المنفيين أناس هربوا من بلادهم لأنهم كانوا مهددين من قبل حكوماتهم المستبدة هناك.

ومن المواضيع المفضلة في الأدب موضوع الحنين إلى الوطن. وكثير من الشعراء أمضوا جزءًا من حياتهم في المنفى، ولقد عبَّروا عن حنينهم لوطنهم. ^[2]

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النفي الشخصي

النفي الداخلي

Prince Menshikov in Beryozovo, Siberia

النفي الشخصي في الأدب

حكومات في المنفى

أمم في المنفى

ضريبة النفي

النفي في الترجيديا الاغريقية

مشاهير تم نفيهم

Assata Shakur is a Black Panther activist who escaped from prison in the US in 1979 and has been in self-exile in Cuba since 1984.
Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus and exiled by him from Rome until her death (2 to 14 or 15).
Seneca the Younger, exiled from Rome 41-49 by Caligula
Charlie Chaplin, in self-exile from the [United States] 1952-1972 to Switzerland
The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso self-exiled to الهند from Tibet in 1959.
Pablo Neruda, 1948-1952 in Spain
Bahadur Shah Zafar, last Mughal King exiled to Rangoon after 1857.
Wajid Ali Shah, last King of Awadh exiled to Calcutta.
Abd el-Krim, the Riffian guerilla leader, exiled from Morocco to the island of Réunion (a French territory).
Manuel Altolaguirre, exiled from Spain, to Cuba and Mexico.
Michel Aoun, exiled from Lebanon, to فرنسا, returned in May 2005
Reinaldo Arenas exiled from Cuba, to United States
Nawaz Sharif exiled from Pakistan, to Saudi Arabia and then moved to إنگلترة and some other countries.
Muhammad exiled from Mecca in 622 to Medina. Returned to Mecca 8 years later.
Mirza Tahir Ahmad 4th Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, exiled from Pakistan in 1984, died in London in 2003
Shahbaz Sharif exiled from Pakistan, to Saudi Arabia.
Aloysius Ambrozic
Regent of Hungary, Miklós Horthy exiled Cascais, Portugal
Umberto II, King of Italy exiled to Portugal
Jean-Bertrand Aristide, exiled from Haiti, to Venezuela and United States (1990-1994), and then to Central African Republic and South Africa (2004-present)
Miguel Ángel Asturias exiled from Guatemala to France
Francisco Ayala, exiled from Spain to الأرجنتين
Michel Bakunin, fled from Russia
Emperor Bao Dai of Vietnam
Paul Robeson, American singer, lived the latter part of his life in exile in the Soviet Union.
Crown Prince Bao Long of Vietnam
Saint Thomas à Becket, fled to France
Gioconda Belli, exiled from Nicaragua, to Mexico
Napoleon I exiled from France to Elba and, later, St Helena
Napoleon III went into exile in England.
King Kigeli V of Rwanda exiled from Rwanda to Uganda and, later, received political asylum to live in the United States
Andrej Bajuk
Willy Brandt exiled to Norway and Sweden, during the Nazi era
Bertolt Brecht
Breyten Breytenbach
Joseph Brodsky, exiled from الاتحاد السوڤيتي to United States
Lord Byron, self-exiled from United Kingdom, to Italy and Ottoman Empire
Pau Casals, self-exiled during the Spanish Civil War, vowing not to return before democracy was restored in Spain. He died in exile, in 1973. Francisco Franco died in 1975, restoring the monarchy, which became constitutional by degrees.
Alejo Carpentier, exiled from Cuba to Haiti and Venezuela
Frédéric Chopin, exiled from Poland to France
Marcus Tullius Cicero, exiled in 58 BC in a political controversy that involved his execution of six members of a conspiracy to overthrow the Roman Republic. He was recalled a year later to cheering crowds.
El Cid, banned from Castile, served other Iberian kings ending with the conquest of Valencia
Dante Alighieri, Medieval Itialian poet and author of the Divine Comedy, Sentenced to two years of Exile and forced to pay a fine when the Black Guelfs took control of Florence. However Dante could not pay his fine because he was staying at Rome at the request of Pope Boniface VIII and was considered to be an absconder and sentenced to permanent exile.
Nadia Comăneci, famous Romanian gymnast, self-exiled to United States
Lluís Companys, exiled from Catalonia, Spain to France in 1939 after the Spanish Civil War
Gustave Courbet, French painter, died in political exile from France
Celia Cruz, exiled from Cuba to United States
Humberto Delgado, exiled from Portugal to البرازيل and Algeria
Porfirio Díaz, exiled from Mexico to France
Ariel Dorfman, exiled from Chile, to United States
Du Fu
Jean-Claude Duvalier, exiled from Haiti to France
Albert Einstein self-exiled from Germany to the United States
Farinelli self exiled from Italy to Spain
Lion Feuchtwanger,
Sigmund Freud self exiled from Austria to United Kingdom
Alberto Fujimori, exiled from Peru to Japan
Manuel Zelaya, exiled from Honduras to Costa Rica
Eduardo Galeano, exiled from Uruguay to الأرجنتين and Spain
Garibaldi exiled to South America
Francisco de Goya exiled to Bordeaux as afrancesado
Jorge Guillén
Heinrich Heine
Victor Hugo exiled from France to the Channel Islands
Juan Ramón Jiménez, fled to United States, Cuba, and finally to پوِرتو ريكو
Arthur Koestler
Kim Dae-jung
Idi Amin, exiled to Libya, and Saudi Arabia until his death.
Konstantinos Karamanlis
روح الله الخميني, نفي من إيران إلى تركيا, ثم منها إلى العراق. ومنها إلى فرنسا
Pavel Kohout
Milan Komar
Jan Amos Komenský
Tadeusz Kościuszko
Lajos Kossuth
Prince Norodom Sihanouk, exiled from Cambodia to China and North Korea twice.
Peter Kropotkin
لنين نفي إختياريا في سويسرا
Lotte Lehmann
Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio (Spain's equivalent to Shakespeare) exiled 8 years from Castille for slander.
Fernão Lopez self-exile to Saint Helena
La Lupe, to پوِرتو ريكو and United States
Heinrich Mann self-exile to Switzerland and to the United States
Thomas Mann self-exile to Switzerland and to the United States, moved back to Switzerland
Ferdinand Marcos self-exiled from الفلپين to هاوائي
كارل ماركس نفي إختياريا من ألمانيا إلى بريطانيا العظمى
José Martí
Giuseppe Mazzini
Rigoberta Menchú, exiled from Guatemala, to Mexico
Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov
Ezekiel Mphahlele, exiled from South Africa to Kenya, Zambia and United States
Adam Mickiewicz
Mobutu Sese Seko
Mireya Moscoso, fled to Spain
Kwame Nkrumah exiled from Ghana to Guinea
Juan Carlos Onetti exiled from Uruguay to Spain until his death
Ovid
Shahrnush Parsipur, exiled from Iran to the الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
Víctor Paz Estenssoro, exiled from Bolivia to الأرجنتين, Perú
Carlos Andrés Pérez, exiled from Venezuela, to Colombia, Costa Rica, and United States
Marcos Pérez Jiménez, exiled from Venezuela to United States and Spain
Juan Perón exiled from الأرجنتين to Paraguay and Spain
Saint-John Perse exiled from Vichy France to United States
Bob Powell
Ferenc Puskás from Hungary to Spain
Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre, fled to Mexico
Franc Rode
Romain Rolland, fled to Switzerland
Wilhelm Röpke fled Germany during Nazi rule
Prince Sauryavong Savang, lives in exile in Paris, France
Crown Prince Soulivong Savang, lives in exile in Paris, France
Jorge Semprún, exiled from Spain, to France
Costas Simitis, exiled from Greece, to Germany
Prince Mangkra Souvannaphouma, lives in exile in Paris, France
Prince Nguyen Phuc Buu Chanh of Vietnam, lives in exile in the United States
Prince Hso Khan Pha lives in exile in Canada
Fernando Savater
Benjamin Seheneexiled from Rwanda to Uganda and, later,to Canada
Emperor Amha Selassie I, lived in exile in Switzerland and Great Britain and United States.
Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia
Crown Prince Zera Yacob Amha Selassie lived in exile in Djibouti, Israel, Great Britain, and United States
Juliusz Slowacki
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn exiled from the الاتحاد السوڤيتي, returned after the fall of Communism
Mário Soares
Wole Soyinka
Alfredo Stroessner exile from Paraguay to البرازيل
Sun Yat-sen
Oliver Tambo
Leon Trotsky, exiled to Siberia, and later to Turkey, France, Norway and Mexico
Xiao Qiang, exiled from China, to United States
Miguel de Unamuno confined to Fuerteventura, fled to France.
Clement Vallandigham, exiled to the Confederate States of America, to Bermuda, then Canada
Caetano Veloso, exiled from البرازيل to United Kingdom
Bruno Walter
Wilhelm II of Prussia and Germany, exiled from Prussia and Germany to The Netherlands
Mohammad Zaher Shah exile from Afghanistan to Italy
Nicholas I of Montenegro
Carlos Salinas de Gortari self-exiled to Ireland
The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, by virtue of his marriage to Wallis Simpson and his falling-out with the Royal Family and his brother King George VI, to France
John Calvin, exiled from Switzerland to France, but later let back into Switzerland, due to change in government
Hector Gramajo, fled the United States to avoid facing charges filed under the Torture Victim Protection Act
Cesar Vallejo, fled from Peru to France in fear of further incarceration by the government. He would spend the rest of his life in France, mainly, Paris.
Benazir Bhutto, exiled from Pakistan to Dubai
Taslima Nasrin, exiled from Bangladesh to الهند, then Sweden
Andres Eloy Blanco, exiled from Venezuela to Mexico until his death in 1955.

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شخصيات تاريخية في المنفى

قالب:Fictionrefs

Omnius, an artificial intelligence, is banished forever to an alternate universe in the final novel in the Dune series of science fiction works.
Yoda went into self exile after the Great Jedi Purge in Episode III of Star Wars.
In Dragon Quest VIII: Journey of the Cursed King, after defeating Sir Leopold, the player's party are blamed by Captain Marcello for an attempted assassination of the Lord High Priest, causing High Priest Rolo and the player's party to be subsequently banished to Purgatory Island.
In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is exiled to Mantua after killing Tybalt.
Lord Voldemort goes to self exile in Albania after losing his physical form in Godric's Hollow in 1981.
Ender Wiggin is exiled from Earth after winning the Bugger War in the Orson Scott Card book Ender's Game.
In the book The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien, Aragorn is the heir in exile to the throne of Gondor.
In the television series Avatar: The Last Airbender, Prince Zuko is exiled from the Fire Nation by his father, and tasked with finding the Avatar.
Chancellor Sutler is in self-exile in the film V for Vendetta.
In the British sci-fi TV series Doctor Who, The Doctor was exiled to Earth by his own people, the Time Lords for interfering in the affairs of other planets. He was also forced to regenerate in order to help conceal his identity. All this happened in the 1969 story The War Games. This was the last Doctor Who story to feature Patrick Troughton as the Doctor. He was eventually forgiven by his own people and allowed to roam the Universe again in the 1972-73 adventure The Three Doctors, by this time starring Jon Pertwee as the Doctor.
In the TV series 24, Jack Bauer went into self-exile, after being threatened with being extradited for torture in a Chinese prison camp following the events of Season 4.
Oedipus went into self exile after finding out that he had killed his father and slept with his mother (Sophocles)
Medea sent herself into exile to follow Jason into Corinth (Euripedes).
Agave went into self exile after killing her son Pentheus (Euripedes)
Thyestes was sent into exile after raping his brother's wife (Aeschylus)
Orestes was sent into exile by his mother Clytaemnestra but returned to kill her in the garb of a stranger (Aeschylus)
Simba, shortly after his father's death went into exile from the Pridelands for much of his childhood and teenage life in The Lion King. He later returns to avenge his father's death and take his rightful place as king of the Pridelands.
Jim Halpert of NBC's The Office went into self exile from Dunder Mifflin Scranton and relocated to Stamford when Pam was going to marry Roy.
A Dwarven Clan Chief in Brisingr was exiled from the Dwarven Land when he attempted to assassinate Eragon.
Leiji Matsumoto's Captain Harlock is depicted in several stories as being branded a pirate and exiled from Earth by the government; most notably in Arcadia of My Youth.