پالية
پالي Pāli | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
पाऴि Pāḷi | ||||
النطق | [paːli] | |||
تـُستخدم في | سري لانكا, ميانمار, تايلاند, كمبوديا, لاوس, ڤيتنام, الهند, نيبال, بنگلادش | |||
انقراض اللغة | No native speakers, used as a literary and liturgical language only | |||
عائلة لغات | هندو-أوروبية
| |||
نظام الكتابة | No native script; it can be written in various scripts such as Bengali, Burmese, Devanāgarī, Khmer, Lao, Roman Alphabet, Sinhala, Thai, Lanna | |||
أكواد اللغة | ||||
ISO 639-1 | pi | |||
ISO 639-2 | pli | |||
ISO 639-3 | pli | |||
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الپالية هي لغة هندية قديمة وتعتبر تطورا للغة الپراكريتية، وهي اللغة التي كتب بها أقدم ما وصل إلينا من الأدب البوذي.
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Phonology
Vowels
Height | Backness | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Central | Back | ||
High | i [i]
ī [iː] |
u [u]
ū [uː] | ||
Mid | e [e], [eː] | a [ɐ] | o [o], [oː] | |
Low | ā [aː] |
Consonants
The table below lists the consonants of Pāli. In bold is the letter in traditional romanisation, in brackets is its IPA pronunciation.
Place of articulation | Manner of articulation | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stops | Approximants | Fricatives | ||||||||||
Voiceless | Voiced | Non-laterals | Laterals | |||||||||
Unaspirated | Aspirated | Unaspirated | Aspirated | Nasal | Unaspirated | Aspirated | Unaspirated | Aspirated | ||||
Velars | k [k] | kh [kʰ] | g [ɡ] | gh [ɡʱ] | ṅ [ŋ] | |||||||
Palatals | c [tʃ] | ch[tʃʰ] | j [dʒ] | jh [dʒʱ] | ñ [ɲ] | y [j] | ||||||
Retroflex | ṭ [ʈ] | ṭh [ʈʰ] | ḍ [ɖ] | ḍh [ɖʱ] | ṇ [ɳ] | r[ɻ] | ḷ [ɭ] | ḷh [ɭʱ] | ||||
Dentals | t [t̪] | th [t̪ʰ] | d [d̪] | dh [d̪ʱ] | n [n̪] | |||||||
Alveolars | l [l] | s [s] | ||||||||||
Bilabials | p [p] | ph [pʰ] | b [b] | bh [bʱ] | m [m] | |||||||
Labiodentals | v [ʋ] | |||||||||||
Glottals | h [h] |
a-stems
a-stems, whose uninflected stem ends in short a (/ə/), are either masculine or neuter. The masculine and neuter forms differ only in the nominative, vocative, and accusative cases.
Masculine (loka- "world") | Neuter (yāna- "carriage") | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | loko | lokā | yānaṃ | yānāni |
Vocative | loka | |||
Accusative | lokaṃ | loke | ||
Instrumental | lokena | lokehi | yānena | yānehi |
Ablative | lokā (lokamhā, lokasmā; lokato) | yānā (yānamhā, yānasmā; yānato) | ||
Dative | lokassa (lokāya) | lokānaṃ | yānassa (yānāya) | yānānaṃ |
Genitive | lokassa | yānassa | ||
Locative | loke (lokasmiṃ) | lokesu | yāne (yānasmiṃ) | yānesu |
ā-stems
Nouns ending in ā (/aː/) are almost always feminine.
Feminine (kathā- "story") | ||
---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | kathā | kathāyo |
Vocative | kathe | |
Accusative | kathaṃ | |
Instrumental | kathāya | kathāhi |
Ablative | ||
Dative | kathānaṃ | |
Genitive | ||
Locative | kathāya, kathāyaṃ | kathāsu |
i-stems and u-stems
i-stems and u-stems are either masculine or neuter. The masculine and neuter forms differ only in the nominative and accusative cases. The vocative has the same form as the nominative.
Masculine (isi- "seer") | Neuter (akkhi- "eye") | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | isi | isayo, isī | akkhi, akkhiṃ | akkhī, akkhīni |
Vocative | ||||
Accusative | isiṃ | |||
Instrumental | isinā | isihi, isīhi | akkhinā | akkhihi, akkhīhi |
Ablative | isinā, isito | akkhinā, akkhito | ||
Dative | isino | isinaṃ, isīnaṃ | akkhino | akkhinaṃ, akkhīnaṃ |
Genitive | isissa, isino | akkhissa, akkhino | ||
Locative | isismiṃ | isisu, isīsu | akkhismiṃ | akkhisu, akkhīsu |
Masculine (bhikkhu- "monk") | Neuter (cakkhu- "eye") | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | bhikkhu | bhikkhavo, bhikkhū | cakkhu, cakkhuṃ | cakkhūni |
Vocative | ||||
Accusative | bhikkhuṃ | |||
Instrumental | bhikkhunā | bhikkhūhi | cakkhunā | cakkhūhi |
Ablative | ||||
Dative | bhikkhuno | bhikkhūnaṃ | cakkhuno | cakkhūnaṃ |
Genitive | bhikkhussa, bhikkhuno | bhikkhūnaṃ, bhikkhunnaṃ | cakkhussa, cakkhuno | cakkhūnaṃ, cakkhunnaṃ |
Locative | bhikkhusmiṃ | bhikkhūsu | cakkhusmiṃ | cakkhūsu |
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المصادر
ديورانت, ول; ديورانت, أرييل. قصة الحضارة. ترجمة بقيادة زكي نجيب محمود.
المراجع
- See entries for "Pali" (written by K. R. Norman of the Pali Text Society) and "India--Buddhism" in The Concise Encyclopedia of Language and Religion, (Sawyer ed.) ISBN 0080431674
- Warder, A.K. (1991). Introduction to Pali (third edition ed.). Pali Text Society. ISBN 0860131971.
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has extra text (help) - de Silva, Lily (1994). Pali Primer (first edition ed.). Vipassana Research Institute Publications. ISBN 817414014X.
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has extra text (help) - Müller, Edward (1884,1995). Simplified Grammar of the Pali Language. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120611039.
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قراءات اضافية
- Gupta, K. M. (2006). Linguistic approach to meaning in Pali. New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan. ISBN 8175741708
- Müller, E. (2003). The Pali language: a simplified grammar. Trubner's collection of simplified grammars. London: Trubner. ISBN 1844530019
- Oberlies, T., & Pischel, R. (2001). Pāli: a grammar of the language of the Theravāda Tipiṭaka. Indian philology and South Asian studies, v. 3. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3110167638
- Hazra, K. L. (1994). Pāli language and literature: a systematic survey and historical study. Emerging perceptions in Buddhist studies, no. 4-5. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld. ISBN 812460004X
- American National Standards Institute. (1979). American National Standard system for the romanization of Lao, Khmer, and Pali. New York: The Institute.
- Soothill, W. E., & Hodous, L. (1937). A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms: with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.
انظر أيضاً
وصلات خارجية
- Pāli-English dictionary
- Buddhist India by T.W. Rhys Davids, chapter IX, Language and Literature
- Pāli at Ethnologue
- Pali.dk - A newly started project aimed at creating free online Pāli dictionaries and educational resources.
- Pali Text Society
- [1] Free searchable online database of Pali literature, including the whole Canon
- Resources for reading & writing Pāli in indigenous scripts: Burmese, Sri Lankan, & Cambodian
- Complete Pāli Canon in romanized Pali and Sinhala, mostly also in English translation
- Pāli Canon selection
- A guide to learning the Pāli language
- A textbook to teach yourself Pali (by Narada Thera)
- A reference work on the grammar of the Pali language (by G Duroiselle)
- "Pali Primer" by Lily De Silva (requires installation of special fonts)
- "Pali Primer" by Lily De Silva (UTF-8 encoded)
- Free/Public-Domain Elementary Pāli Course--PDF format
- Free/Public-Domain Pāli Course--html format
- Free/Public-Domain Pāli Grammar (in PDF file)
- Free/Public-Domain Pāli Buddhist Dictionary (in PDF file)
- Comprehensive list of Pāli texts on Wikisource
- Buddhist Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names, HTML version of the book by G.P. Malalasekera, 1937-8
- Pāli Text Reader (software)
- Jain Scriptures
- Pali help at Help.com Wiki
- "A Course in the Pali Language," audio lectures by Bhikkhu Bodhi based on Gair & Karunatilleke (1998).