كوردل هل

"سناتور هل" redirects here. For other uses, see سناتور هل (توضيح).

كوردِل هـَل
Cordell Hull
وزير الخارجية الأمريكي رقم 47
في المنصب 4 مارس 1933 – 30 نوفمبر 1944
الرئيس	فرانكلين روزڤلت
Deputy	William Phillips (1933-1936) سمنر ولز (1936-1943) Edward Stettinius, Jr. (1943-1944)
سبقه	هنري ستمسون
خلـَفه	إدوارد ستتنيوس، الأصغر
سناتور أمريكي from تنسي
في المنصب March 4, 1931 – March 3, 1933
سبقه	William Emerson Brock
خلـَفه	Nathan L. Bachman
17th Chairman of the Democratic National Committee
في المنصب 1921–1924
سبقه	George White
خلـَفه	Clem L. Shaver
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from تنسي's 4th district
في المنصب March 4, 1923 – March 3, 1931
سبقه	Wynne F. Clouse
خلـَفه	جون ر. ميتشل
في المنصب March 4, 1907 – March 3, 1921
سبقه	Mounce Gore Butler
خلـَفه	Wynne F. Clouse
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد	(1871-10-02)أكتوبر 2, 1871 Olympus, Tennessee, الولايات المتحدة
توفي	يوليو 23, 1955(1955-07-23) (aged 83) واشنطن العاصمة، الولايات المتحدة
المثوى	Washington National Cathedral
الحزب	الديمقراطي
الزوج	Rose Frances (Witz) Whitney ​ ​ (m. 1917; died 1954)​
المدرسة الأم	National Normal University مدرسة حقوق كمبرلاند (LLB)
المهنة	سياسي، محامي
الجوائز	جائزة نوبل للسلام
التوقيع
الخدمة العسكرية
الولاء	United States
الفرع/الخدمة	Tennessee Volunteer Infantry
الرتبة	Captain
المعارك/الحروب	الحرب الاسبانية الأمريكية

كوردل هل Cordell Hull (ع 1871-1955م). رجل دولة أمريكي، حصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام عام 1945م لجهوده من أجل السلام، بينما كان يشغل منصب وزير خارجية الولايات المتحدة منذ عام 1933 حتى عام 1944م. ومن بين أكبر منجزاته أنه جعل سياسة حُسن الجوار بين الولايات المتحدة ودول أمريكا اللاتينية ذات جدوى. وقد حقق معاهدات تجارية أدت إلى ترابط بين جميع الشعوب الأمريكية.

حاول هَلْ كذلك أن يتجنب الحرب في المحيط الهادئ. فعندما هُوجِمَ بيرل هاربر في عام 1941م، اتهم السفيرين اليابانيين كيتشي سابورو نومورا، وسابورو كوروسو، بخداع اليابان، وكان شخصية رائدة في الدبلوماسية وقت الحرب. وقد تصور هَلْ فكرة إقامة هيئة الأمم المتحدة من أجل السلام. وقبل أن يستقيل في عام 1944م بسبب سوء حالته الصحية، ساعد في استكمال الخطط الأولى المتعلقة بالأمم المتحدة.

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 النشأة

ولد هَلْ في مقاطعة أوفرتن (المعروفة الآن باسم مقاطعة بيكيت)، بولاية تنيسي، وقد تخرج في مدرسة القانون في كمبرلاند، وقدم خدماته في الهيئة التشريعية بتنيسي، وحارب بوصفه قائدًا بارزًا في الحرب الأسبانية ـ الأمريكية، كما كان قاضيًا في المحكمة الطوافة (تنعقد في فترات مختلفة) في تنيسي.

وفي عام 1907م، انتخب هَلْ عضوًا في مجلس نواب الولايات المتحدة، ثم وضع قانون ضريبة الدخل في عام 1913م، كما وضع أيضًا قانون 1916م لضريبة الإرث. وكواحد من أتباع ودرو ولسون، ناصر هل التعريفة المنخفضة كأساس لبناء التعاون الاقتصادي الدولي.

وشغل هَلْ مركز رئيس اللجنة القومية الديمقراطية في العشرينيات من القرن العشرين. كما انتخب عضوًا في مجلس شيوخ الولايات المتحدة في عام 1930م وعندما انعقد مؤتمر 1932م القومي الديمقراطي، عاون في كسب ترشيح فرانكلين د. روزفلت لرئاسة الجمهورية.

 حياته المبكرة والعائلة

Cordell Hull's boyhood home in Olympus, Tennessee

The Davis-Hull House in Carthage, Tennessee. The house was built by merchant Calvin Davis in 1889, and purchased by William Hull (the father of Cordell Hull) in 1906.

Cordell Hull was born in a log cabin in Olympus, Tennessee, which is now part of Pickett County, Tennessee, but was then part of Overton County. He was the third of the five sons of William Paschal Hull (1840–1923) and Mary Elizabeth Hull (née Riley) (1841–1903). His brothers were named Orestes (1868), Sanadius (1870), Wyoming (1875), and Roy (1881).^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

According to John Gunther, Hull's father had tracked down and killed a man because of a blood feud. His mother was a descendant of Isaac Riley, who was granted 200 acres (0.81 km²) in near Byrdstown in Pickett County, for Revolutionary War service, as well as Samuel Wood who emigrated from Leicestershire, England on the ship Hopewell and fought in the Virginia Militia. Hull's mother's family (Riley-Wood) had numerous ancestors who fought in the Revolutionary War. Hull devoted a section in his memoirs "Cabin on the Hill" to dispelling an old rumor that his father was part Cherokee Indian, and subsequent documented family history has confirmed his ancestry.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

Hull attended college from 1889 until 1890. He gave his first speech at the age of 16. At the age of 19, Hull became the elected chairman of the Clay County Democratic Party. Hull studied at National Normal University (later merged with Wilmington College, Ohio) from 1889 until 1890. In 1891, he graduated from Cumberland School of Law at Cumberland University and was admitted to the bar.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

 السيرة المبكرة

Hull served in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1893 until 1897. During the Spanish–American War, he served in Cuba as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Tennessee Volunteer Infantry.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

From 1913 to 1917, Hull served as a local judge; later he was elected to the United States House of Representatives where he served 11 terms (1917–1931 and 1923–1931) totaling 22 years. As a member of the powerful Ways and Means committee, he fought for low tariffs and claimed authorship of the federal income tax laws of 1923 and 1926 and the inheritance tax of 1926. After his defeat in the congressional election of 1920, he served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee. He was one of several candidates for president at the 1928 Democratic National Convention, which ultimately chose Al Smith as nominee. Hull was influential in advising Albert Gore, Sr. to run for the U.S. Congress in 1938. Hull recorded twenty-five years of combined service in the House and the Senate.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

 وزير الخارجية

Signing of the United States-Canada Trade Agreement. Seated, L-R: Cordell Hull, William L. M. King and Franklin D. Roosevelt in Washington, on November 16, 1935.

Japanese Ambassador Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura (left) and Special Envoy Saburō Kurusu (right) meet Hull on 17 November 1941, two weeks before the attack on Pearl Harbor (7 December 1941).

هل مع السفير الصيني ويْ داومينگ في وزارة الخارجية الأمريكية يتبادلان التصديقات على المعاهدة التي ألغت حقوق الولايات المتحدة في مناطق بالصين.

Hull won election to the Senate in 1930, but resigned from it in 1933 to become Secretary of State. Hull became one of Roosevelt's strongest Southern allies during the 1932 presidential campaign.

Roosevelt named him Secretary of State and appointed him to lead the American delegation to the London Economic Conference, which then collapsed when Roosevelt rejected its main plans. In 1943, Hull served as United States delegate to the Moscow Conference. At all times, his main objective was to enlarge foreign trade and lower tariffs. The more important issue of the American role in World War II was handled by Roosevelt who worked through Sumner Welles, the second-ranking official at the State Department. Hull did not attend the summit meetings that Roosevelt had with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. In 1943, Hull finally destroyed Welles's career by threatening to expose his homosexuality.

In a speech in 1937, New York City Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia said that brown-shirted Nazis ought to be featured as the "climax" of a chamber of horrors in the upcoming World's Fair. The Nazi government organ, Der Angriff, called the mayor a "Jewish Ruffian" who had been bribed by Jewish and Communistic agents and was a criminal disguised as an officeholder. In the ensuing exchanges, Hull sent a letter of regret to Berlin for intemperate comments on both sides, but he also explained the principle of freedom of speech. As the response of Nazi propaganda organs rose in pitch to include characterizing American women as "prostitutes," Hull sent a letter of protest to Berlin, which elicited an "explanation" but no apology.

In 1938, Hull engaged in a dialog with Mexican Foreign Minister Eduardo Hay concerning the failure of Mexico to compensate Americans who lost farmlands during agrarian reforms in the late 1920s. He insisted that compensation must be "prompt, adequate and effective". Though the Mexican Constitution guaranteed compensation for expropriation or nationalization, nothing had yet been paid. While Hay admitted Mexico's responsibility, he replied that there is "no rule universally accepted in theory nor carried out in practice which makes obligatory the payment of immediate compensation...."^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} The so-called "Hull formula" has been adopted in many treaties concerning international investment but is still controversial, especially in Latin American countries, which have historically subscribed to the Calvo doctrine, which suggests that compensation is to be decided by the host country and that as long as there is equality between nationals and foreigners and no discrimination, there can be no claim in international law. The tension between the Hull formula and the Calvo doctrine is still important in the law of international investment.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

Hull pursued the "Good Neighbor Policy" with Latin American nations, which has been credited with preventing Nazi subterfuge in that region. Hull and Roosevelt also maintained relations with Vichy France, which Hull credited with allowing General Henri Giraud's forces to join allied forces in the North African campaign against Germany and Italy.

Hull also handled formal statements with foreign governments. Notably he sent the Hull note just prior to the Pearl Harbor attack, which was formally titled "Outline of proposed Basis for Agreement Between The United States and Japan." Hull received news of the attack while he was outside his office. The Japanese ambassador Kichisaburō Nomura and Japan's special envoy Saburō Kurusu were waiting to see Hull with a 14-part message from the Japanese government that officially notified of a breakdown in negotiations. The United States had broken Japanese encryption, and Hull knew the message contents. He blasted the diplomats: "In all my fifty years of public service, I have never seen such a document that was more crowded with infamous falsehood and distortion."

Hull chaired the Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy, which was created in February 1942.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

When the Free French Forces of Charles de Gaulle occupied the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, south of Newfoundland, in December 1941, Hull lodged a very strong protest and went as far as referring to the Gaullist naval forces as "the so-called Free French." His request to have the Vichy governor reinstated was met with strong criticism in the American press: newspapers mocked the "so-called Secretary of State". The islands remained under the Free French until the end of the war. Hull, who always held de Gaulle in disregard, if not detestation, even before the incident, would never cease trying to maneuver against him during the rest of the war.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

 اليهود وحادثة SS سانت لويس

In 1939, Hull advised Roosevelt to reject the SS St. Louis, a German ocean liner carrying 936 Jews seeking asylum from Germany. Hull's decision sent the Jews back to Europe on the eve of the Holocaust. Some historians estimate that 254 of the passengers were ultimately murdered by the Nazis.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

Okay ...there were two conversations on the subject between (Secretary of the Treasury) Morgenthau and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. In the first, 3:17 PM on 5 June 1939, Hull made it clear to Morgenthau that the passengers could not legally be issued U.S. tourist visas as they had no return addresses. Furthermore, Hull made it clear to Morgenthau that the issue at hand was between the Cuban government and the passengers. The U.S., in effect, had no role. In the second conversation at 3:54 PM on June 6, 1939, Morgenthau said they did not know where the ship was and he inquired whether it was "proper to have the Coast Guard look for it". Hull responded by saying that he didn't see any reason why it could not. Hull then informed him that he did not think that Morgenthau would want the search for the ship to get into the newspapers. Morgenthau said "Oh no. No, no. They would just—oh, they might send a plane to do patrol work. There would be nothing in the papers." Hull responded "Oh, that would be all right."

In September 1940, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt maneuvered with another State Department official to bypass Hull's refusal to allow Jewish refugees aboard a Portuguese ship, the SS Quanza, to receive visas to enter the U.S. Through her efforts, the Jewish refugees disembarked on September 11, 1940, in Virginia. In a similar incident, American Jews sought to raise money to prevent the mass murder of Romanian Jews but were blocked by the State Department. "In wartime, in order to send money out of the United States, two government agencies had to sign a simple release—the Treasury Department under Henry Morgenthau and the State Department under Secretary Cordell Hull. Morgenthau signed immediately. The State Department delayed, delayed, and delayed, as more Jews were dying in the Transnistria camps."

In 1940, Jewish representatives in the USA lodged an official complaint against the discriminatory policies the State Department was using against the Jews. The results were fatal: Hull gave strict orders to every USA consulate worldwide forbidding the issuing of visas to Jews ... At the same time a Jewish congressman petitioned Roosevelt, requesting his permission to allow twenty thousand Jewish children from Europe to enter the USA. The President did not respond to the petition.

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 Establishing the United Nations

The 26 United Nations Flags. Seated, left to right: Dr. Francisco Castillo Nájera, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Manuel Quezon, and the U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull in July 1942.

Hull was the underlying force and architect in the creation of the United Nations, as recognized by the 1945 Nobel Prize for Peace, an honor for which Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated him. During World War II, Hull and Roosevelt had worked toward the development of a world organization to prevent a third World War. Hull and his staff drafted the "Charter of the United Nations" in mid-1943.

 السنين اللاحقة

Hull resigned on November 30, 1944, due to failing health. To this day he remains the longest-serving US Secretary of State, having served for eleven years and nine months in the post. Roosevelt described Hull upon his departure as "the one person in all the world who has done his most to make this great plan for peace (the United Nations) an effective fact".^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} The Norwegian Nobel Committee honored Hull with the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 in recognition of his efforts for peace and understanding in the Western Hemisphere, his trade agreements, and his work to establish the United Nations.

In January 1948, Hull published his two-volume memoirs, an excerpt from which appeared in The New York Times.

 الحياة الشخصية والوفاة

At the age of 45, in 1917, Hull married a widow, Rose Frances (Witz) Whitney (1875–1954), of an Austrian Jewish family of Staunton, Virginia. The couple had no children. Mrs. Hull died at age 79, in Staunton, Virginia, in 1954. She is buried in Washington D.C. at Washington National Cathedral.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

Gravesite of Cordell Hull at the St. Joseph of Arimathea Chapel, in Washington National Cathedral Church.

Hull died on July 23, 1955, at age 83, at his home in Washington, D.C., after a lifelong struggle with familial remitting-relapsing sarcoidosis (often confused with tuberculosis). He is buried in the vault of the Chapel of St. Joseph of Arimathea in the Washington National Cathedral.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

 الذكرى

Hull's memory is preserved by Cordell Hull Dam on the Cumberland River near Carthage, Tennessee. The dam impounds Cordell Hull Lake, covering approximately 12,000 acres (49 km²).

His law school, Cumberland School of Law, continues to honor him with a Cordell Hull Speaker's Forum and the Moot Court Room.

Cordell Hull Birthplace State Park, near Byrdstown, Tennessee, was established in 1997 to preserve Hull's birthplace and various personal effects Hull had donated to the citizens of Pickett County, including his Nobel Peace Prize.

A segment of Kentucky highway routes 70, 90, 63, and 163, from Mammoth Cave National Park near Cave City south to the Tennessee State Line near Hestand, is named "Cordell Hull Highway", and is part of that state's scenic byway system.

The Cordell Hull Building, on Capital Hill in Nashville, Tennessee, is a secure 10-story building that contains the offices of the Tennessee Legislature.

The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (formerly the Old Executive Office Building) in Washington, DC, next to the White House, contains the ornately decorated "Cordell Hull Room" on the second floor, which is used for meetings. The room was Cordell Hull's office when he served as U.S. Secretary of State.

The U.S. Postal Service issued a 5-cent commemorative stamp honoring Cordell Hull on October 5, 1963.

Hull is one of the presidential cabinet members who are characters in the musical Annie.

 انظر أيضاً

• List of United States Cabinet members who have served more than eight years

 المصادر العامة والمذكورة

 الرئيسية

• Memoirs (Jan. 1948)
  • Vol. I, Vol. II
• The Papers of Cordell Hull.

 الثانوية

• Dallek, Robert (1979). Franklin D. Roosevelt and American foreign policy, 1932-1945. Oxford University Press.
• Pratt, Julius W. (1964). Cordell Hull, 1933–44, 2 vol.
• Biography at U.S. Congress
• Butler, Michael A. (1998), Cautious Visionary: Cordell Hull and Trade Reform, 1933–1937, Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, ISBN 978-0873385961, https://books.google.com/books?id=iUTe5uyWBsoC .
• O'Sullivan, Christopher D., and Sumner Welles (2008). Postwar Planning and the Quest for a New World Order. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231142587.
• Gellman, Irwin F. (2002). Secret Affairs: FDR, Cordell Hull, and Sumner Welles. Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1929631117.
• Robertson, Charles Langner. "The American Secretary of State: A Study of the Office Under Henry L. Stimson And Cordell Hull." (PhD dissertation, Princeton University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1959. 6005044).
• Woolner, David B. (1996). "The Frustrated Idealists: Cordell Hull, Anthony Eden and the Search for Anglo-American Cooperation, 1933– 1938" (PhD dissertation). McGill University.

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 وصلات خارجية

Wikisource has original works written by or about:

كوردل هل

• كوردل هل at the دليل سـِيَر الكونگرس الأمريكي
• Works by or about كوردل هل at Internet Archive
• The Cordell Hull Foundation, a non-profit NGO, based around furthering international peace and co-operation.
• The Cordell Hull Institute, a U.S. think-tank focusing on furthering debate in international economic development and trade.
• The Cordell Hull Museum, located in Byrdstown, Tennessee, focusing on Hull's life and work.
• Cordell Hull Birthplace State Park Archived 2021-06-05 at the Wayback Machine
• كوردل هل on Nobelprize.org

مجلس النواب الأمريكي
سبقه Mounce Gore Butler	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 4th congressional district 1907–1921	تبعه Wynne F. Clouse
سبقه Wynne F. Clouse	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 4th congressional district 1923–1931	تبعه John R. Mitchell
مناصب حزبية
سبقه George White	Chair of the Democratic National Committee 1921–1924	تبعه Clem L. Shaver
سبقه William Emerson Brock	Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Tennessee (Class 2) 1930	تبعه Nathan L. Bachman
مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي
سبقه William Emerson Brock	U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee 1931–1933 خدم بجانب: Kenneth McKellar	تبعه Nathan L. Bachman
مناصب سياسية
سبقه هنري ستيمسون	United States Secretary of State 1933–1944	تبعه Edward Stettinius Jr.
جوائز وانجازات
سبقه International Committee of the Red Cross	Laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize 1945	تبعه Emily Greene Balch John Mott