شانتو
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شانتو Shantou ؛ alternately romanized as Swatow[3][4] and sometimes known as Santow,[5] is a prefecture-level city on the eastern coast of Guangdong, China, with a total population of 5,502,031 as of the 2020 census (5,391,028 in 2010) and an administrative area of 2,248.39 square kilometres (868.11 sq mi). However, its built-up (or metro) area is much bigger with 12,543,024 inhabitants including Rongcheng and Jiedong districts, Jiexi county and Puning city in Jieyang plus all of Chaozhou city largely conurbated.[6]This is de facto the 5th built-up area in mainland China between Hangzhou-Shaoxing (13,035,026 inhabitants) and Tianjin (11,165,706 inhabitants).
Shantou, a city significant in 19th-century Chinese history as one of the treaty ports established for Western trade and contact, was one of the original special economic zones of China established in the 1980s, but did not blossom in the manner that cities such as Shenzhen, Xiamen and Zhuhai did. However, it remains eastern Guangdong's economic centre, and is home to Shantou University, which is under the provincial Project 211 program in Guangdong.
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التاريخ
Shantou was a fishing village part of Tuojiang Du (鮀江都�), Jieyang County during the Song dynasty. It came to be known as Xialing (廈嶺�) during the Yuan dynasty. In 1563, Shantou became a part of Chenghai County in Chao Prefecture (Chaozhou). As early as 1574, Shantou had been called Shashanping (沙汕坪�). In the seventeenth century, a cannon platform called Shashantou Cannon (沙汕頭炮臺�) was made here, and the place name later was shortened to "Shantou". Locally it has been referred to as Kialat.
Connecting to Shantou across the Queshi Bridge is Queshi (礐石�) which had been known by the local people through the 19th century as Kakchio. It was the main site for the American and British consulates. Today the area is a scenic park but some of the structures from its earlier history are somewhat preserved. In 1860, Shantou was opened for foreigners and became a trading port according to Treaty of Tientsin.[7]
It became a city in 1919, and was separated from Chenghai in 1921. 1922 saw the devastating Swatow Typhoon, which killed 5,000 out of the 65,000 people then inhabiting the city.[8] Some nearby villages were totally destroyed.[9] Several ships near the coast were totally wrecked.[10] Other ones were blown as far as two miles inland.[9] The area around the city had around another 50,000 casualties.[10] The total death toll was above 60,000,[11] and may have been higher than 100,000.[10]
In the 1930s, as a transport hub and a merchandise distribution centre in Southeast China, Shantou Port's cargo throughput ranked third in the country. A brief account of a visit to the city in English during this period is the English accountant Max Relton's A Man in the East: A Journey through French Indo-China (Michael Joseph Ltd., London, 1939). On 21 June 1939, Japanese troops invaded Shantou.[12] Japanese forces occupied Shantou until 15 August 1945.[13] The Communist People's Liberation Army captured Shantou on 24 October 1949, 23 days after the People's Republic of China was founded.[14]
With higher-level administrative authority, Shantou governed Chaozhou City and Jieyang City from 1983 to 1989.[15]
الجغرافيا
Shantou is located in eastern Guangdong with latitude spanning 23°02′33″ – 23°38′50″ N and longitude 116°14′40″ – 117°19′35″ E; the Tropic of Cancer passes through the northern part of the city, and along it there is a monument, in fact the easternmost in mainland China, at 23°26′33″N 116°35′20″E / 23.44240°N 116.58885°E.[16] The highest peak in the city's administration is Mount Dajian (大尖山) on Nan'ao Island, at 587 m (1,926 ft); the highest peak on the geographic mainland is Mount Lianhua (莲花山), at 562 m (1,844 ft) in Chenghai District. The city is located at the mouths of the Han, Rong (榕江), and Lian Rivers.
Shantou is 301 km (187 mi) northeast of Hong Kong.[17]
المناخ
Shantou has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with short, mild to warm winters, and long, hot, humid summers. Winter begins sunny and dry but becomes progressively wetter and cloudier. Spring is generally overcast, while summer brings the heaviest rains of the year though is much sunnier; there are 8.2 days annually with 50 mm (1.97 in) of rainfall. Autumn is sunny and dry. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 14.7 °C (58.5 °F) in January to 29.1 °C (84.4 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 22.58 °C (72.6 °F). The annual rainfall is around 1,618 mm (64 in), about 60% of which occurs from May to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 28% in March to 58% in July and October, the city receives 1,979 hours of bright sunshine annually.
| Climate data for شانتو (1981−2010 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) |
29.7 (85.5) |
31.6 (88.9) |
33.8 (92.8) |
35.2 (95.4) |
36.9 (98.4) |
38.8 (101.8) |
37.6 (99.7) |
36.9 (98.4) |
34.1 (93.4) |
32.2 (90.0) |
29.4 (84.9) |
38.8 (101.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.0 (66.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.9 (71.4) |
25.4 (77.7) |
28.7 (83.7) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.8 (91.0) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.6 (88.9) |
28.7 (83.7) |
24.9 (76.8) |
20.9 (69.6) |
26.4 (79.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.9 (84.0) |
27.9 (82.2) |
25.1 (77.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
16.6 (61.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.7 (53.1) |
13.0 (55.4) |
14.9 (58.8) |
18.9 (66.0) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.1 (77.2) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.1 (79.0) |
25.1 (77.2) |
22.0 (71.6) |
17.3 (63.1) |
13.2 (55.8) |
19.7 (67.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) |
5.0 (41.0) |
5.2 (41.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
16.9 (62.4) |
18.5 (65.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
14.1 (57.4) |
8.2 (46.8) |
1.2 (34.2) |
1.2 (34.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 28.0 (1.10) |
68.3 (2.69) |
103.6 (4.08) |
171.9 (6.77) |
207.7 (8.18) |
273.1 (10.75) |
225.2 (8.87) |
280.5 (11.04) |
162.9 (6.41) |
31.4 (1.24) |
32.1 (1.26) |
33.2 (1.31) |
1٬617٫9 (63.7) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 7.2 | 10.8 | 12.7 | 13.3 | 15.3 | 17.1 | 13.4 | 13.7 | 9.9 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 128.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 73 | 76 | 75 | 77 | 78 | 82 | 78 | 79 | 75 | 69 | 71 | 70 | 75 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 143.2 | 96.0 | 101.7 | 112.8 | 134.7 | 170.9 | 239.7 | 218.6 | 200.7 | 207.6 | 181.2 | 171.5 | 1٬978٫6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 43 | 30 | 28 | 30 | 33 | 42 | 58 | 55 | 55 | 58 | 55 | 52 | 45 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days and sunshine 1971–2000)[18][19] | |||||||||||||
الإدارة
Shantou is a prefecture-level city. It has direct jurisdiction over six districts and one county.
| Administrative divisions of Shantou | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Division code[20] | English name | Chinese | Pinyin | Area in km2[21] | Population 2010[22] | Seat | Postal code | Divisions[23] | ||||
| Subdistricts | Towns | Residential communities | Administrative villages | |||||||||
| 440500 | Shantou City | 汕头市 | Shàntóu Shì | 2248.39 | 5,389,328 | 515000 | 37 | 32 | 517 | 548 | ||
| 440507 | Longhu District | 龙湖区 | Lónghú Qū | 119.42 | 536,356 | Jinxia Subdistrict | 515000 | 5 | 2 | 80 | 32 | |
| 440511 | Jinping District | 金平区 | Jīnpíng Qū | 146.15 | 810,284 | Shipaotai Subdistrict | 515000 | 17 | 169 | |||
| 440512 | Haojiang District | 濠江区 | Háojiāng Qū | 179.89 | 267,463 | Dahao Subdistrict | 515000 | 7 | 60 | |||
| 440513 | Chaoyang District | 潮阳区 | Cháoyáng Qū | 664.91 | 1,626,357 | Wenguang Subdistrict | 515100 | 4 | 9 | 93 | 179 | |
| 440514 | Chaonan District | 潮南区 | Cháonán Qū | 596.42 | 1,288,165 | Xiashan Subdistrict | 515100 | 1 | 10 | 65 | 167 | |
| 440515 | Chenghai District | 澄海区 | Chénghǎi Qū | 429.43 | 800,399 | Chenghua Subdistrict | 515800 | 3 | 8 | 45 | 137 | |
| 440523 | Nan'ao County | 南澳县 | Nán'ào Xiàn | 112.17 | 60,304 | Houzhai Town | 515900 | 3 | 5 | 33 | ||
As of 2003, the district of Haojiang was established out of Hepu and Dahao which had been merged, and the district of Jinping Shengping and Jinyuan; Waisha and Xinxi Town, part of former Chenghai City, was merged into Longhu District; Chenghai City became Chenghai District; Chaoyang City was divided and became Chaoyang and Chaonan District respectively.
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الاقتصاد
Shantou's economy is medium by Guangdong standards. Manufacturing accounts for a large and increasing share of employment. Canning, garments, lithography, plastic, and toys are some of the principal products. Toy manufacturing is the city's leading export industry, with 400 million U.S. dollars worth of exports each year. Canaton Calculator Co. is a multinational electronic devices manufacturing company.
Guiyu, a populous town in Chaoyang District, is the biggest electronic waste site on earth.[24] Health-environmental issues incurred have concerned international organizations such as Greenpeace.
In 2000, the biggest tax fraud in the history of the People's Republic of China was uncovered, estimated worthy of 32.3 billion yuan.
In 2017, the analyzed data of Shantou GDP is approximately 230 billion yuan(US$35.4 billion).
منطقة التنمية
With an area of 2.34 km2 (0.90 sq mi), Shantou Free Trade Zone lies at the south part of Shantou city. It was ratified by the State Council of the People's Republic of China and founded in January 1993, and it formally came into use on December of the same year after its supervision installations were checked and accepted by the General Administration of Customs. It has been comprehensively developing export processing, storage, international trade, finance and information industry. Its goal is to establish a modernized international zone that is open to overseas by drawing experience from international free trade zones.[25]
السكان
Shantou is one of the most densely populated regions in China. Former Chaoyang City was China's most populous county-level administrative region, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Shantou has direct jurisdiction over six districts and one county, and the six urban districts of Shantou have a population of 5,330,764.[بحاجة لمصدر]
المنطقة العمرانية
With it and the surrounding cities of Jieyang and Chaozhou, the administrative metropolitan area known as Chaoshan covers an area of 10,404 km2 (4,017 sq mi), and had a permanent population of 13,648,232 as of the 2020 census. Nevertheless, its built-up area spread on 11 districts, Puning city and Raoping county was home to 12,543,024 inhabitants as of 2020 census.[26] This is de facto the fifth built-up area of China after Guangzhou-Shenzhen Pearl River Delta megacity, Shanghai-Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou conurbation, Beijing and Hangzhou-Shaoxing agglomeration.
اللغات
Most residents are linguistically Teochew. Teochew dialect is a variant of Min Nan (Hokkien-Taiwanese) spoken in the neighbouring Southern Fujian and Taiwan. There are also Hakka, popularly known as Half-Hakka (半山客), living mainly in Chaoyang District and Chaonan District, although they speak Teochew on a daily basis and practise Teochew culture. The Mandarin-medium education system, widely promoted throughout China, has made most people, especially younger generations, speak Mandarin fluently. Cantonese language TV and labor migrations to the Pearl River Delta has also made Cantonese widely spoken as a third language by the younger generations.
Governmental statistics show that 2.16 million overseas Chinese have roots in Shantou, with significant populations of Teochew people residing in Thailand and Cambodia, which constitute a majority of Thai Chinese and a majority of Chinese Cambodians. This is demonstrated by the unusually high number of international direct flights between Bangkok and Shantou. In addition, there are at least two Teochew-speaking air hostesses on board each China Southern flight between Shantou and Bangkok.[27] The Teochew presence, furthermore, is evident in Singapore and Malaysia; Johor Bahru, a coastal city situated at the latter's southernmost tip, is known as 'Little Swatow', due to the majority local Chinese populace is dominantly Teochew and as well as the second largest group of the local Chinese population in Singapore.
الثقافة ونمط الحياة
Shantou people share the same culture with other Teochew. The tea-drinking tradition widely practised in town is a classic instance. According to China Daily, Shantou people "drink more tea than anyone else in China, in total 700 million yuan (US$87.5 million) each year".[28]
الأديان
Most of the population in Shantou is non-religious or practices traditional folk religions, Buddhism, Taoist rites, or worship of gods and ancestors. About 2% of the population belongs to an organised religion, with 40,000 Protestants, 20,000 Catholics and 500 Muslims.[29] St. Joseph's Cathedral of Shantou is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shantou.
البنية التحتية
الصحة
The public hospitals in the Shantou metropolitan area are operated by the Government of Shantou. Management of these hospitals and other specialist health facilities are coordinated by Shantou Board of Health.
المرافق
Shantou's electricity is provided entirely by China Southern Power Grid, postal service operated by China Post.
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الاتصالات
Shantou is one of the most important international telecommunications ports in China. Four international submarine communications cables land at Shantou submarine cable landing station, including APCN 2, China-US Cable Network, SMW3 and South-East Asia Japan Cable System (SJC).[30]
China Telecom, China Unicom and China Mobile provide fixed lines, broadband internet access and mobile telecommunications services there.
النقل
النقل الحضري
Public transportation is provided by bus, ferry, bike sharing system and taxi. Residents also travel by private car and motorbikes.
A metro system is planned with construction of 3 lines (Lines 1, 2, and 3) commencing in 2018 and opening of the system planned in 2020.[1]
الجو
Shantou previously had its own civil airport, Shantou Waisha Airport. It was formerly the main airport serving the Shantou until nearby Jieyang Chaoshan Airport was opened on 15 December 2011. Shantou Waisha Airport became a military airbase since then and all civilian flights were transferred to the newly built airport in Jieyang.[31] Taxi is the usual way to travel between the airport and the city proper. The taxi fare is around 60 RMB. Airport-Downtown Shantou shuttle charter is also suggested.
Based in Shantou, Shantou Airlines Co. operated by China Southern Airlines has a 15 aircraft fleet in service.
السكك الحديدية
There are 3 railway stations which serve Shantou: Chaoshan Railway Station and Chaoyang railway station which lie on the Xiamen-Shenzhen Railway line, and Shantou Railway Station which lies on the Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou Railway and is under construction for the Guangzhou-Shanwei-Shantou 350 km/h high speed railway.
المعالم السياحية
- Shantou Times Square light show (19:00-21:00 on Friday and weekend)
- Shipaotai Park (صينية: 石炮台公园؛ پنين: Shí pàotái gōngyuán�)
- Chen Cihong's Former Residence (陈慈黉故居؛ Chén Cíhóng gùjū�)
- Nan'ao Island, rated as Guangdong's most beautiful island by China's National Geographic magazine
- Palace-Temple of Old Mother (老妈宫؛ Lǎo Mā gōng�): dedicated to the goddess Matsu
- Temple of Emperor Guan (关帝庙؛ Guān Dì miào�): dedicated to Guan Yu
- Tropic of Cancer Symbol Tower (北回归线标志塔؛ Běihuíguīxiàn biāozhìtǎ�): The Tropic of Cancer slips through Centipede Mountain, which is 20 kilometers away from the city properly.
- Shantou Museum (汕头博物馆؛ Shàntóu bówùguǎn�): An art museum.
- Shantou Founding Museum (汕头开埠博物馆؛ Shàntóu kāibù bówùguǎn�): This history museum is devoted to the establishment of Swatow (Shantou) as a treaty port in the 19th century, not to be confused with Shantou Museum.
- Old town of Swatow and Dr. Sun Yat-sen memorial pavilion (汕头老市区和中山纪念亭؛ Shàntóu lǎo shìqū hé Zhōngshān jìniàntíng�)
- East Coast Avenue (东海岸大道؛ Dōng hǎi'àn Dàdào�)
The Shantou Cultural Revolution Museum (文革博物馆؛ Wéngé bówùguǎn�) was the country's only museum dedicated to the Cultural Revolution. It closed in 2016.
الإعلام
In 1912 Swatow had four newspapers, all in Chinese. They were Han Chao Pao, Ming Chuan (People's Rights), Ta Fung Pao (The Typhoon), and Ta Tung Pao (Eastern Times).[32]
In 2018, Shantou Metropolis Daily Post and Shantou Special Economic Zone Evening News both stopped their traditional newspaper business and transform into e-newspaper newspapers. Meanwhile, the Shantou Daily (Municipal) keep providing both newspaper service and e-newspaper service for Shantou citizens and other readers.[33]
التعليم
Education is overseen provincewide by the Guangdong Education Bureau.
الابتدائي والثانوي
Public primary and secondary schools provide education free.
A list of known schools:
- Shantou Jinshan Middle School
- Shantou Number One Middle School
- Shantou Experimental School
- Shantou Waima Road Number Four Primary School
- Shantou Number four Middle School
- Shantou Feixia Middle School
- Shantou Number two Middle School
- Shantou Number three Middle School
- Dahua number one primary school
- Yuhuai Middle School
الكليات والجامعات
- Shantou University (STU)
- Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT)
- South China University of Technology Shantou College
- Shantou Polytechnic
- Shantou Radio and TV University
الرياضة
- Haibin Stadium (Jinping District)
- Zhengda Stadium (Longhu District)
- Shantou Natatorium and Diving Stadium (Haojiang District)
- Youngsters Soccer Court of Shantou Times Square (Downtown)
- Fitness square and tennis courts of Xinghu Park (Longhu District)
- Shantou Citic Golf Club(27Holes) (Haojiang District)
- Shantou Jinfeng Sports Park(Including golf course, basketball fields and soccer courts)(Longhu District)
البلدات التوأم - المدن الشقيقة
Cần Thơ, Vietnam (2005)
Haifa, Israel (2015)
Kishiwada, Japan (1990)
Saint John, Canada (1997)
المدن الصديقة
Shantou has friendly relations with:[34]
بانكوك, Thailand (2000)
Durrës, Albania (2015)
Fairfield, Australia (2005)
Federal Way, United States (2013)
Johor Bahru, Malaysia (2011)
Khabarovsk, Russia (2019)
Leiria, Portugal (2018)
Libreville, Gabon (2015)
Puntarenas, Costa Rica (2014)
Pyeongtaek, South Korea (2003)
أشخاص بارزون
Many notable Chinese come from Shantou or their ancestral home is Shantou.
المبادرون
- Mainland China
- Huang Guangyu (1969–), Chairman of Gome Group and once the richest persons in Mainland China
- Ma Huateng (1971–), Founder of Tencent Computer System Co., Ltd and creator of QQ
- Ji Haipeng, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Logan Property Holdings Co, Ltd.
- Yao Zhenhua, the chairman of Baoneng Group, China's fourth-richest man as of January 2017
- Thailand
- Low Kiok Chiang (1843–1911), founder of Khiam Hoa Heng entreprises (1872-1950s)
- Dhanin Chearavanont (1939-), Senior Chairman of CP Group, Thailand's largest private company and Forbes ranked.
- Hong Kong
- Sir Li Ka-shing GBM KBE JP (1928–; Chaozhou), tycoon, the chairman of the board for CK Hutchison Holdings.
- Lim Por-yen (1914–2005), media tycoon, banker and charitarian
- Singapore
- Tang Choon Keng (1901–2000), founder of Tangs
الترفيه
- Hong Kong born
- Emil Chau (1960–) actor and singer
- Kwong Wah (1962–), actor and singer
- Canti Lau (1964–) actor and singer
- Sammi Cheng (1972–) actress and singer
- Kent Cheng(1951-),actor
- Mainland China
- Cai Chusheng (1906–1968), director, and his film Song of the Fisherman (渔光曲) received the first international film prize in China's history
غيرهم
- King Taksin (Zheng Xin) (1734–1782), Thailand King from 1767 to 1782
- Nuon Chea (1926–), Cambodian politician
- Wu Nansheng (1922-), former Secretary of Guangdong Provincial Party Committee
- Adele M. Fielde (1839–1916), missionary and author
- Qin Mu (1919–1992), writer
- Watchman Nee (1903–1972), theologian, and opponent of prosperity theology
- Tan Howe Liang (1933–), Singaporean weightlifting Olympian
- Chua Soi Lek (1947–), Malaysian politician and former President of MCA
- Xu Shilin (1998–), Chinese tennis player, Junior Olympic gold medallist
- Shing-Tung Yau (1949–), American mathematician, winner of the 1982 Fields Medal, the William Caspar Graustein Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University
- Hao Huang, Chinese mathematician, solver of Sensitivity Conjecture and Assistant Professor at Emory University
انظر أيضاً
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- ^ OECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015, OECD READ edition. OECD Urban Policy Reviews. OECD. 18 April 2015. p. 37. doi:10.1787/9789264230040-en. ISBN 9789264230033. ISSN 2306-9341.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help)Linked from the OECD here - ^ Edward Stanford (1908). Atlas of the Chinese Empire (1 ed.). pp. 21, 86.
Swatow{...}Swatow, Kwangtung . 25.14 N 114.2 E
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- ^ 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in الصينية المبسطة). Ministry of Civil Affairs.
- ^ 汕头市国土资源局. 《汕头市土地利用总体规划（2006–2020年）》 (in الصينية المبسطة).
- ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局 (December 2012). 《中国2010年人口普查分县资料》 (in الصينية المبسطة). China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
- ^ Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in الصينية المبسطة). China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
- ^ The Seattle Times (2006). E-waste dump of the world Archived 15 يونيو 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 March 2007
- ^ RightSite.asia | Shantou Free Trade Zone
- ^ https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/guangdong/admin/
- ^ 汕头——曼谷航班有了潮籍空姐. 民航资源网. 2002. Retrieved 5 March 2007.
- ^ China Daily (2006). For all the tea in China, head to Shantou. Retrieved 26 July 2006
- ^ 汕头宗教的主要特征. Archived from the original on 3 سبتمبر 2014. Retrieved 29 أغسطس 2014.
- ^ "Shantou Submarine Cable Landing Station". Submarine Cable Networks website. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ 揭阳潮汕机场今晨起飞首架航机. Netease (in الصينية المبسطة). 15 December 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, p. 187.
- ^ "再见，为了更好的相遇《汕头都市报》、《汕头特区晚报》". www.sohu.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2021-10-31.
- ^ أ ب "International Connections". shantou.gov.cn. Shantou. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
المصادر
- Miscellaneous series, Issues 7–11. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 1912.
للاستزادة
- Herbert Allen Giles (1877). From Swatow to Canton: (overland). SHANGHAI : PRINTED AT THE "CELESTIAL EMPIRE" OFFICE: Trübner LONDON : Trübner & CO. SHANGHAI : KELLY & WALSH. p. 74. Retrieved 10 February 2012.(Harvard University)
وصلات خارجية
- (in صينية) Official government website
- Website of Shantou Government
- Shantou Daily
- Guangdong Statistical Yearbook
- HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF CHINA by UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL
- Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas
- CS1 errors: periodical ignored
- CS1 uses الصينية-language script (zh)
- CS1 الصينية المبسطة-language sources (zh-hans)
- CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Coordinates on Wikidata
- Articles containing صينية-language text
- مقالات تحتوي نصوصاً باللغة الصينية التقليدية
- مقالات تحتوي نصوصاً باللغة الصينية
- Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
- مقالات تحتوي نصوصاً باللغة الصينية المبسطة
- Articles with صينية-language sources (zh)
- شانتو
- صفحات مع الخرائط