بلديات السيطرة المباشرة في الصين

Municipality 直辖市 Zhíxiáshì
التصنيف	First-level administration Unitary state
الموقع	People's Republic of China
العدد	4 (#1 Beijing; #2 تيان‌جين؛ #3 تشونگ‌چينگ؛ #4 Shanghai)
عدد السكان	12,938,224 (تيان‌جين) – 28,846,170 (تشونگ‌چينگ) - 21.7 million (2016)(بـِيْ‌جينگ) - 24.15 million (2016)(شانغهاي)
المساحة	6,341 km2 (2,448.1 sq mi) (شانغهاي) – 82,400 km2 (31,816 sq mi) (تشونگ‌چينگ)
التقسيمات	District, county, autonomous county

A municipality (simplified Chinese: 直辖市; traditional Chinese: 直轄市; pinyin: zhíxiáshì; lit. 'direct-controlled city'), formally as municipality under the direct administration of central government, is the highest level of classification for cities used by the People's Republic of China. These cities have the same rank as provinces, and form part of the first tier of administrative divisions of China.

A municipality is a "city" (Chinese: 市; pinyin: shì) with "provincial" (Chinese: 省级; pinyin: shěngjí) power under a unified jurisdiction. As such it is simultaneously a city and a province of its own right.

A municipality is often not a "city" in the usual sense of the term (i.e., a large continuous urban settlement), but instead an administrative unit comprising, typically, a main central urban area (a city in the usual sense, usually with the same name as the municipality), and its much larger surrounding rural area containing many smaller cities (districts and subdistricts), towns and villages. The larger municipality spans over 100 kilometres (62 mi). To distinguish a "municipality" from its actual urban area (the traditional meaning of the word city), the term "urban area" (Chinese: 市区) is used.

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 التاريخ

The first municipalities were the 11 cities of Nanjing, شانغهاي, بـِيْ‌جينگ, تيان‌جين, چینگداو, تشونگ‌چينگ, Xi'an, Guangzhou, Hankou (now part of Wuhan), Shenyang, and Harbin when the ROC government ruled China. They were established in 1927 soon after they were designated as "cities" during the 1920s. Nominally, Dalian was a municipality as well, although it was under Japanese control. These cities were first called special municipalities/cities (特别市; 特別市; tèbiéshì), but were later renamed Yuan-controlled municipalities (院辖市; 院轄市; yuànxiáshì), then direct-controlled municipalities (直辖市; 直轄市; zhíxiáshì) by the Central Government.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Anshan, Benxi, and فوشون were also made municipalities, بينما چینگداو، داليان، وهاربين were reduced to provincial municipalities. Hankou was merged into Wuhan. Hence, there remained 12 municipalities, until Dalian was elevated in 1950. In November 1952, Nanjing was reduced to a provincial municipality. In July 1953, Harbin was restored to municipality status, along with Changchun. ماعدا بـِيْ‌جينگ و تيان‌جين، which were under central control, all other municipalities were governed by the greater administrative areas.

In June 1954, 11 of the 14 municipalities were reduced to sub-provincial cities; many of them became capitals of the provinces they were in. فقط بـِيْ‌جينگ، وشانغهاي وتيان‌جين remained municipalities, until تشونگ‌چينگ was restored as a municipality in 1997 with a much enlarged area. تيان‌جين was also temporarily reverted to sub-provincial city status between 1958-1967.

 الموقع في التراتب

Municipalities are the highest-ranked cities in the PRC. Some cities of lower levels may also refer to themselves as municipalities in the English language.

Three levels of cities في جمهورية الصين الشعبية:

1. Municipalities (直辖市; 直轄市; zhíxiáshì);
2. Prefecture-level cities (地级市; 地級市; dìjíshì), including sub-provincial cities; and,
3. County-level cities (县级市; 縣級市; xiànjíshì), including sub-prefecture-level cities.

 الادارة

In municipalities, the highest ranking government official is the Mayor. The mayor is also a delegate in the National People's Congress (the legislature) and Deputy Secretary of the CPC Municipal Committee. However, the highest administrative authority in the municipality belongs to the Secretary of the CPC Municipal Committee or Party Secretary.

 بلديات جمهورية الصين الشعبية الحالية

ISO	اسم التقسيم	الصينية المبسطة	هانيو پن‌ين	اختصار	التعداد	المساحة (كم²)	التقسيمات	مقر المدينة	المقاطعة الأصلية (تاريخ الانفصال)	المحافظة الأصلية	الناحية الأصلية
CN-11	بـِيْ‌جينگ	北京市	Běijīng Shì	京 jīng	19,612,368	16,801	List (16 districts)	Dongcheng Tongzhou	Hebei (Oct. 1949)	Shuntian	Daxing
CN-12	تيان‌جين	天津市	Tiānjīn Shì	津 jīn	12,938,224	11,760	List (16 districts)	Heping	Hebei (Jan. 1967)	تيان‌جين	تيان‌جين
CN-31	شانغهاي	上海市	Shànghǎi Shì	沪 hù	23,019,148	6,340	List (16 districts)	Huangpu	Jiangsu (Mar. 1927)	Songjiang	شانغهاي
CN-50	تشونگ‌چينگ	重庆市	Chóngqìng Shì	渝 yú	28,846,170 (City Core 16,240,026)	82,300 (City Core 6,268)	List (26 districts, 8 counties, & 4 autonomous counties) (City Core: 19 districts)	Yuzhong	Sichuan (May 1997)	تشونگ‌چينگ	با

 البلديات السابقة في جمهورية الصين وجمهورية الصين الشعبية

الاسم	الصينية المبسطة	پن‌ين	اختصار	مقر المدينة	فترة الادارة	المقاطعة الأصلية	المحافظة الأصلية	الناحية الأصلية
جينگ‌دو	京都市	Jīngdū Shì	京 jīng	Dongcheng	1921–1927	Zhili (المقاطعة الحالية: Hebei)	Shuntian	داشنگ
Jingu	津沽市	Jīngū Shì	津 jīn	Heping	1921–1927	Zhili (المقاطعة الحالية: Hebei)	تيان‌جين	تيان‌جين
سونگ‌هو	淞沪市	Sōnghù Shì	沪 hù	Huangpu	1921–1927	جيانگ‌سو	Songjiang	شانغهاي
چینگداو	青岛市	Qīngdǎo Shì	青 qīng	Shinan	1921–1927, 1929–1949	شان‌دونگ	جياوژو	جياو
هاربين	哈尔滨市	Hārbīn Shì	哈 hā	Nangang	1921–1927, 1947–1949, 1953–1954	Songjiang (المقاطعة الحالية: Heilongjiang)	Binzhou	بن
هان‌كو	汉口市	Hànkǒu Shì	汉 hàn	جيانگ‌آن	1921–1927, 1929–1931, 1947–1949	هوبـِيْ	هان‌يانگ	هان‌يانگ
ووشي	无锡市	Wúxī Shì	锡 xī	بن‌هو	1921–1927	جيانگ‌سو	چانگ‌ژو	ووشي
هانگ‌ژو	杭州市	Hángzhōu Shì	杭 háng	Gongshu	1921–1927	ژى‌جيانگ	هانگ‌ژو	Yuhang
ننگ‌بو	宁波市	Níngbō Shì	甬 yǒng	Yinzhou	1921–1927	Zhejiang	ننگ‌بو	ين
آن‌چنگ	安庆市	Ānqìng Shì	安 ān	داگوان	1921–1927	آن‌هوي	آن‌چنگ	Huaining
نان‌چانگ	南昌市	Nánchāng Shì	洪 hóng	Donghu	1921–1927	جيانگ‌شي	نان‌چانگ	نان‌چانگ
ووتشانگ	武昌市	Wǔchāng Shì	武 wǔ	ووتشانگ	1921–1927	هوبـِيْ	ووتشانگ	Jiangxia
گوانگ‌ژو	广州市	Guǎngzhōu Shì	穗 suì	Yuexiu	1921–1927, 1930, 1947–1954	گوانگ‌دونگ	گوانگ‌ژو	Panyu Nanhai
ووژو	梧州市	Wúzhōu Shì	梧 wú	Changzhou	1921–1927	گوانگ‌شي	ووژو	Cangwu
نان‌جينگ	南京市	Nánjīng Shì	宁 níng	Xuanwu	1927–1952	جيانگ‌سو	Jiangning	Jiangning
شي‌آن	西安市	Xī'ān Shì	鎬 hào	Weiyang	1927–1954	شآن‌شي	شي‌آن	چانگ‌آن
ووهان	武汉市	Wǔhàn Shì	汉 hàn	Jiang'an	1927–1929, 1949	هوبـِيْ	Hanyang ووتشانگ	Hanyang Jiangxia
بـِيْ‌پينگ	北平市	Jīngdū Shì	平 píng	Dongcheng	1928–1949	Zhili (المقاطعة الحالية: خى‌بـِيْ)	Shuntian	Daxing
داليان	大连市	Dàlián Shì	连 lián	Xigang	1947–1949	Andong/Liaodong (المقاطعة الحالية: لياوننگ)	Jinzhou	Ninghai
شن‌يانگ	沈阳市	Shěnyáng Shì	沈 shěn	Shenhe	1947–1954	لياوشي (المقاطعة الحالية: لياوننگ)	Fengtian	Fengtian
آن‌شان	鞍山市	Ānshān Shì	鞍 ān	Tiedong	1949–1954	Andong/Liaodong (المقاطعة الحالية: لياوننگ)	لياوننگ	Haicheng لياوننگ
Benxi	本溪市	Běnxī Shì	本 běn	Pingshan	1949–1954	Andong/Liaodong (المقاطعة الحالية: Liaoning)	Fengtian	Benxi
فوشون	抚顺市	Fǔshùn Shì	抚 fǔ	Xinfu	1949–1954	Andong/Liaodong (المقاطعة الحالية: لياوننگ)	Fengtian	فوشون
لودا	旅大市	Lǚdà Shì	旅 lǚ	Xigang	1950–1954	Lüda (المقاطعة الحالية: لياوننگ)	Jinzhou	Ninghai
چانگ‌چون	长春市	Chángchūn Shì	春 chūn	Nanguan	1953–1954	Jilin	Changchun	Changchun

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 انظر أيضاً

• مدينة مستقلة
• Imperial immediacy

 وصلات خارجية

• Media related to Municipalities in China at Wikimedia Commons