أكسيد المنغنيز الثلاثي

أكسيد المنغنيز الثلاثي
Tl2O3structure.jpg
الأسماء
أسماء أخرى
dimanganese trioxide, manganese sesquioxide, manganic oxide, manganous oxide
المُعرِّفات
رقم CAS
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.013.878 Edit this at Wikidata
رقم RTECS
  • OP915000
UNII
الخصائص
الصيغة الجزيئية Mn2O3
كتلة مولية 157.8743 g/mol
المظهر brown or black crystalline
الكثافة 4.50 g/cm3
نقطة الانصهار
قابلية الذوبان في الماء 0.00504 g/100 mL (alpha form)
0.01065 g/100 mL (beta form)
قابلية الذوبان insoluble in ethanol, acetone
soluble in acid, ammonium chloride
القابلية المغناطيسية +14,100·10−6 cm3/mol
البنية
البنية البلورية Bixbyite, cI80
الزمرة الفراغية Ia3 (No. 206)
ثابت العقد a = 942 pm
الكيمياء الحرارية
الإنتالپية المعيارية
للتشكل ΔfHo298 		−971 kJ·mol−1[1]
Standard molar
entropy So298 		110 J·mol−1·K−1[1]
المخاطر
NFPA 704 (معيـَّن النار)
Flammability code 0: لن يشتعل. مثل الماءHealth code 1: التعرض سيتسبب في تهيجاً ولكن لا يترك سوى جروح طفيفة باقية. مثل زيت الترپنتينReactivity code 0: مستقر في العادة، حتى تحت ظروف التعرض للنار، ولا يتفاعل مع الماء. مثل النيتروجين السائلSpecial hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
0
1
0
مركبات ذا علاقة
manganese trifluoride, manganese(III) acetate
chromium(III) oxide, iron(III) oxide
مركـّبات ذات علاقة
 manganese(II) oxide, manganese dioxide
ما لم يُذكر غير ذلك، البيانات المعطاة للمواد في حالاتهم العيارية (عند 25 °س [77 °ف]، 100 kPa).
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مراجع الجدول

Manganese(III) oxide is a chemical compound with the formula Mn2O3. It occurs in nature as the mineral bixbyite (recently changed to bixbyite-(Mn)[2][3]) and is used in the production of ferrites and thermistors.

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Preparation and chemistry

Heating MnO2 in air at below 800 °C produces α-Mn2O3 (higher temperatures produce Mn3O4).[4] γ-Mn2O3 can be produced by oxidation followed by dehydration of manganese(II) hydroxide.[4] Many preparations of nano-crystalline Mn2O3 have been reported, for example syntheses involving oxidation of MnII salts or reduction of MnO2.[5][6][7]

Manganese(III) oxide is formed by the redox reaction in an alkaline cell:

2 MnO2 + Zn → Mn2O3 + ZnO[بحاجة لمصدر]

Manganese(III) oxide Mn2O3 must not be confused with MnOOH manganese(III) oxyhydroxide. Contrary to Mn2O3, MnOOH is a compound that decomposes at about 300 °C to form MnO2.[8]


Structure

Mn2O3 is unlike many other transition metal oxides in that it does not adopt the corundum (Al2O3) structure.[4] Two forms are generally recognized, α-Mn2O3 and γ-Mn2O3,[9] although a high pressure form with the CaIrO3 structure has been reported too.[10]

α-Mn2O3 has the cubic bixbyite structure, which is an example of a C-type rare earth sesquioxide (Pearson symbol cI80, space group Ia3, #206). The bixbyite structure has been found to be stabilised by the presence of small amounts of Fe3+, pure Mn2O3 has an orthorhombic structure (Pearson symbol oP24, space group Pbca, #61).[11] α-Mn2O3 undergoes antiferromagnetic transition at 80 K. [12]

γ-Mn2O3 has a structure related to the spinel structure of Mn3O4 where the oxide ions are cubic close packed. This is similar to the relationship between γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4.[9] γ-Mn2O3 is ferrimagnetic with a Néel temperature of 39 K.[13]

ε-Mn2O3 takes on a rhombohedral ilmenite structure (the first binary compound known to do so), wherein the manganese cations divided equally into oxidation states 2+ and 4+. ε-Mn2O3 is antiferromagnetic with a Néel temperature of 210 K.[14]

References

  1. ^ أ ب Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
  2. ^ "Bixbyite-(Mn)".
  3. ^ IMA 21-H: Redefinition of bixbyite and definition of bixbyite-(Fe) and bixbyite-(Mn). CNMNC Newsletter, 64, 2021; Mineralogical Magazine, 85, 2021).
  4. ^ أ ب ت Greenwood, N. N. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edition ed.). Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Shuijin Lei; Kaibin Tang; Zhen Fang; Qiangchun Liu; Huagui Zheng (2006). "Preparation of α-Mn2O3 and MnO from thermal decomposition of MnCO3 and control of morphology". Materials Letters. 60: 53. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2005.07.070.
  6. ^ Zhong-Yong Yuan; Tie-Zhen Ren; Gaohui Du; Bao-Lian Su (2004). "A facile preparation of single-crystalline α-Mn2O3 nanorods by ammonia-hydrothermal treatment of MnO2". Chemical Physics Letters. 389 (1–3): 83. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2004.03.064.
  7. ^ Navin Chandra; Sanjeev Bhasin; Meenakshi Sharma; Deepti Pal (2007). "A room temperature process for making Mn2O3 nano-particles and γ-MnOOH nano-rods". Materials Letters. 61 (17): 3728. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2006.12.024.
  8. ^ Thomas Kohler; Thomas Armbruster; Eugen Libowitzky (1997). "Hydrogen Bonding and Jahn-Teller Distortion in Groutite,α-MnOOH, and Manganite,γ-MnOOH, and Their Relations to the Manganese Dioxides Ramsdellite and Pyrolusite". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 133 (2): 486–500. doi:10.1006/jssc.1997.7516.
  9. ^ أ ب Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-855370-6
  10. ^ High Pressure Phase transition in Mn2O3 to the CaIrO3-type Phase Santillan, J.; Shim, S. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2005, abstract #MR23B-0050
  11. ^ Geller S. (1971). "Structure of α-Mn2O3, (Mn0.983Fe0.017)2O3 and (Mn0.37Fe0.63)2O3 and relation to magnetic ordering". Acta Crystallogr B. 27 (4): 821. doi:10.1107/S0567740871002966.
  12. ^ Geller S. (1970). "Magnetic and Crystallographic Transitions in Sc+, Cr+, and Ga+ Substituted Mn2O3". Physical Review B. 1 (9): 3763. doi:10.1103/physrevb.1.3763.
  13. ^ Kim S. H; Choi B. J; Lee G.H.; Oh S. J.; Kim B.; Choi H. C.; Park J; Chang Y. (2005). "Ferrimagnetism in γ-Manganese Sesquioxide (γ−Mn2O3) Nanoparticles". Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 46 (4): 941.
  14. ^ Ovsyannikov, Sergey V.; Tsirlin, Alexander A.; Korobeynikov, Igor V.; Morozova, Natalia V.; Aslandukova, Alena A.; Steinle-Neumann, Gerd; Chariton, Stella; Khandarkhaeva, Saiana; Glazyrin, Konstantin; Wilhelm, Fabrice; Rogalev, Andrei; Dubrovinsky, Leonid (2021-09-06). "Synthesis of Ilmenite-type ε-Mn 2 O 3 and Its Properties". Inorganic Chemistry (in الإنجليزية). 60 (17): 13348–13358. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01666. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 34415155. S2CID 237242460.
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