أبو السعود افندي

أبو السعود افندي

المعلم الثاني[1]
Ebussuud Efendi.png
شيخ الإسلام
في المنصب
أكتوبر 1545 – 23 أغسطس 1574
العاهل
سبقهفناري زاده محيي الدين چلبي
خلـَفهÇivizade Damadı Hamid Efendi
قاضي عسكر روملي
في المنصب
أغسطس 1537 – أكتوبر 1545
العاهلسليمان الأول
سبقهمحيي الدين افندي
قاضي اسطنبول
في المنصب
نوفمبر 1533 – أغسطس 1537
العاهلسليمان الأول
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد
محمد أبو السعود العمادي بن المتصوف محيي الدين محمد

(1490-12-30)30 ديسمبر 1490
إسكليپ، إيالة الروم، الدولة العثمانية
توفي23 أغسطس 1574(1574-08-23) (aged 83)
القسطنطينية، الدولة العثمانية
الزوجزينب هانم
الوالدانالمتصوف محيي الدين محمد (الوالد)

أبو السعود افندي (تركية: Mehmed Ebüssuûd Efendi، 30 ديسمبر 1490 – 23 أغسطس 1574)[2] was a Hanafi Maturidi[3] Ottoman jurist and Qur'an exegete, who served as the قاضي اسطنبول from 1533 to 1537, and the شيخ الإسلام of the Ottoman Empire from 1545 to 1574. كما كان يُدعى "العمادي"[2] لأن عائلته انحدرت من عماد، القرية القريبة من إسكليپ.[2]

شيخ الإسلام ومفتي العثمانيين. أفتى للخلفاء الأتراك سليمان القانوني وسليم الثاني بقتل أخواتهم وأن هذا الفعل موافق للشريعة ويُرضي الله.

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النشأة

Ebussuud was the son of Iskilipli Sheikh Muhiddin Muhammad Efendi.[2] According to some sources his family descended from Kurds of the Sharizor region,[4][5][6] while Turkish sources deny any Kurdish ancestry.[7]

In the 1530s, Ebussuud served as judge in Bursa, Istanbul and Rumelia, where he brought local laws into conformity with Islamic divine law (sharia). Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent promoted him to Shaykh al-Islām – supreme judge and highest official – in 1545, an office Ebussuud held until his death and which he brought to the peak of its power.[8] He worked closely with the Sultan, issuing judicial opinions that legitimised Suleiman's killings of Yazidis and his successor Selim's attack on Cyprus.[8] Ebussuud also issued legal rulings (fatwās) which labeled the Qizilbash, regardless of whether they lived on Iranian or Ottoman soil, as "heretics", and declared that killing them would be viewed as praiseworthy, other than just being allowed according to law.[9]

Together with Suleiman, the "Lawgiver", Ebussuud reorganized Ottoman jurisprudence and brought it under tighter governmental control, creating a legal framework joining sharia and the Ottoman administrative code (qānūn). While the previously prevailing opinion held that judges were free to interpret sharia, the law that even the ruler was subject to, Ebussuud instituted a framework in which the judicial power was derived from the Sultan and which compelled judges to follow the Sultan's qānūn-nāmes, "law-letters", in their application of the law.[8]

In addition to his judicial reforms, Ebussuud is also remembered for the great variety of fatwās he issued. His opinions allowing Karagöz plays and the consumption of coffee, a novelty at the time, are particularly celebrated.[10] He is also known for a widely-contested fatwā permitting monetary dealings involving riba (interest) in certain situations. This opinion is often referenced by contemporary Muslim modernists.[11]


انظر أيضا

الهوامش

  1. ^ Atâullah, Nev‘îzâde. Hadâiku'l-hakāik fî tekmileti'ş-Şekāik. Abdülkadir Özcan. p. 185.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971, p. 114. (in تركية)
  3. ^ Üskûbî, Pîr Mehmed. Fetâvâ-yı Üskûbî. Süleymaniye Esad Efendi 1094. pp. 6b.
  4. ^ Şafak, Yeni (2012-02-22). "İslam tarihinde Kürt uleması ve günümüze bakış". Yeni Şafak (in التركية). Retrieved 2022-09-23.
  5. ^ Dergisi, Kürt Tarihi (2020-11-19). Kürt Tarihi Dergisi 20. Sayı (in الإنجليزية). Roni Basın Yayın Tanıtım Dış. Tic. Ltd. Şti.
  6. ^ Yüksel, Müfit (2015-11-15). İslamsız Kürdistan Hayali ve Ortadoğu (in التركية). Nesil Basım Yayın Gıda Ticaret ve Sanayi A.Ş. ISBN 978-605-162-896-7.
  7. ^ "Yazışma". www.ekrembugraekinci.com. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
  8. ^ أ ب ت Schneider, 192.
  9. ^ Matthee 2014.
  10. ^ Schneider, 193.
  11. ^ Omar Farooq, Dr. Mohammad (September 2007). "The Riba-Interest Equivalence: Is there an Ijma (consensus)?". Transnational Dispute Management. 4 (5): 9. SSRN 3036390 – via SSRN.

المراجع

  • Matthee, Rudi (2014). "The Ottoman-Safavid War of 986-998/1578-90: Motives and Causes". In Karpat, Kemal; Balgamış, Deniz (eds.). International Journal of Turkish Studies. Vol. 20, Nos 1& 2.
  • Schneider, Irene (2001). "Ebussuud". In Michael Stolleis (ed.). Juristen: ein biographisches Lexikon; von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert (in German) (2nd ed.). München: Beck. p. 192. ISBN 3-406-45957-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

للاستزادة

  • Atçıl, Abdurrahman (2019). "II. Ottoman Religious Rulings Concerning The Safavids: Ebussuud Efendi's Fatwas". The Empires of the Near East and India. Columbia University Press. pp. 97–106.
  • Repp, Richard C. (2009). "Abū l-Suʿūd". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
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