خلات الپوتاسيوم

Potassium acetate
الأسماء
	اسم أيوپاك المفضل Potassium acetate
	أسماء أخرى ملح البوتاسيوم، E261
المُعرِّفات
رقم CAS
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1201058 ;
ChemSpider	29104 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.004.385
E number	E261 (preservatives)
PubChem CID	31371;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID7027043 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C2H4O2.K/c1-2(3)4;/h1H3,(H,3,4);/q;+1/p-1 Key: SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M ; InChI=1/C2H4O2.K/c1-2(3)4;/h1H3,(H,3,4);/q;+1/p-1 Key: SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-REWHXWOFAA;
	SMILES CC(=O)[O-].[K+];
الخصائص
الصيغة الجزيئية	C2H3KO2
كتلة مولية	98.13 g mol-1
المظهر	مسحوق بلوري deliquescent أبيض
الكثافة	1.8 g/cm3 (20 °C); 1.57 g/cm3 (25 °C)
نقطة الانصهار
نقطة الغليان
قابلية الذوبان في الماء	216.7 g/100 mL (0.1 °C); 233.8 g/100 mL (10 °C); 268.6 g/100 mL (25 °C); 320.8 g/100 mL (40 °C); 390.7 g/100 mL (96 °C)
قابلية الذوبان	قابل للذوبان في الكحول، والأمونيا السائلة; غير قابل للذوبان في الإيثر، أو الأسيتون
قابلية الذوبان في ميثانول	24.24 g/100 g (15 °C); 53.54 g/100 g (73.4 °C)
قابلية الذوبان في إيثانول	16.3 g/100 g
قابلية الذوبان في ثاني أكسيد الكبريت	0.06 g/kg (0 °C)
الحموضة (pKa)	4.76
البنية
البنية البلورية	أحادي الميل
الكيمياء الحرارية
الإنتالپية المعيارية; للتشكل ΔfHo298	−722.6 kJ/mol
Standard molar; entropy So298	150.82 J/mol·K
سعة الحرارة النوعية، C	109.38 J/mol·K
علم الأدوية
كود ATC	B05XA17 (WHO)
المخاطر
NFPA 704 (معيـَّن النار)	1 1 0
	الجرعة أو التركيز القاتل (LD, LC):
LD50 (الجرعة الوسطى)	3250 mg/kg (oral, rat)
	ما لم يُذكر غير ذلك، البيانات المعطاة للمواد في حالاتهم العيارية (عند 25 °س [77 °ف]، 100 kPa).
	verify (what is ?)
	مراجع الجدول

خلات بوتاسيوم مركب كيميائي له الصيغة CH₃COOK ، ويكون على شكل مسحوق بلوري أبيض.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الخواص

تكون على شكل بلورات عديمة اللون والرائحة، تتسيل بسهولة لدى تماسها مع الهواء.
ينحل مركب خلات البوتاسيوم بشكل جيد جداً في الماء (200 غ لكل 100 مل ماء عند الدرجة 20°س)، كما ينحل بشكل جيد في الإيثانول.
المحاليل المائية منه لها صفة قلوية حيث أن الأس الهيدروجيني 0.1 نظامي مقداره 9.7.

التحضير

يحضر مركب خلات البوتاسيوم من تفاعل تعديل حمض الخليك مع كربونات البوتاسيوم من ثم تبخير المحلول الناتج

3H₃C-COOH + K₂CO₃ → 2H₃C-COO ^- K ⁺ + H₂O + CO₂

الاستخدامات

يستخدم مركب خلات البوتاسيوم في الصناعات الغذائية من أجل ضبط الحموضة حيث له رقم الإي E261
يستخدم خلات البوتاسيوم طبياً من أجل تعويض نقص البوتاسيوم في الجسم

Deicing

Potassium acetate (as a substitute for calcium chloride or magnesium chloride) can be used as a deicer to remove ice or prevent its formation. It offers the advantage of being less aggressive on soils and much less corrosive:^[5] for this reason, it is preferred for airport runways although it is more expensive.^[6]

Fire extinguishing

Potassium acetate is the extinguishing agent used in Class K fire extinguishers because of its ability to cool and form a crust over burning oils.

Food additive

Potassium acetate is used in processed foods as a preservative and acidity regulator. In the European Union, it is labeled by the E number E261;^[7] it is also approved for usage in the USA,^[8] Australia, and New Zealand.^[9] Potassium hydrogen diacetate (CAS #4251-29-0 ) with formula KH(OOCCH₃)₂ is a related food additive with the same E number as potassium acetate.

Medicine and biochemistry

In medicine, potassium acetate is used as part of electrolyte replacement protocols in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis because of its ability to break down to bicarbonate to help neutralize the acidotic state.

In molecular biology, potassium acetate is used to precipitate Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and SDS-bound proteins to allow their removal from DNA.

Potassium acetate is used in mixtures applied for tissue preservation, fixation, and mummification. Most museums today use a formaldehyde-based method recommended by Kaiserling in 1897 which contains potassium acetate.^[10] This process was used to soak Lenin's corpse.^[11]

الاستخدام في تنفيذ الإعدام

Potassium acetate was incorrectly used in place of potassium chloride when putting a prisoner to death in Oklahoma in January 2015.^[12] Charles Frederick Warner was executed on January 15, 2015 with potassium acetate; this was not public knowledge until the scheduled execution of Richard Glossip was called off.^[13] In August 2017, the U.S. state of Florida executed Mark James Asay using a combination of etomidate, rocuronium bromide, and potassium acetate.^[14] The drug was also used in the February 2023 execution of Donald Dillbeck, once again in combination with etomidate and rocuronium bromide.^[15]

الصناعة

Potassium acetate is used as a catalyst in the production of polyurethanes.^[16]

التاريخية

It is used as a diuretic and urinary alkalizer. Before modern chemistry, it was variously called terra foliata tartari, sal Sennerti, tartarus regeneratus, arcanum tartari and sal diureticus.^[17] In 1760 it was used in the preparation of Cadet's fuming liquid ((CH₃)₂As)₂O, the first organometallic compound ever produced.

References

^ ^أ ^ب ^ت ^ث ^ج http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=504
^ Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1952). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds. Van Nostrand.
^ ^أ ^ب قالب:Nist
^ https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/127-08-2^{[dead link]}
^ Gruber, Michael R.; Hofko, Bernhard; Hoffmann, Markus; Stinglmayr, David; Seifried, Teresa M.; Grothe, Hinrich (April 2023). "Deicing performance of common deicing agents for winter maintenance with and without corrosion-inhibiting substances". Cold Regions Science and Technology. 208: 103795. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2023.103795.
^ Harrington-Hughes, Kathryn (1992). Handbook of test methods for evaluating chemical deicers. Transportation Research Board. ISBN 9789994805839.
^ UK Food Standards Agency: "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Retrieved 2011-10-27.
^ US Food and Drug Administration: "Listing of Food Additives Status Part II". Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
^ Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code"Standard 1.2.4 - Labelling of ingredients". 8 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
^ Dale Ulmer (1994). "Fixation. The Key to Good Tissue Preservation" (PDF). Journal of the International Society for Plastination. 8 (1): 7–10. doi:10.56507/OEVY7072. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
^ Andrew Nagorski (2007). The Greatest Battle. Simon and Schuster. p. 53.
^ "Oklahoma used wrong drug in Charles Warner's execution, autopsy report says".
^ Eyder Peralta. "Oklahoma Used The Wrong Drug To Execute Charles Warner". NPR.
^ Jason Dearon. "Florida executes convicted killer Mark Asay using new drug". Sun Sentinel.
^ Kathryn Varn. "Convicted murderer Donald Dillbeck has been executed. Here's the latest". Tallahassee Democrat.
^ Hosea Cheung, Robin S. Tanke, G. Paul Torrence "Acetic Acid" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. DOI:10.1002/14356007.a01_045.
^ Crosland, Maurice P. (2004-01-01). Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry (in الإنجليزية). Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-43802-3.

External links

v t e أملاح وإستر أيون الخلات
AcOH																	He
LiOAc	Be(OAc)₂ BeAcOH											B(OAc)₃	ROAc	NH₄OAc	AcOAc	FAc	Ne
NaOAc	Mg(OAc)₂											Al(OAc)₃ ALSOL Al(OAc)₂OH	Si	P	S	ClAc	Ar
KOAc	Ca(OAc)₂	Sc(OAc)₃	Ti(OAc)₄	VO(OAc)₃	Cr(OAc)₂	Mn(OAc)₂ MnAc₃	Fe(OAc)₂ FeAc₃	Co(OAc)₂, CoAc₃	Ni(OAc)₂	Cu(OAc)₂	Zn(OAc)₂	Ga(OAc)₃	Ge	As	Se	BrAc	Kr
RbOAc	Sr(OAc)₂	Y(OAc)₃	Zr(OAc)₄	Nb	Mo(OAc)₂	Tc	Ru	Rh	Pd(OAc)₂	AgOAc	Cd(OAc)₂	In	Sn(OAc)₂ SnAc₄	Sb(OAc)₃	Te	IAc	Xe
CsOAc	Ba(OAc)₂		Hf	Ta	W	Re	Os	Ir	Pt(OAc)₂	Au	Hg₂(OAc)₂, HgAc₂	TlOAc Tl(OAc)₃	Pb(OAc)₂ Pb(OAc)₄	Bi(OAc)₃	Po	At	Rn
Fr	Ra		Rf	Db	Sg	Bh	Hs	Mt	Ds	Rg	Cn	Uut	Fl	Uup	Lv	Uus	Uuo
		↓
		La(OAc)₃	Ce(OAc)_x	Pr	Nd	Pm	Sm(OAc)₃	Eu(OAc)₃	Gd(OAc)₃	Tb	Dy(OAc)₃	Ho(OAc)₃	Er	Tm	Yb(OAc)₃	Lu(OAc)₃
		Ac	Th	Pa	UO₂(OAc)₂	Np	Pu	Am	Cm	Bk	Cf	Es	Fm	Md	No	Lr

هذه بذرة مقالة عن الكيمياء تحتاج للنمو والتحسين، ساهم في إثرائها بالمشاركة في تحريرها.

الكلمات الدالة:

خلات الپوتاسيوم

[chemister-1] أ ^ب ^ت ^ث ^ج http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=504

[sioc-2] Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1952). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds. Van Nostrand.

[nist-3] أ ^ب قالب:Nist

[4] ttps://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/127-08-2^{[dead link]}

[5] Gruber, Michael R.; Hofko, Bernhard; Hoffmann, Markus; Stinglmayr, David; Seifried, Teresa M.; Grothe, Hinrich (April 2023). "Deicing performance of common deicing agents for winter maintenance with and without corrosion-inhibiting substances". Cold Regions Science and Technology. 208: 103795. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2023.103795.

[6] Harrington-Hughes, Kathryn (1992). Handbook of test methods for evaluating chemical deicers. Transportation Research Board. ISBN 9789994805839.

[7] UK Food Standards Agency: "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Retrieved 2011-10-27.

[8] US Food and Drug Administration: "Listing of Food Additives Status Part II". Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2011-10-27.

[9] Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code"Standard 1.2.4 - Labelling of ingredients". 8 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-27.

[10] Dale Ulmer (1994). "Fixation. The Key to Good Tissue Preservation" (PDF). Journal of the International Society for Plastination. 8 (1): 7–10. doi:10.56507/OEVY7072. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2017-09-08.

[11] Andrew Nagorski (2007). The Greatest Battle. Simon and Schuster. p. 53.

[12] "Oklahoma used wrong drug in Charles Warner's execution, autopsy report says".

[13] Eyder Peralta. "Oklahoma Used The Wrong Drug To Execute Charles Warner". NPR.

[14] Jason Dearon. "Florida executes convicted killer Mark Asay using new drug". Sun Sentinel.

[15] Kathryn Varn. "Convicted murderer Donald Dillbeck has been executed. Here's the latest". Tallahassee Democrat.

[16] Hosea Cheung, Robin S. Tanke, G. Paul Torrence "Acetic Acid" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. DOI:10.1002/14356007.a01_045.

[17] Crosland, Maurice P. (2004-01-01). Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry (in الإنجليزية). Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-43802-3.

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