ثيمة (مقاطعة بيزنطية)
(تم التحويل من Theme (country subdivision))
ثيمات theme أو ثيماتا (باليونانية: θέματα؛ ومفردها: θέμα، ثيما) كانت التقسيمات الادارية/العسكرية الرئيسية في الامبراطورية البيزنطية الوسيطة. وقد تأسسوا في منتصف القرن السابع في أعقاب الغزو السلاڤي للبلقان والفتوحات الإسلامية لأجزاء من الأراضي البيزنطية، وقد حلت محل نظام المقاطعات الذي أرساه ديوكلتيان وقسطنطين الأكبر. وفي أصلهم، فإن أول الثيمات خُلِقت من مناطق معسكرات الجيوش الميدانية للجيش الروماني الشرقي، وأسماهن تناظر الوحدات العسكرية التي تواجدت في تلك المناطق. بلغ نظام الثيمات أوجه في القرنين التاسع والعاشر، إذ انفصمت الثيمات القديمة وأدت الفتوحات الحديثة إلى خلق ثيمات جديدة. خضع نظام الثيمات الأصلي لتغيرات بارزة في القرنين 11 و 12، إلا أن المصطلح ظل مستخدماً في السياق الاداري والمالي حتى نهاية الامبراطورية.
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التاريخ
خلفية
التنظيم
المصطلح ثيما كان غامضاً، ويشير إلى كلٍ من شكل تراتب عسكري وإلى تقسيم اداري. A theme was an arrangement of plots of land given for farming to the soldiers. The soldiers were still technically a military unit, under the command of a strategos, and they did not own the land they worked as it was still controlled by the state. Therefore, for its use the soldiers' pay was reduced. By accepting this proposition, the participants agreed that their descendants would also serve in the military and work in a theme, thus simultaneously reducing the need for unpopular conscription as well as cheaply maintaining the military. It also allowed for the settling of conquered lands, as there was always a substantial addition made to public lands during a conquest.
The commander of a theme, however, did not only command his soldiers. He united the civil and military jurisdictions in the territorial area in question. Thus the division set up by Diocletian between civil governors (praesides etc.) and military commanders (duces etc.) was abolished, and the Empire returned to a system much more similar to that of the Republic or the Principate, where provincial governors had also commanded the armies in their area.
The following table illustrates the thematic structure as found in the Thracesian Theme, c. 902-936:
| هيكلية ثيما ثراكيسيون | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الاسم | عديد الأفراد | عدد الوحدات التابعة | الضابط المسئول | |||||||
| ثيما | 9,600 | 4 تورماي | Strategos | |||||||
| تورما | 2,400 | 6 Droungoi | Tourmarches | |||||||
| Droungos | 400 | 2 باندا | Droungarios | |||||||
| باندون | 200 | 2 كنتارخياي | Count | |||||||
| كنتارخيا | 100 | 10 Kontoubernia | كنتارخ/Hekatontarches | |||||||
| 50 | 5 Kontoubernia | Pentekontarches | ||||||||
| Kontoubernion | 10 | 1 "طليعة" + 1 "حرس المؤخرة" | ديكارخوس | |||||||
| "الطليعة" | 5 | n/a | پنتارخ | |||||||
| "حرس المؤخرة" | 4 | n/a | تترارخ | |||||||
قائمة الثيمات بين ح. 660 و 930
This list includes the large "traditional" themes established in the period from the inception of the theme system in c. 660 to the beginning of the great conquests in c. 930 and the creation of the new, smaller themes.[1]
| ثيمة (الاسم باليونانية) | التاريخ | تأسست من | التقسيمات اللاحقة | العاصمة | الإقليم الأصلي | مدن أخرى |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| بحر إيجة† (thema Aigaiou Pelàgous, Θέμα του Αιγαίου Πελάγους) |
by 842/843 | Cibyrrhaeots, raised from independent droungariate | possibly Mytilene or Methymna | Lesbos, Lemnos, Chios, Imbros, Tenedos, Hellespont, Sporades and Cyclades | Methymna, Mytilene, Chios, Alexandria Troas, Abydos, Lampsakos, Cyzicus, Sestos, Callipolis | |
| Anatolics (thema Anatolikōn, Θέμα των Ανατολικών) |
by 669/670 | Former Field Army of the East/Syria | Cappadocia§ (830) | Amorium | Phrygia, Pisidia, Isauria | Iconium, Polybotos, Philomelion, Akroinon, Synnada, Sozopolis, Thebasa, Antiochia, Derbe, Laranda, Isaura, Pessinus |
| Armeniacs (thema Armeniakōn, Armeniakoi, Θέμα των Αρμενιακών) |
by 667/668 | Former Field Army of Armenia | Chaldia (by 842), Charsianon§ (863), Koloneia (863), Paphlagonia (by 826) | Amasea | Pontus, Armenia Minor, northern Cappadocia | Sinope, Amisus, Euchaita, Comana Pontica |
| Bucellarians (thema Boukellarion, Boukellàrioi, Θέμα των Βουκελλαρίων) |
by 767/768 | Opsikion | Paphlagonia (in part), Cappadocia (in part), Charsianon (in part) | Ancyra | Galatia, Paphlagonia | Tios, Heraclea Pontica, Claudiopolis, Cratea, Iuliopolis, Lagania, Gordion |
| Cappadocia§ (thema Kappadokias, Θέμα Καππαδοκίας) |
by 830 | Armeniacs, part of the Bucellarians | Koron Fortress, later Tyana | SW Cappadocia | Podandus, Nyssa, Loulon Fortress, Tyana, Nazianzus, Heraclea Cybistra | |
| Cephallenia† (thema Kephallēnias, Θέμα Κεφαλληνίας) |
by 809 | Langobardia (by 910), ?Nicopolis (by 899) | Cephallenia | Ionian Islands, Apulia | Corfu, Zakynthos, Leucate | |
| Chaldia (thema Chaldias, Θέμα Χαλδίας) |
c. 840 | Armeniacs (originally a tourma) | Duchy of Chaldia | Trebizond | Pontic coast | Rhizus, Cerasous, Polemonion, Paiperta |
| Charsianon§ (thema Charsianoù, Θέμα Χαρσιανού) |
863–873 | Armeniacs (originally a tourma), part of the Bucellarians | Caesarea | NW Cappadocia | Charsianon | |
| Cherson/Klimata (thema Chersōnos/Klimata, Θέμα Χερσώνος/τα Κλίματα) |
833 | ruled by the Khazars in the 8th century, Byz. rule rest. by Theophilos | Cherson | South Crimea | Sougdea, Theodosia, Bosporos, Galita | |
| Cibyrrhaeots† (thema Kibyrrhaiotōn, Kibyrrhaiotai, Θέμα των Κυβυρραιωτών) |
by 697/698 or c. 720 | Created from the Karabisianoi fleet | Aegean Sea, Samos, Seleucia | Samos, later Attaleia | Pamphylia, Lycia, Dodecanese, Aegean Islands, Ionian coast | Rhodes, Myra, Cibyrrha, Limyra, Phaselis, Side, Selinus, Anemurium, Sagalassus, Telmissus, Patara, Halicarnassus, Iassus, Mylasa, Selge, Cnidus, Kos |
| Crete† (thema Krētēs, Θέμα Κρήτης) |
by 767 (?), again in 961 | Arab emirate from c. 828 until Byz. reconquest in 961 | Chandax | Crete | Rethymnon, Gortys | |
| Dalmatia (thema Dalmatias, Θέμα Δαλματίας) |
by 899 | New territory | Idassa/Iadera | Ragousa, Aspalathos, Polae, Tragyrion, Scardona | ||
| Dyrrhachium (thema Dyrrhachiou, Θέμα Δυρραχίου) |
by 842 | New territory | Dyrrhachium | Albanian coast | Aulon, Apollonia, Lissos | |
| Hellas (thema Hellàdos, Helladikoi, Θέμα της Ελλάδος/Ελλαδικών) |
c. 690 | Karabisianoi | Cephallenia (by 809), Peloponnese (by 811) | Corinth, later Thebes (after 809) | Initially E. Peloponnese and Attica, after 809 eastern Central Greece and Thessaly | (after 809) Athens, Larissa, Pharsala, Lamia, Thermopylae, Plataeae, Euripus, Demetrias, Stagoi |
| Koloneia§ (thema Kolōneias, Θέμα Κολωνείας) |
by 863, probably c. 842 | Armeniacs, kleisoura by early 9th century | Duchy of Chaldia | Koloneia | North Armenia Minor | Satala, Nicopolis, Neocaesarea |
| Longobardia (thema Longobardias, Θέμα Λογγοβαρδίας) |
by 892 | Cephallenia (originally a tourma) | Barion | Apulia | Tarantas, Brindesion, Hydrus, Callipolis | |
| Lykandos (thema Lykàndou, Θέμα Λυκάνδου) |
by 916 | New territory | Lykandos Fortress | SE Cappadocia | Arabissos, Cocyssos, Comana | |
| Macedonia (thema Makedonias, Θέμα Μακεδονίας) |
by 802 | Thrace | Strymon | Adrianopolis | Western Thrace | Didymoteicho, Mosynopolis, Aenos, Maronia |
| Mesopotamia (thema Mesopotamias, Θέμα Μεσοποταμίας) |
by 899-911 | New territory | Duchy of Mesopotamia | Kamacha[بحاجة لمصدر] | upper Euphrates | |
| Nicopolis (thema Nikopoleōs, Θέμα Νικοπόλεως) |
by 899 | probably raised from tourma of the Peloponnese | Naupaktos | Epirus, Aetolia, Acarnania | Ioannina, Buthrotum, Rogoi, Dryinoupolis, Nicopolis, Himarra | |
| Opsikion (Thema of Opsikion, Θέμα του Οψικίου) |
by 680 | Imperial Praesental Armies | Bucellarians (by 768), Optimates (by 775) | Nicaea | Prussa, Kios, Malagina, Dorylaion, Nakoleia, Krasos, Kotyaion, Midaeum | |
| Optimates (thema Optimàtōn, Optimatoi, Θέμα των Οπτιμάτων) |
by 775 | Opsicians | Nicomedia | Bithynia opposite Constantinople | Chalcedon, Chrysopolis | |
| Paphlagonia (thema Paphlagonias, Θέμα Παφλαγονίας) |
by 826, prob. c. 820 | Armeniacs, Bucellarians (in part) | Gangra | Amastris, Ionopolis, Kastamonè, Pompeiopolis | ||
| Peloponnese (thema Peloponnēsou, Θέμα Πελοποννήσου) |
by 811 | Hellas in part, in part new territory | ?Nicopolis (by 899) | Corinth | Peloponnese | Patrae, Argos, Lacedaemon, Korinthos, Helos, Methòne, Elis, Monemvasia |
| Phasiane (Derzene) (thema Phasianēs/Derzēnēs, Θέμα Φασιανής/Δερζένης) |
by 935 | New territory and Theme of Mesopotamia | Duchy of Mesopotamia | Arsamosata | source of Aras | |
| Samos† (thema Samou, Θέμα Σάμου) |
by 899 | Cibyrrhaeots, raised from independent drungariate of the Gulf | Smyrna | Southeastern Aegean islands, Ionian coast (shared with Thracesians) | Samos, Ephesos, Miletus, Magnesia, Tralles, Lebedos, Teos, Clazomenae, Phocaea, Pergamon, Adramyttion | |
| Sebasteia§ (thema Sebasteias, Θέμα Σεβαστείας) |
by 911 | Armeniacs, kleisoura by c. 900 | Sebasteia | Dazimon | ||
| Seleucia§ (thema Seleukeias, Θέμα Σελευκείας) |
by 934 | Cibyrrhaeots, from early 9th century a kleisoura | Seleucia | Claudiopolis | ||
| Sicily (thema Sikelias, Θέμα Σικελίας) |
by 700 | Calabria (remaining territory after Muslim conquest of Sicily) | Syracuse | Sicily and Calabria | Katàne, Tavromènion, Panormos, Akragas, Leontini, Himera, Mazzara, Lilybaeum, Drepanum | |
| Strymon§ (thema Strymōnos, Θέμα Στρυμώνος) |
by 899, probably 840s | Macedonia, raised from kleisoura (709) | Neapolis | roughly modern Greek Eastern Macedonia | Serres | |
| Thessalonica (thema Thessalonikēs, Θέμα Θεσσαλονίκης) |
by 824 | Thessalonica | roughly modern Greek Central Macedonia | Beroia, Edessa, Dion, Ierissos, Moglena, Diocletianopolis, Servia | ||
| Thrace (thema Thrakēs, Θέμα Θράκης/Θρακώον) |
by 680 | ?Opsicians | Macedonia | Arcadiopolis | Eastern Thrace, except Constantinople | Selymbria, Bizye, Perinthus, Rhaedestus |
| Thracesians (thema Thrakēsiōn, Thrakēsioi, Θέμα Θρακησίων) |
by 687 | Former Field Army of Thrace | Chonae | Hierapolis, Sardeis, Thyatira, Laodikea |
Notes:
† naval theme (in Greek thema nautikon, θέμα ναυτικόν)
§ Originally established as a kleisoura
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قائمة الثمات الجديدة، ع930–ع1060
These were the new major or minor themes (provinces), established during the Byzantine conquests, in the East (the so-called "Armenian" themes or generalships, strategiai), in Italy and in the Balkans.
| Theme (name in Greek) | Date | Capital | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artze (Ἄρτζε) |
970s | Artze | A minor theme attested in the Escorial Taktikon. Ceded to David III of Tao in 979, recovered after David's death in 1000 and subordinated to the catepanate of Iberia. The town was destroyed by the Turks in 1049.[2][3] |
| Asmosaton (Ἀσμόσατον) |
c. 938 | Asmosaton | A minor theme, it survived until conquered by the Turks in the 1050s.[2][4] |
| Boleron/Neos Strymon (thema Voleroù/Nèou Strymōnos, Θέμα Βολερού/Νέου Στρυμώνος) |
970s | Serres | |
| Bulgaria (thema Boulgarias, Θέμα Βουλγαρίας) |
1018 | Scupi | established by Emperor Basil II after the victory over Samuel of Bulgaria and the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire in 1018. It was based on the wider regions of Skopje and Ohrid (modern Republic of Macedonia and south Serbia). |
| Calabria (thema Kalavrias, Θέμα Καλαβρίας) |
c. 950 | Rhegion | Following the Muslim conquest of Sicily, from 902 the Theme of Sicily was limited to Calabria, but retained its original name until the middle of the 10th century |
| Charpezikion (Χαρπεζίκιον) |
949 | Charpezikion | A minor theme.[5] |
| Chavzizin (Χαυζίζιον) |
after 940 | Chavzizin | A minor theme covering the area of the Bingöl Dağ mountains.[6] |
| Chozanon (Χόζανον) |
before 956, possibly 948/952 | Chozanon | An "Armenian theme".[4][7] |
| Cyprus (thema Kyprou, Θέμα Κύπρου) |
965 | Leukosia | Byzantine-Arab condominium from 688 until the definite Byzantine reconquest in 965. |
| Derzene (Δερζηνῆ) |
948/952 | Chozanon | A minor theme, the administration of Derzene was often entrusted to officials of the theme of Chaldia.[4][8] |
| Edessa (thema Edēssēs, Θέμα Εδέσσης) |
1032 | Edessa | Captured by George Maniakes in 1032, it became seat of a strategos, later a doux, until conquered by the Turks on 1086.[9] |
| Euphrates Cities (Παρευφρατίδαι Πόλεις) |
c. 1032 | Minor theme.[10] | |
| Hexakomia or Hexapolis (Ἑξακωμία/Ἑξάπολις) |
970s | Minor theme, its name means "six villages/cities", a region between Lykandos and Melitene. It apparently was also an episcopal see.[10][11] | |
| Iberia (θέμα 'Ιβηρίας) |
c. 1001 or c. 1023 | Theodosiopolis | Formed out of the territories of David III of Tao–Tayk, which he bequeathed to Basil II. The date of establishment is disputed among scholars. United with Ani in 1045 and with Kars in 1064.[12] |
| Kama (Κάμα) |
970s | Minor theme attested only in the Escorial Tactikon, location uncertain.[10][13] | |
| Lucania (thema Leukanias, Θέμα Λευκανίας) |
968 | Tursi | |
| Manzikert (Ματζικέρτ) |
1000 | Manzikert | Part of the territories inherited from David III of Tao, it was the seat of a strategos, later probably a subordinate of the doux of Vaspurakan.[14] |
| Melitene (Μελιτηνή) |
970s | Melitene | Became an imperial curatorship (kouratoreia) after conquered by John Kourkouas in 934.[15] |
| Paristrion/Paradounavon (thema Paristriou/Paradoùnavon, Θέμα Παριστρίου/Παραδούναβον) |
1020 | Dorostrolon | |
| Samosata (Σαμόσατα) |
958 | Samosata | Became the seat of a strategos after the Byzantine conquest in 958.[16] |
| Sirmium (thema Sirmiou, Θέμα Σιρμίου) |
1018 | Sirmium | Established in 1018 at the northwestern part of the Bulgarian Empire (Syrmia) |
| Tarantas (Τάραντας) |
970s | Tarantas | Minor theme attested only in the Escorial Taktikon.[10][17] |
| Taron (Ταρών) |
966/7 | A dependency of the Empire since the early 10th century, the region of Taron became a theme in 966/7 and remained a Byzantine province until lost to the Turks after Manzikert.[18] | |
| Tephrike/Leontokome§ (thema Tephrikēs/Leontokōmēs, Θέμα Τεφρικής/Λεωντοκώμης) |
934/944 | Tephrike | Formed as a kleisoura after the Byzantine conquest of the Paulician principality of Tephrike, renamed Leontokome under Leo VI the Wise, became a theme in the 930s.[19] |
| Theodosiopolis (Θεοδοσιούπολις) |
949, again in 1000 | Theodosiopolis | Formed as a theme after the Byzantine conquest in 949, ceded to David III of Tao in 979, recovered in 1000, it became the capital of the theme of Iberia. |
| Vaasprakania (Βαασπρακανία) |
1021/2 | Established when Seneqerim-Hovhannes, king of Vaspurakan, ceded his realm to the Empire. Governed by a doux/katepano at Van, it lasted until overrun by the Turks after 1071.[20] |
الثيمات اللاحقة، القرنان 12–13
| ثيمة (الاسم باليونانية) | التاريخ | العاصمة | تعليقات |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maeander | after 1204 | a minor theme of the Nicaean period, which eventually became part of the southern Thracesian theme.[21] | |
| Mylasa and Melanoudion | 1143 | a minor theme comprising the territories in Asia Minor south of the Maeander valley, created from parts of the Cibyrrhaeot and Thracesian themes. Its existence continued under the Nicaean Empire.[22] | |
| Neokastra | between 1162 and 1173 | created from the northern Thracesian theme as part of Manuel Komnenos' reorganization of the Asiatic frontier. Its existence continued under the Nicaean Empire.[23] |
References
- ^ Haldon 1999, pp. 86–87
- ^ أ ب McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, p. 148
- ^ Kühn 1991, pp. 64, 187–188
- ^ أ ب ت Kühn 1991, p. 63
- ^ Kühn 1991, pp. 58, 63
- ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, p. 149
- ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, p. 150
- ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, pp. 150–152
- ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, pp. 162–164
- ^ أ ب ت ث Kühn 1991, p. 64
- ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, pp. 152–153
- ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, pp. 166–168
- ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, pp. 153–154
- ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, p. 156
- ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, pp. 156–160
- ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, pp. 160–161
- ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, p. 161
- ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, pp. 168–170
- ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, pp. 161–162
- ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, pp. 170–171
- ^ Angold 1975, p. 247
- ^ Angold 1975, p. 248f
- ^ Angold 1975, p. 246
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- Treadgold, Warren T. (1998), Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081, Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-3163-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=xfV0LkMNaLUC
- Whittow, Mark (1996), The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-20496-4
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