قرةمان

(تم التحويل من Karaman)
هذا المقال هو عن بلدة في جنوب تركيا الوسطى. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر قرةمان (توضيح).
قرةمان
Karaman
المنظر من قلعة قرةمان
المنظر من قلعة قرةمان
قرةمان is located in تركيا
قرةمان
قرةمان
الإحداثيات: 37°10′55″N 33°13′05″E / 37.18194°N 33.21806°E / 37.18194; 33.21806
Countryتركيا
المحافظةقرةمان
الحكومة
 • العمدةKamil Uğurlu (AKP)
المساحة
[1]
 • District3٬685٫73 كم² (1٬423٫07 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2012)[2]
 • Urban
141٬630
 • District
175٬397
 • كثافة District48/km2 (120/sq mi)
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.karaman.bel.tr

قرةمان أو كارامان هي عاصمة محافظة كارامان تقع في جنوب وسط تركيا ويبلغ تعداد سكانها حوالي 105,384 نسمة. The town lies at an average elevation of 1,039 m (3,409 ft). The Karaman Museum is one of the major sights.

Karaman Main Station

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Etymology

The town owes its name to Karaman Bey, who was one of the rulers of the Karamanid dynasty. The former name Laranda which in turn comes from the Luwian language Larawanda, literally means "sandy, a sandy place".[3]


History

Karaman Museum.

In ancient times, Karaman was known as Lānda in Hittite and Laranda[4] (باليونانية: Λάρανδα). In the 6th century BC it came under Achaemenid rule until 322 BC, when it was destroyed by Perdiccas,[4] a former general of Alexander the Great, after he had defeated Ariarathes I, king of Cappadocia.[5] It later became a seat of Isaurian pirates. At some point it was possessed by Antipater of Derbe.[6] It belonged to the Roman and later Byzantine Empires until it was captured by the Seljuks in the early 12th century. Karaman was occupied by Frederick Barbarossa in 1190[4] and by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1211 and 1216. In 1256, the town was taken by Karaman Bey and was renamed Karaman in his honour. From 1275, Karaman was the capital of the Karamanid beylik.

In 1468 the Karamanids were conquered by the Ottomans and in 1483 the capital of the province was moved to Konya. Karaman has retained ruins of a Karamanid castle and some walls, two mosques and a Koran school (madrasah) from that age. A mihrab from a mosque from Karaman can now be found in the Çinili Pavilion near the Archeology Museum in Istanbul. The Karamans were Cappadocian Turkomans who fought the Ottomans on the side of the Comnenes, became Christian and migrated westwards.

Karaman clocktower

There was a Roman Catholic titular see for the city.[7] The poet Yunus Emre (1238–1320ح. 1238–1320) resided in Karaman during his later years and is believed to lie buried beside the Yunus Emre Mosque. A small adjacent park is adorned with quotations from his verse, many of them graffiti-splattered. In 1222, the Sufi preacher Bahaeddin Veled arrived in town with his family, and the Karamanoğlu emir built a madrasah to accommodate them. Veled's son was the famous Rumi, who married his wife, Gevher Hatun, while his family was living in Karaman. It was here, too, that Rumi's mother died in 1224. She was buried, along with other family members, in the Aktekke Mosque (also known as the Mader-i Mevlana Cami), which Alaeddin Ali Bey had built to replace the original madrasah in 1370.[8]

When Thomas Jefferson fought Libya's Barbary pirates, he replaced one member of the al-Qaramanli dynasty with another as Pasha.

Notable people

Karamanlides

The bearers of the Greek name Karamanlis as well as other surnames beginning with "Karaman" are a toponymic surname for the town.


المناخ

قرةمان لها مناخ قاري شبه قاحل بصيف حار جاف وشتاء بارد ثلجي. قرةمان مدينة مشمسة جداً طوال العام.

Climate data for قرةمان
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.2
(70.2) 		20.5
(68.9) 		28.7
(83.7) 		32.3
(90.1) 		34.3
(93.7) 		36.9
(98.4) 		40.4
(104.7) 		40.4
(104.7) 		36.4
(97.5) 		33.2
(91.8) 		25.7
(78.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		40.4
(104.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 		7.0
(44.6) 		12.3
(54.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		23.1
(73.6) 		27.8
(82.0) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.1
(88.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		20.8
(69.4) 		13.5
(56.3) 		7.6
(45.7) 		18.8
(65.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		0.2
(32.4) 		4.9
(40.8) 		8.6
(47.5) 		12.4
(54.3) 		15.2
(59.4) 		14.7
(58.5) 		10.3
(50.5) 		5.7
(42.3) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		5.3
(41.6)
Record low °C (°F) −25.8
(−14.4) 		−28.0
(−18.4) 		−20.2
(−4.4) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.4
(43.5) 		5.6
(42.1) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−21.2
(−6.2) 		−26.1
(−15.0) 		−28.0
(−18.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 40.0
(1.57) 		34.4
(1.35) 		33.7
(1.33) 		37.1
(1.46) 		35.8
(1.41) 		21.8
(0.86) 		5.8
(0.23) 		6.6
(0.26) 		7.7
(0.30) 		27.5
(1.08) 		32.7
(1.29) 		43.4
(1.71) 		326.5
(12.85)
Average rainy days 9.9 9.9 9.4 8.4 8.5 4.6 1.5 1.1 1.7 5.9 7.0 9.8 77.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 111.6 126 201.5 237 313.1 363 403 378.2 315 235.6 168 108.5 2٬960٫5
Source: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü [1]

معرض صور

  • Karaman Street view

    Karaman Street view

  • Karaman Nefesi Sultan Medresesi monumental entrance

    Karaman Nefesi Sultan Medresesi monumental entrance

  • Karaman Medrese of Nefesi Sultan

    Karaman Medrese of Nefesi Sultan

  • Karaman Hac Beyler Mosque Entrance

    Karaman Hac Beyler Mosque Entrance

  • Karaman Haci Beyler Camisi entrance

    Karaman Haci Beyler Camisi entrance

  • Karaman Ibrahim Bey Imareti door

    Karaman Ibrahim Bey Imareti door

  • Karaman Ibrahim Bey Mosque

    Karaman Ibrahim Bey Mosque

  • Ibrahim Bey Mihrab in Çinili Köşk

    Ibrahim Bey Mihrab in Çinili Köşk

  • Karaman Castle Mosque and surroundings

    Karaman Castle Mosque and surroundings

  • Karaman Castle mosque

    Karaman Castle mosque

  • Karaman Ak Tekke interior

    Karaman Ak Tekke interior

  • Karaman Castle Exterior

    Karaman Castle Exterior

  • Karaman Castle Interior

    Karaman Castle Interior

  • Karaman Museum Can Hasan I Pottery

    Karaman Museum Can Hasan I Pottery

  • Karaman Museum Iconostasis doors

    Karaman Museum Iconostasis doors

  • Karaman Museum Kadın fez süsü

    Karaman Museum Kadın fez süsü

  • Karaman Museum Cowry shell adorned objects

    Karaman Museum Cowry shell adorned objects


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انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ "Area of regions (including lakes), km²". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
  2. ^ "Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
  3. ^ Bilge Umar. Türkiye'deki Tarihsel Adlar. İnkılap Kitabevi, 1993. ISBN 975-10-0539-6.
  4. ^ أ ب ت  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Karaman" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 15 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 676. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ Diodorus Siculus 18.22.1-2
  6. ^ Strabo, Geography, §12.6.3
  7. ^ Wikisource-logo.svg [[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Laranda "|Laranda]"]. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Check |url= value (help)
  8. ^ "Today's Zaman". Archived from the original on 2012-06-29., todayszaman.com
  9. ^ أ ب Suda Encyclopedia, §nu.261

وصلات خارجية

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