اتحاد بورما (1948-1962)

"Union of Burma" redirects here. For other uses, see Union of Burma (توضيح).

Union of Burma ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်‌ (بورمية) Pranyhtaungcu. Mranma Nuingngamtau
1948–1962
العلم Seal
Motto: သမဂ္ဂါနံ တပေါ သုခေါ (پالي) Sa.ma.ganam ta.pau: su.hkau: "Happiness through harmony"
النشيد: ကမ္ဘာမကြေ (بورمية) Ka.bha ma. kye "Till the End of the World"
العاصمة	Rangoon
اللغات الرسمية	Burmese
اللغات المعترف بها	English
الدين	Buddhism (majority; state religion from 1961)
صفة المواطن	Burmese
الحكومة	Federal parliamentary republic (de jure) Unitary dominant-party parliamentary republic (de facto)
President
• 1948–1952 (first)	Sao Shwe Thaik
• 1957–1962 (last)	Win Maung
Prime minister
• 1948–1956 (first)	U Nu
• 1960–1962 (last)	U Nu
التشريع	Union Parliament
• الغرفة العليا	Chamber of Nationalities
• الغرفة الدنيا	Chamber of Deputies
الحقبة التاريخية	Cold War
• Independence Act	10 December 1947
• تأسست	4 January 1948
• 1962 coup d'état	2 March 1962
Currency	Burmese kyat
Driving side	left
ISO 3166 code	BU
سبقها تلاها British Burma Union of Burma
Today part of	Myanmar

تاريخ بورما
قبل التاريخ 11,000–200 ق.م. مدن-دول پيو 200 ق.م.–835 م ممالك مون 825?–1057 الممالك الأراكانية 788?–1406
أسرة پگان 849–1298 امبراطورية پگان 1044–1287 الغزوات المنغولية 1277–1301 فترة الدويلات المتحاربة بورما العليا 1298–1555 ميين‌زاين 1298–1313 پين‌يا 1313–1364 زگاين 1315–1364 آڤا 1364–1555 پرومه 1482–1542 رامانيا 1287–1539 دويلات شان 1215–1557 أراكان 1430–1784 أسرة تونگو 1510–1752 امبراطورية تونگو 1530–1599 فترة نياوڠ‌يان 1599–1752 هانثاوادي المستعادة 1740–1757 أسرة كون‌باوڠ 1752–1885
الفترة الاستعمارية البريطانية 1824–1948 الحروب الأنگلو-بورمية 1824–1885 الحركة الوطنية 1900–1948 الاحتلال الياباني 1942–1945 دولة بورما 1943–1945
العصر الحديث 1948–الحاضر اتحاد بورما 1948–1962 الجمهورية الاشتراكية 1962–1988 اتحاد ميانمار 1988–2010 جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار 2010–الحاضر
قائمة العواصم التأريخات الملكية الزعماء التاريخ العسكري

The first fourteen years of independent Burma (Myanmar) were marred by several communist and ethnic insurgencies. Prominent insurgent groups during this period include the Communist Party of Burma (CPB, "white flags") led by Thakin Than Tun, the Communist Party (Burma) ("red flags") led by Thakin Soe, the People's Volunteer Organisation (Yèbaw Hpyu) led by Bo La Yaung (a member of the Thirty Comrades), the Revolutionary Burma Army (RBA) led by communist officers Bo Zeya, Bo Yan Aung and Bo Yè Htut (all three of them members of the Thirty Comrades), and the Karen National Union (KNU).

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 History

Remote areas of northern Burma were for many years controlled by an army of Kuomintang (KMT) forces after the Communist victory in China in 1949. Burma accepted foreign assistance in rebuilding the country in these early years, but continued American support for the Chinese Nationalist military presence in Burma finally resulted in the country rejecting most foreign aid, refusing to join the Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) and supporting the Bandung Conference of 1955. Burma generally strove to be impartial in world affairs and was one of the first countries in the world to recognise Israel and China.

By 1958, the country was largely beginning to recover economically, but was beginning to fall apart politically due to a split in the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL) into two factions, one led by Thakins Nu and Tin, the other by Ba Swe and Kyaw Nyein. This was despite the unexpected success of U Nu's "Arms for Democracy" offer taken up by U Seinda in Arakan, the Pa'O, some Mon and Shan groups, but more significantly by the PVO surrendering their arms. The situation became very unstable in parliament, with U Nu surviving a no-confidence vote only with the support of the opposition National United Front (NUF), believed to have "crypto-communists" amongst them.

Army hardliners now saw the 'threat' of the CPB coming to an agreement with U Nu through the NUF, and in the end U Nu "invited" Army Chief of Staff General Ne Win to take over the country. Over 400 "communist sympathisers" were arrested, of which 153 were deported to the Coco Islands in the Andaman Sea. Among them was the NUF leader Aung Than, older brother of Aung San. The Botataung, Kyemon and Rangoon Daily were also closed down.

Ne Win's caretaker government successfully stabilised the situation and paved the way for new general elections in 1960 that returned U Nu's Union Party with a large majority. The situation did not remain stable for long, when the Shan Federal Movement, started by Nyaung Shwe Sawbwa Sao Shwe Thaik (the first President of independent Burma 1948–1952) and aspiring to a "loose" federation, was seen as a separatist movement insisting on the government honouring the right to secession in ten years provided for by the 1947 Constitution.

Ne Win had already succeeded in stripping the Shan Sawbwas of their feudal powers in exchange for comfortable pensions for life in 1959. He staged a coup d'état on 2 March 1962, arrested U Nu, Sao Shwe Thaik and several others, and declared a socialist state run by the Union Revolutionary Council (URC), which consisted of senior military officers. Sao Shwe Thaik's son, Sao Mye Thaik, was shot dead in what was generally described as a "bloodless" coup. Thibaw Sawbwa Sao Kya Seng also disappeared mysteriously after being stopped at a checkpoint near Taunggyi. The URC later founded the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) on 4 July 1962 to nominally separate the powers of the military from the government and to lead a one-party state.

 References

 Sources

• Smith, Martin (1991). Burma: Insurgency and the politics of ethnicity (1st ed.). London and New Jersey: Zed Books. ISBN 0862328683.
• Yoshihiro, Nakanishi (2003). "Party-State Manqué: Ne Win and the Burma Socialist Programme Party". Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (in اليابانية). 41 (3): 330–360. doi:10.20495/tak.41.3_330. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.