لوي فيديرب

(تم التحويل من Louis Faidherbe)
Louis Faidherbe
Louis Léon César Faidherbe
وُلد3 June 1818 (1818-06-03)
ليل، فرنسا
توفى29 سبتمبر 1889(1889-09-29) (aged 71)
باريس، فرنسا
الولاءفرنسا Kingdom of France
 الجمهورية الفرنسية الثانية
 الامبراطورية الفرنسية الثانية
 الجمهورية الفرنسية الثالثة
الخدمة/الفرعالجيش الفرنسي
سنوات الخدمة1840–1879
الرتبةجنيرال دى ديڤيزيون
قادجيش الشمال
معارك/حروبالحرب الپروسية الفرنسية
جوائزالصليب الأعظم لجوقة الشرف
أعمال أخرىحاكم السنغال
نائب في الجمعية الوطنية

لوي ليون سيزار فيديرب Louis Léon César Faidherbe ‏(3 يونيو 1818 – 29 سبتمبر 1889) كان جنرالاً فرنسياً وإدارياً استعمارياً. وقد أنشأ الرماة السنغاليين Senegalese Tirailleurs حين كان حاكماً على السنغال.

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النشأة

وُلِد فيديرب في عائلة في أسفل الطبقة المتوسطة في ليل. وكان خامس طفل للوي سيزار جوزيف فيديرب، hosier، وزوجته صوفي مونييه.[1] توفي والده في 1826 حين كان في السابعة وربّته أمه.[2] He received his military education at the École Polytechnique and then at the École d'Application في متز. ومن 1843 إلى 1847 خدم في الجزائر، ثم لعام واحد في گوادلوپ، ثم مرة أخرى من 1849 إلى 1852 في الجزائر.[3]

في 1863 أصبح فيديرب جنرال لواء. ومن 1867 إلى مطلع 1870، قاد قِسم بونا (عنابة) في الجزائر الفرنسي وكان قائداً على قِسم قسنطينة مع اندلاع الحرب الپروسية الفرنسية.


غرب أفريقيا

In 1852 he was transferred to Senegal as sub-director of engineers, and in 1854 was promoted chef de bataillon and appointed governor of the colony on December 16. He held this post with one brief interval (1861–1863) حتى يوليو 1865.

The work he accomplished in French West Africa constitutes his most enduring legacy. At that time France possessed in Senegal little else than the town of Saint-Louis and a strip of coast. Explorers had, however, made known the riches and possibilities of the Niger regions, and Faidherbe formed the design of adding those countries to the French dominions. He even dreamed of creating a French African empire stretching من السنغال إلى البحر الأحمر.

وادي نهر السنغال وقت وصول فيديرب (1853).
منظر سان-لوي في ع1860.

السيطرة المباشرة على نهر السنغال

Faidherbe's actions were not of his own creation, but were an implementation of "The Plan of 1854": a series of ministerial orders given to Governor Protet that originated in petitions from the powerful Bordeaux-based Maurel and Prom company, the largest shipping interest in Saint-Louis. The plan specified in detail the creation of forts along the Sénégal River to end African control of the acacia gum trade from the interior.[4] Faidherbe's push to build fortifications farther out, his conflicts with Protet, and his protests to Paris over Protet's inaction earned him the governorship in 1854.

Within three months of his appointment as governor, he had begun work on the first in a series on inland forts up the Sénégal, at Médine just below the Félou Falls (1855). By 1860, Faidherbe had built a series of forts between Médine and Saint-Louis, launching missions against the Trarza Moors in Waalo (north of the Sénégal river), who had previously collected taxes on goods coming to Saint-Louis from the interior.

النزاع في الداخل

French military forces had previously avoided conflicts with the most powerful states in the area, the Toucouleur empire along the Niger River, and the Cayor in the south. By sending emissaries to sign protectorates with weaker states (Bubakar Saada of Bundu, King Samba of Khasso) and by completing the "pacification" of Casamance and the Wolof peoples through what is now northern Senegal, Faidherbe quickly came into direct conflict with these states.[5]

الحرب مع the Toucouleur

To accomplish even the first part of his design, he had very inadequate resources, especially in view of the opposition from El Hadj Umar Tall, the Muslim ruler of the countries of the middle Niger. By advancing the French outposts on the upper Senegal, and particularly by breaking Umar Tall's siege of Medina Fort, Faidherbe stemmed the Muslim advance. Striking an advantageous treaty with Umar in 1860, Faidherbe brought the French possessions into touch with the Niger. He also brought into subjection the country lying between the Senegal river and Gambia.

الحرب مع شعب السرر

At the Battle of Logandème (18 May 1859), Faidherbe launched war against the Serer people of Sine, during the reign of Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof (King of Sine). After his victory, he gave the order for Fatick (one of the provinces of Sine) and its surrounding villages to be burned to the ground.[6][7] The French government in Paris criticised him for undertaking a military campaign without their authority. To answer his critics, Faidherbe claimed that he only occupied areas that belonged to France since 1679.[8] Scholars like Martin A. Klein note that Faidherbe was merely playing with words and was making political decisions in Senegal without any authority whatsoever. Neither the Kingdom of Sine nor any of its provinces had ever belonged to France.[8]

الاقتصاد

Saint-Louis was placed under formal military control, and a telegraph and road link was set up to the other French colonies in Gorée Island and Rufisque. In 1857, the French seized the inland region between these two from the Lebu Republic, and rechristened their capital Ndakarou as the new colonial city of Dakar. Work was begun on the Dakar–Saint-Louis railway, as well as a rail line along the Senegal into the interior.

جسر فيديرب في سان-لوي

Faidherbe's large-scale projects included the building of bridges and provisioning of fresh drinking water.[9] But Saint-Louis's place as a door of French trade into an African interior began to wane with the expansion of direct colonial rule. Access to its port became increasingly awkward in the age of the steamship; and the completion of the Dakar-Saint Louis railroad in 1885 meant that up-country trade effectively circumvented its port. Large French firms, many from the city of Bordeaux, took over the new commercial networks of the interior, marginalizing the Métis traders who had always been the middle men of upstream commerce.

Faidherbe also placed under direct French control large-scale seasonal groundnut cultivation near the fort systems, and then along the rail lines. This created the navétanes system of seasonal labor migration, first in Cayor, then spreading along the rail lines to Baol and Sine-Saloum, and eventually along the Thies-Kayes railway. This would be a pattern spread throughout French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa well into the 20th century.[10]

ذكراه في الاستعمار الفرنسي

When he resigned his post, French rule had been firmly established over a very considerable and fertile area and the foundation laid upon which his successors built up the position occupied after 1904 by France in West Africa.

The first half-century of French colonialism in Senegal produced neither solid political control nor economic gains. However, it established the basic principles for the later French advance. Senegal became the principal French base, not Guinea. French expansion was aimed towards the interior (which also encouraged expansion south in Algeria), and Faidherbe's vision of empire was confirmed.[11]

In 1863 he became general of brigade. From 1867 to early 1870, he commanded the subdivision of Bona in Algeria, and was commanding the Constantine division at the commencement of the الحرب الپروسية الفرنسي.

الحرب الپروسية الفرنسية

فيديرب في معركة باپوم

After the defeat of Napoleon III and his French Imperial Army by the Prussian Army in the summer of 1870, colonial officers such as Faidherbe were recalled to France and promoted to higher ranks to command new units and replace generals killed or captured in the war. Faidherbe was promoted to divisional general in November 1870, and in December appointed as commander-in-chief of the Army of the North by the Government of National Defence.[12]

Faidherbe quickly proved himself to be the most able of the generals fighting Prussian forces in the French provinces, and won several small victories against the Prussian First Army at the towns of Ham, Hallue, Pont-Noyelles, and Bapaume. Despite his military skills, Faidherbe was never able to form an army strong enough to seriously worry the Prussians, as his army, composed of raw recruits, suffered immense supply difficulties and low morale in the freezing winter of 1870–1871. The Army of the North performed remarkably well by striking isolated enemy forces and then retreating behind the belt of fortresses around Pas-de-Calais. Ultimately, however, Faidherbe was ordered by Minister of War Leon Gambetta to attack the Prussians – Faidherbe rushed into an open battle at St Quentin and his army was destroyed.


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حياته النيابية والتقاعد

طابع بريد فرنسي يكرّم لوي فيديرب.
تمثال فروسي لفيديرب في ليل، فرنسا

During the course of his military career Faidherbe was decorated with the five degrees of the Legion of Honor: the Chevalier in 1852, the Officier in 1855, the Commandeur in 1861, the Grand Officier in 1871 and the Grand Croix in 1880.[13]

Faidherbe was named as candidate for the legislature on several lists in the Somme department in the elections of 8 February 1871, and was elected. He decided not to accept his election while retaining his military command in the north. After he resigned from the army he was reelected on 2 July 1871 as representative for the Somme, for Pas-de-Calais and for Nord. He chose to represent Nord.[14][أ] However, he resigned on 26 August 1871 after voting against giving the Assembly the power to define a constitution, because he said the Assembly had given itself that right rather than receiving it from the electors.[14] On 8 October 1871 he became a member of the departmental Council of Nord for the canton of Lille center.[14]

Between October 1871 and May 1872 Faidherbe undertook a scientific mission to Upper Egypt, where he studied the monuments and inscriptions. On the same trip he visited Jerusalem and Italy.[16] He ran for election to the senate in Nord as a republican on 30 January 1876 but was defeated.[14] Faidherbe was elected on 5 January 1879 to the senate for the département of Nord. He resigned his seat prior to the end of his term in 1888.

An enthusiastic geographer, historian, philologist and archaeologist, he wrote numerous works, including Collection des inscriptions numidiques (1870), La Campagne de l'armée du Nord (1871), Epigraphie phenicienne (1873), Essai sur la langue poul (1875), and Le Zénaga des tribus sénégalaises (1877), the last a study of the Berber language. He also wrote on the geography and history of Senegal and the Sahara.

He was elected a senator in 1879,[17] and, in spite of failing health, continued to the last a close student of his favorite subjects.

الوفاة

Faidherbe died on 29 September 1889, his body receiving a public funeral.[18]

Statues and monuments to his memory were erected at Lille, Bapaume, Saint-Quentin and Saint-Louis, Senegal. Numerous streets are named after him, and also the subway station in Paris (Faidherbe-Chaligny).

أعماله


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الهامش

  1. ^ A by-election was held to replace him in Pas-de-Calais on 7 January 1872 in which the Bonapartist Charles Levert was elected.[15]
  1. ^ Saint-Martin 1989, p. 234.
  2. ^ Coursier 1989, p. 15.
  3. ^ Barrows 1976, p. 97.
  4. ^ Barrows 1976, p. 95.
  5. ^ Kanya-Forstner 1969.
  6. ^ Diouf, Cheikh, "Fiscalité et Domination Coloniale: l'exemple du Sine: 1859–1940", Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (2005).
  7. ^ Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal – Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press, 1968, p. 55.
  8. ^ أ ب Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal – Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press, 1968, pp. 57–58.
  9. ^ Graëff, Eddy. "Histoire de Saint-Louis du Sénégal". Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  10. ^ Jean Suret-Canele. French Colonialism in Tropical Africa 1900–1945. Trans. Pica Press (1971) pp. 14, 46–47, 244–47.
  11. ^ Jones, Jim. "Commentary on "The Conquest of the Western Sudan" by A. S. Kanya-Forstner". West Chester University.
  12. ^ Coursier 1989, pp. 190, 214.
  13. ^ Coursier 1989, p. 215.
  14. ^ أ ب ت ث Robert & Cougny 1890.
  15. ^ Robert, Bourloton & Cougny 1891.
  16. ^ Coursier 1989, pp. 188-189.
  17. ^ Coursier 1989, p. 12.
  18. ^ Coursier 1989, p. 201.

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