أسرة كون‌باون

Konbaung ကုန်းဘောင်
1752–1885
Coat of arms
العاصمة	Shwebo (1752–1760) Sagaing (1760–1765) Ava (1765–1783, 1821–1842) Amarapura (1783–1821, 1842–1859) Mandalay (1859–1885)
اللغات الشائعة	Burmese
الدين	Theravada Buddhism
الحكومة	Absolute monarchy
Monarch
• 1752–1760	Alaungpaya (first)
• 1878–1885	Thibaw (last)
التشريع	Hluttaw
الحقبة التاريخية	Early modern period
• Founding of dynasty	29 February 1752
• Reunification of Burma	1752–1757
• Wars with Siam	1760–1854
• Chinese invasion	1765–1769
• Anglo-Burmese Wars	1824–1826, 1852, 1885
• End of dynasty	29 November 1885
Currency	kyat (from 1852)
سبقها تلاها Toungoo dynasty Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom Mrauk-U Kingdom Ahom kingdom Kachari kingdom Lan Na Kingdom Ayutthaya Kingdom Qing dynasty British Raj British rule in Burma Principality of Chiang Mai Principality of Lampang Principality of Nan Principality of Lamphum Principality of Phrae

تاريخ بورما
قبل التاريخ 11,000–200 ق.م. مدن-دول پيو 200 ق.م.–835 م ممالك مون 825?–1057 الممالك الأراكانية 788?–1406
أسرة پگان 849–1298 امبراطورية پگان 1044–1287 الغزوات المنغولية 1277–1301 فترة الدويلات المتحاربة بورما العليا 1298–1555 ميين‌زاين 1298–1313 پين‌يا 1313–1364 زگاين 1315–1364 آڤا 1364–1555 پرومه 1482–1542 رامانيا 1287–1539 دويلات شان 1215–1557 أراكان 1430–1784 أسرة تونگو 1510–1752 امبراطورية تونگو 1530–1599 فترة نياوڠ‌يان 1599–1752 هانثاوادي المستعادة 1740–1757 أسرة كون‌باوڠ 1752–1885
الفترة الاستعمارية البريطانية 1824–1948 الحروب الأنگلو-بورمية 1824–1885 الحركة الوطنية 1900–1948 الاحتلال الياباني 1942–1945 دولة بورما 1943–1945
العصر الحديث 1948–الحاضر اتحاد بورما 1948–1962 الجمهورية الاشتراكية 1962–1988 اتحاد ميانمار 1988–2010 جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار 2010–الحاضر
قائمة العواصم التأريخات الملكية الزعماء التاريخ العسكري

أسرة كون‌باون (بالبورمية: ကုန်းဘောင်ခေတ်، تـُنطق [kóʊɰ̃bàʊɰ̃ kʰɪʔ] ؛ إنگليزية: Konbaung dynasty)، وتُعرف أيضاً بإسم الامبراطورية البورمية الثالثة (တတိယမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်) وكانت تُعرف سابقاً بإسم أسرة ألومپرا (အလောင်းဘုရားမင်းဆက် ، Alompra dynasty ، Alaungphra dynasty) و أسرة الصيادين (မုဆိုးမင်းဆက်, Mokso dynasty), كانت آخر أسرة حكمت بورما/ميانمار من 1752 حتى 1885. وقد أنشأت ثاني أكبر امبراطورية في التاريخ البورمي and continued the administrative reforms begun by the Toungoo dynasty, laying the foundations of the modern state of Burma. The reforms, however, proved insufficient to stem the advance of the British, who defeated the Burmese in all three الحروب الأنگلو-بورمية over a six-decade span (1824–1885) وأنهت في 1885 الملكية البورمية التي استمرت طيلة ألفية من الزمان.

An expansionist dynasty, the Konbaung kings waged campaigns against Manipur, Arakan, Assam, the Mon kingdom of Pegu, and the Siamese kingdom of Ayutthaya, and the Qing Dynasty of China – thus establishing the Third Burmese Empire. Subject to later wars and treaties with the British, the modern state of Myanmar can trace its current borders to these events.

Throughout the Konbaung dynasty, the capital was relocated several times for religious, political, and strategic reasons.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 التاريخ

 التأسيس

The dynasty was heroically founded by a village chief, who later became known as Alaungpaya, in 1752 to challenge the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom which had just toppled the Taungoo dynasty. By 1759, Alaungpaya's forces had reunited all of Burma (and Manipur) and driven out the French and the British who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy.

Lion Throne in the throne hall of the royal palace of Amarapura (painting by Colesworthy Grant, 1855)

Alaungpaya's second son, Hsinbyushin, came to the throne after a short reign by his elder brother, Naungdawgyi (1760–1763). He continued his father's expansionist policy and finally took Ayutthaya in 1767, after seven years of fighting.

 العلاقات مع سيام

In 1760, Burma began a series of wars with Siam that would last well into the middle of the 19th century. By 1770, Alaungpaya's heirs had temporarily defeated Siam (1765–1767), subdued much of Laos (1765) and defeated four invasions by Qing China (1765–1769). With the Burmese preoccupied for another two decades by another impending invasion by the Chinese, the Siamese recovered their territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855 but after decades of war, the two countries exchanged Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Siam).

 العلاقة مع الصين

In the defence of its realm, the dynasty fought four wars successfully against the Qing dynasty of China which saw the threat of the expansion of Burmese power in the East. In 1770, despite his victory over the Chinese armies, King Hsinbyushin sued for peace with China and concluded a treaty to maintain bilateral trade with the Middle Kingdom which was very important for the dynasty at that time. The Qing dynasty then opened up its markets and restored trading with Burma in 1788 after reconciliation. Thenceforth peaceful and friendly relations prevailed between China and Burma for a long time.

 العلاقة مع ڤيتنام

In 1823, Burmese emissaries led by George Gibson, who was the son of an English mercenary, arrived in the Vietnamese capital of Saigon. The Burmese king Bagyidaw was very keen to conquer Siam and hoped Vietnam might be a useful ally. Vietnam had then just annexed Cambodia. The Vietnamese emperor was Minh Mạng, who had just taken the throne after the death of his father, the founder of the Nguyen dynasty Gia Long. A commercial delegation from Vietnam has recently been in Burma, eager to expand the trade in birds nests (tổ yến). Bagyidaw's interest in sending a return mission however was to secure a military alliance.

 العلاقات مع البريطانيين والسقوط

Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Siam in the east, Bodawpaya acquired western kingdoms of Arakan (1784), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817), leading to a long ill-defined border with British India.

Europeans began to set up trading posts in the Irrawaddy delta region during this period. Konbaung tried to maintain its independence by balancing between the French and the British. In the end it failed, the British severed diplomatic relations in 1811, and the dynasty fought and lost three wars against the British Empire, culminating in total annexation of Burma by the British.

Shwedagon Pagoda during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26)

The British defeated the Burmese in the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) after huge losses on both sides, both in terms of manpower and financial assets. Burma had to cede Arakan, Manipur, Assam and Tenasserim, and pay a large indemnity of one million pounds.

In 1837, King Bagyidaw's brother, Tharrawaddy, seized the throne, put Bagyidaw under house arrest and executed the chief queen Me Nu and her brother. Tharrawaddy made no attempt to improve relations with Britain.

آخر ملك، Thibaw Min (right), here with Queen Supayalat and her sister Junior Queen Supayalay, was forcibly deposed in a war with the British colonialists in 1885.

His son Pagan, who became king in 1846, executed thousands – some sources say as many as 6,000 – of his wealthier and more influential subjects on trumped-up charges. During his reign, relations with the British became increasingly strained. In 1852, the Second Anglo-Burmese War broke out. Pagan was succeeded by his younger brother, the progressive Mindon. Mindon attempted to bring Burma into greater contact with the outside world, and hosted the Fifth Great Buddhist Synod in 1872 at Mandalay, gaining the respect of the British and the admiration of his own people.

Mindon avoided annexation in 1875 by ceding the Karenni States. He died before he could name a successor, and Thibaw, a lesser prince, was manoeuvred onto the throne by Hsinbyumashin, one of Mindon's queens, together with her daughter, Supayalat. (Rudyard Kipling mentions her as Thibaw's queen, and borrows her name, in his poem "Mandalay") The new King Thibaw proceeded, under Supayalat's direction, to massacre all likely contenders to the throne. This massacre was conducted by the queen.

لوحة تقليدية بريشة سايا تشونى تصوِّر تنازل الملك Thibaw.

The dynasty came to an end in 1885 with the forced abdication and exile of the king and the royal family to India. The British, alarmed by the consolidation of French Indochina, annexed the remainder of the country in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885. The annexation was announced in the British parliament as a New Year gift to Queen Victoria on 1 January 1886.

Although the dynasty had conquered vast tracts of territory, its direct power was limited to its capital and the fertile plains of the Irrawaddy valley. The Konbaung rulers enacted harsh levies and had a difficult time fighting internal rebellions. At various times, the Shan states paid tribute to the Konbaung dynasty, but unlike the Mon lands, were never directly controlled by the Burmese.

 الحكام

الرقم	اللقب	المعنى الحرفي	Lineage	الحكم	ملاحظات
1	Alaungpaya	Future Buddha-King	village chief	1752–1760	Founder of the dynasty and the Third Burmese Empire, invaded Ayutthaya.
2	Naungdawgyi	Royal Elder Brother	son	1760–1763	Invaded Ayutthaya with his father.
3	Hsinbyushin	Lord of the White Elephant	brother	1763–1776	Invaded and sacked Ayutthaya, invaded Chiang Mai and Laos, invaded Manipur, successfully repulsed 4 Chinese invasions.
4	Singu	King Singu	ابن	1776–1781
5	Phaungka	Younger Brother (Lord of Phaungka)	cousin (son of Naungdawgyi)	1782	The shortest reign in Konbaung history of just over one week.
6	Bodawpaya	Royal Lord Grandfather	uncle (son of Alaungpaya)	1782–1819	Invaded and annexed Arakan, invaded Ayutthaya.
7	Bagyidaw	Royal Elder Uncle	grandson	1819–1837	Invaded Ayutthaya with his grandfather, invaded Assam and Manipur, defeated in the First Anglo-Burmese War.
8	Tharrawaddy	King Tharrawaddy	brother	1837–1846	Fought in the First Anglo-Burmese War as Prince of Tharrawaddy.
9	Pagan	King Pagan	son	1846–1853	Overthrown by Mindon after his defeat in the Second Anglo-Burmese War.
10	Mindon	King Mindon	half-brother	1853–1878	Sued for peace with the British; had a very narrow escape in a palace rebellion by two of his sons but his brother Crown Prince Ka Naung was killed.
11	Thibaw	King Thibaw	son	1878–1885	The last king of Burma, forced to abdicate and exiled to India after his defeat in the Third Anglo-Burmese War.

Note: Naungdawgyi was the eldest brother of Hsinbyushin and Bodawpaya who was the grandfather of Bagyidaw who was Mindon's elder uncle. They were known by these names to posterity, although the formal titles at their coronation by custom ran to some length in Pali; Mintayagyi paya (Lord Great King) was the equivalent of Your/His Majesty whereas Hpondawgyi paya (Lord Great Glory) would be used by the royal family.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 شجرة العائلة

انظر أيضاً: Burmese monarchs' family tree

																		1
																		Alaungpaya (1752–1760)												Yun San
												3												6												2
Me Hla												Hsinbyushin (1763–1776)												Bodawpaya (1782–1819)												Naungdawgyi (1760–1763)												Shin Hpo U
						4																																				5
						Singu Min (1776–1781)																		Thado Minsaw																		Phaungka (1782)
																		7												8
																		Bagyidaw (1819–1837)												Tharrawaddy (1837–1846)
																								9												10
																								Pagan (1846–1853)												Mindon (1853–1878)												Laungshe Mibaya
																																										11
																																										Thibaw (1878–1885)

ملاحظات

— بيت ملكي — Konbaung dynasty سنة التأسيس: 1752 الاطاحة: 1885
سبقه Taungoo dynasty	Dynasty of بورما 29 February 1752 – 29 نوفمبر 1885	شاغر Monarchy abolished British rule

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 انظر أيضاً

• تاريخ بورما

 المراجع

• "Burma Press Summary". Working People's Daily. 3 March 1988. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
• Andrus, James Russell (1947). Burmese Economic Life. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804703154.
• Bird, George W. (1897). Wanderings in Burma. F.J. Bright & Sons.
• Charney, Michael W. (2006). Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
• The Mandalay Palace (PDF). Rangoon: Directorate of Archaeological Survey. 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
• Dai, Yingcong (2004). "A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 38: 145–189. doi:10.1017/s0026749x04001040. S2CID 145784397.
• Findlay, Ronald; O'Rourke, Kevin H. (2007). Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium. ISBN 9780691118543.
• Fleischmann, Klaus (1981). Arakan, Konfliktregion zwischen Birma und Bangladesh: Vorgeschichte und Folgen des Flüchtlingsstroms von 1978 (in الألمانية). Vol. 121. Institut für Asienkunde Hamburg: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde. ISBN 9783921469804.
• Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1-4067-3503-1.
• Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
• Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
• Koenig, William J. (1990). "The Burmese Polity, 1752–1819: Politics, Administration, and Social Organization in the early Kon-baung Period". Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia. 1990 (34).
• Leider, Jacques P. (2009). "King Alaungmintaya's Golden Letter to King George II (7 May 1756)" (PDF). Hannover: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Leider, Jacques P. (2005). "Specialists for Ritual, Magic and Devotion: The Court Brahmins of the Konbaung Kings" (PDF). The Journal of Burma Studies. 10: 159–180. doi:10.1353/jbs.2005.0004. S2CID 162305789.
• Lieberman, Victor B. (1996). "Political Consolidation in Burma Under the Early Konbaung Dynasty, 1752-c. 1820". Journal of Asian History. 30 (2): 152–168. JSTOR 41931038.
• Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7.
• Letwe Nawrahta and Twinthin Taikwun (1770). Hla Thamein (ed.). Alaungpaya Ayedawbon (in البورمية) (1961 ed.). Ministry of Culture, Union of Burma.
• Maung Maung Tin, U (1905). Konbaung Hset Maha Yazawin (ကုန်းဘောင်ဆက်မဟာရဇဝင်) (in البورمية). Vol. 1–3 (2004 ed.). Yangon: Department of Universities History Research, University of Yangon.
• "SEAlang Library Burmese Lexicography". Myanmar–English Dictionary. Myanmar Language Commission. 1993. ISBN 1-881265-47-1.
• Myint-U, Thant (2001). The Making of Modern Burma. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521799140.
• Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6.
• Nisbet, John (1901). Burma Under British Rule—and Before. Vol. 1. Archbald Constable & Company.
• Peletz, Michael G. (2007). Gender Pluralism: Southeast Asia Since Early Modern Times. Routledge. ISBN 9780203880043.
• Phayre, Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.
• Pollak, Oliver B. (1976). "Dynasticism and Revolt: Crisis of Kingship in Burma, 1837–1851". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 7 (2): 187–196. doi:10.1017/s0022463400015009.
• Surakiat, Pamaree (March 2006). "The Changing Nature of Conflict between Burma and Siam as seen from the Growth and Development of Burmese States from the 16th to the 19th centuries" (PDF). Asia Research Institute: 8, 11, 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Philips, Cyril Henry (1951). Handbook of Oriental History. Vol. 6. University of London School of Oriental and African Studies. pp. 117, 121. ISBN 9780901050168.
• Scott, James George (1882). The Burman, His Life and Notions. London: Macmillan.
• Scott, J. George (1900). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan states (PDF). Vol. 2. Superintendent, Government Printing.
• Taw, Sein Ko (1913). Burmese Sketches. British Burma Press.
• Seekins, Donald M. (2006). Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864863.
• Symes, Michael (1800). An Account of an Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava, sent by the Governor-General of India, in the year 1795 (PDF). London: SOAS Spring 2006.
• Wyatt, David K. (2003). History of Thailand (2 ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08475-7.
• "Myanmar historical research journal". Myanmar Historical Research Journal (in البورمية). တက္ကသိုလ်များသမိုင်းသုတေသနဌာန (19). 2007.
• Yegar, Moshe (1972). The Muslims of Burma. Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447013574.
• Yi, Yi (1982). "Life at the Burmese Court under the Konbaung Kings" (PDF). Silver Jubilee Publication (ငွေရတုသဘင် အထိမ်းအမှတ် စာစောင်). Rangoon: Historical Research Department: 100–147. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2013.

 وصلات خارجية

• Forty Years in Burma John Ebenezer Marks, London: Hutchinson & Co., 1917
• The Last Queen of Burma Kenneth Champeon, The Irrawaddy, July 2003
• Before and after the wheel: Pre-colonial and colonial states and transportation in mainland Southeast Asia and West Africa Michael Charney, HumaNetten 37 2016.
• Ayutthaya and the End of History:Thai Views of Burma Revisted Min Zin, The Irrawaddy, August 2000
• A rare meeting with the last of Burma's royals The Daily Telegraph, 26 February 2008
• Myanmar's last royal laments a crumbling nation Reuters, 10 March 2008