جورج بثون إنجلش
جورج بثون إنجلش/إنگلش ( George Bethune English ؛ 7 مارس 1787 - 20 سبتمبر 1828) كان مغامر ودبلوماسي وجندي أمريكي، اعتنق الإسلام.
The oldest of four children, English was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he was baptized at Trinity Church on April 1, 1787. His father was Thomas English (1759-1839), a prominent merchant, agent and shipbuilder in Boston, and his mother was Penelope Bethune (1763-1819), daughter of George Bethune (1720-1785) and his wife Mary Faneuil (1732-1797), niece of Peter Faneuil.
He later attended Harvard College, where his dissertation won a Bowdoin Prize. While initially studying law, he received a Masters in theology in 1811. Like many Protestant divinity students of the time he studied the Pentateuch; unlike the others he also studied the Quran.[1] During these studies, English became disillusioned and encountered doubts about Christian theology; he went on to publish his misgivings in a book entitled The Grounds of Christianity Examined, which earned him excommunication from the Church of Christ in 1814, and many negative responses. English addressed some of the criticisms and controversies caused by his first book in a second tract, "A Letter to the Reverend Mr. Cary," as well as in published responses to Unitarian leader William Ellery Channing's Two Sermons on Infidelity. Another rejoinder to his first book from former Harvard colleague, Edward Everett, entitled A Defence of Christianity Against the Works of George B. English[2] would be replied to a decade later, after English's return from Egypt; it was titled Five Smooth Stones out of the Brook.[3]
George English subsequently went "out west" (then Ohio and Indiana Territory) where he briefly edited a frontier newspaper, and settled as a member of the puritanical Harmonie Sect.[1] During this time he may have learned the Cherokee language.
English was among the Marine Officers nominated by President James Madison on February 27, 1815,;[4] he was commissioned a second lieutenant on March 1, 1815, in the United States Marine Corps and assigned to Marine Corps headquarters,[5] as the War of 1812 ended.
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في جيش محمد علي باشا
He then sailed to the Mediterranean, and was among the first citizens of the United States known to have visited Egypt. Shortly after arriving in Egypt he resigned his commission, converted [6] to Islam and joined Muhammad Ali Pasha as the Topgi Bashi (chief of artillery) in an expedition up the Nile River against Sennar 1820, winning distinction as an officer of artillery.[7] Some historians have noted that "there is a high probability that he became a secret agent" and that his service in Egypt was a part of that intelligence service.[8] He published his Narrative of the Expedition to Dongola and Sennaar (London 1822) regarding his exploits.[9]
After his work for Muhammad Ali Pasha, English worked in the Diplomatic Corps of the United States in the Levant, where he worked to secure a trade agreement between the United States and the Ottoman Empire, which had trade valued at nearly $800,000 in 1822. In 1827, he returned to the United States and died in Washington the next year.
لا توجد سجلات لزواجه أو إنجابه أطفال.
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ أ ب Michael Oren, Power, Faith and Fantasy, p101–113
- ^ Edward Everett,A Defence of Christianity Against the Works of George B. English
- ^ "Five Smooth Stones out of the Brook."
- ^ US Senate Executive Journal, February 27, 1815
- ^ Officers of the War of 1812, Marine Corps Officers
- ^ Islam and ‘Scientific Religion’ in the United States before 1935, by Patrick D. Bowen, " In the 1820s, George Bethune English, a Harvard-educated critic of Christianity, not only wrote respectfully about Islam, but also participated with Muslims in prayer and quoted from a Qur'an translation, though he denied that he had converted"
- ^ Americans in Egypt, 1770-1915, by Cassandra Vivian
- ^ Americans in Egypt, 1770-1915, by Cassandra Vivian, page 76
- ^ Alan Moorehead, The Blue Nile, revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), p. 203
- Disputing Christianity, by Richard H. Popkin, with Jeremy D. Popkin; Prometheus books ISBN 1-59102-384-X
- Americans in Egypt, 1770-1915, by Cassandra Vivian, 2012, ISBN 9780786463046
- The Déjà Vu of American secret diplomacy, by Edward F. Sayle, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Volume 2, Issue 3, 1988
- The historical underpinnings of the U.S. intelligence community, by Edward F. Sayle, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Volume 1, Issue 1, 1986
- Islam and ‘Scientific Religion’ in the United States before 1935, by Patrick D. Bowen, Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, Volume 22, Issue 3, 2011
وصلات خارجية
- أعمال من George Bethune English في مشروع گوتنبرگ
- Works by or about جورج بثون إنجلش at Internet Archive
- Works by جورج بثون إنجلش at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Biography
- ‘’US MERCENARY ENCOUNTERS WITH THE OTTOMAN WORLD, 1805- 1882’’ by Eric Dean Covey, p. 90 et seq.
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