العلاقات الصومالية الصينية
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 الصين |
 الصومال |
|---|---|
العلاقات الصومالية الصينية، هي العلاقات الثنائية بين الصومال والصين. لدى الصومال سفارة في بكين، ولدى الصين سفارة في مقديشو، برئاسة السفير وِيْ هونگتيان.[1]
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التاريخ
يمكن أن نحدد فترة العلاقات الصومالية الصينية في القرنين الثالث والثامن الهجري أي في العصور الوسطى حيث وصلت سفن صينية إلى حمر (مقدشوه) وغيرها من المواني الصومالية، وهي سفن ضخمة ذات أشرعة كبيرة قد رسم على جوانبها صور لعيون بشرية كبيرة لاعتقاد الصينيين أنها تبعد الأرواح الشريرة.
ويذكر المؤرخون أن الصينيين وصلوا إلى ساحل بنادر، وتعاملوا في التجارة مع سكانها، وكانوا يأخذون البخور والجلود وريش النعام مقابل مصنوعات خزفية صينية وحرائر وأسلحة بسيطة. ومن الحفائر التي أجريت في سواحل مقدشوه أمكن العثور على أدوات وأسلحة صينية ترجع إلى عهد الإمبراطورية الزرقاء القديمة في الصين.[2]
وفي عهد مملكة سنج (إمبراطورية بكين) وجد مخطوط صيني قديم يذكر قصة مغامر صيني وصل إلى جزيرة باجون الصومالية (شرق كسمايو) وإلى ماليدي وغيهرا، وأن الصين أرسلت بعثات إلى ساحل الصومال، ومن أهمها بعثة الأسطول الصيني (شينج هو) Ceng Hwo.
ويحدثنا البحار Fein-Sih في مذكراته عن مدينة مقدشوه فيقول : أن مدينة مقدشوه (Mu-Cu-Tu-Cih) حسب النطق الصيني تمتد على الاسحل ، ويحيط بها سور قوي ، وشعبها معتز بنفسه ، متمسك بآرائه ، وله غرام بالتدريب على رمي السهام ، وله منازل من أحجار ذات أشكال رباعية تقريبا ، وللرجال والنساء غطاء رأس ، وينتشر بين النساء التزين بخواتم في آذانهم ، وبلعضهن عقود من فضة حول رقابهن ، ويسرن خارج منازلهن وعلى وجوههن غطاء خفيف ، وقد ارتدين لباسا من قطعة واحدة (عمبور) .
وفي مخطوط آخر يرجع إلى عهد (مملكة مينج) نجد وصفا للحيوانات الصومالية ، وقد ذكر صاحب المخطوط أن مدينة براوه Pulau (حسب النطق الصيني) تمتد على لاساحل ، وشعبها يعيش في صورة جماعات متفرقة ، وليس بها حقول مزروعة ، ولذلك يعملون في صيد الأسماك ، والنساء المتزوجات لهن زينة ذهبية في آذانهن ورقابهن . وفي هذه المدينة يمكن أن يشترى الحمار أو النمر أو الوعل أو الجمل أو البخور مقابل ذهب وحرير وأرز وخرز من الأسواق القريبة من (أربع ركن) (مسجد قديم في مقدشوه) .
ومن السجلات الصينية القديمة أمكن معرفة قرار سلطان مقدشوه الذي يقضي بالسماح للصينيين بدخول الميلاد في القرن الرابع عشر في عهد مملكة الإمبراطور Tunglo (1818-1416 م) كما أن وفودا تجاية صومالية من مقدشوه وبراوه وماليدي قد وصلت سفنهم إلى امبراطور الصين لتمثيل بلادهم ، وقد زاروا بكين العجيبة ودهشوا من العمارة القائمة بها.
فترة الحرب الباردة
Official relations between the Somali and Chinese governments were established on 14 December 1960.[3] Somalia and China later signed their first official trade agreement in June 1963.[4]
During the Cold War period, the Somali government maintained active relations with its Chinese counterpart. The Somali authorities campaigned for an end to China's diplomatic isolation and supported instead its entry into the United Nations.[5]
The Sino-Soviet split had a large influence on China's relations with countries in Africa. As early as 1964, Somalia was described as the first major center of Sino-Soviet rivalry on the continent.[6] When the Somali side expelled Soviet representatives in late 1977, China agreed to take over many of the development projects started by them.[7]
الوقت الحاضر
In January 1991, the Chinese embassy in Mogadishu closed down operations due to the start of the civil war in Somalia.[8] Despite the departure of most Chinese officials, the two countries maintained a small trading relationship in the ensuing years. Total trade volume in 2002 was US$3.39 million, with Somalia exporting US$1.56 million of goods to China and importing $1.83 million.[3]
From 2000 to 2011, approximately seven Chinese development projects were launched in Somalia.[9] These initiatives included $6 million in economic assistance,[10] donation of anti-malaria drugs,[11] and $3 million in debt relief.[12]
Following the establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in mid-2012, the Chinese authorities reaffirmed their support for the Somali government and called on the international community to strengthen its commitment to the Somali peace process. China's Permanent Representative to the UN, Li Baodong, also emphasized his administration's support for the Somali federal government's stabilization plan, including the latter's efforts at "implementing an interim Constitution, carrying out its six-point plan, strengthening institutional capacity, exercising government functions and extending effective authority over all its national territory."[13]
In August 2013, follow a meeting with Chinese Vice Premier Wang Yang, Somalia's Foreign Minister Fowziya Yusuf Haji Adan announced that the Somali authorities looked forward to cooperation with the Chinese government in the energy, infrastructure, national security and agriculture sectors, among others. Wang also praised the traditional friendship between both nations and re-affirmed China's commitment to the Somali peace process.[14]
In June 2014, during the Arab-China Summit in Beijing, Somali Foreign Minister Abdirahman Duale Beyle met with his Chinese counterpart Wang Yi to discuss bilateral cooperation between Somalia and China. The meeting was held at the Chinese foreign ministry center and focused on trade, security and reconstruction. Among the issues discussed were the various Chinese development projects that were in the process of being implemented in Somalia. Beyle also indicated that the Chinese authorities were slated to broaden their support for Somalia, which would serve to create new employment opportunities. Additionally, Wang commended the Somali federal government on its peace-building efforts. He likewise reaffirmed the historically close diplomatic ties between both territories, recalling China's recognition of the nascent Somali Republic in 1960 and Somalia's subsequent campaigning which helped China obtain a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council.[15]
On 30 June 2014, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei announced that China would dispatch a diplomatic team on 1 July to reopen the Chinese embassy in Mogadishu. He described the move as both recognition that the Somali authorities were making progress in their national reconstruction efforts and a symbol of the importance that the Chinese government attaches to its bilateral relations with Somalia.[16] On 3 July 2014, Chargé d'Affaires of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China Wei Hongtian presented his credentials to Foreign Minister of Somalia Abdirahman Duale Beyle at an event in the Somali capital. Beyle similarly hailed the appointment as a sign of the nation's strengthening security and foreign diplomatic relations.[17] On 12 October 2014, the new Chinese embassy officially opened in Mogadishu.[18]
On 15 December 2014, Wei Hongtian presented his credentials to President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as the newly appointed Chinese Ambassador to Somalia. He is the first such envoy after the reopening of the Chinese embassy in Mogadishu.[1] Foreign Minister of Somalia Beyle and Ambassador Wei subsequently held a joint press conference, wherein the officials pledged to further strengthen bilateral ties. As part of the local reconstruction process, Wei also indicated that the Chinese authorities were slated to implement various development projects in Somalia.[19]
In July 2020, Somaliland established relations with Taiwan which also included the opening of representative offices in their respective countries.[20][21] In response, the Chinese foreign ministry claimed that Taiwan aimed to "“underminine Somalia's sovereignty and territorial integrity" and it opposes the two entities establishing ties.[20][21]
حقوق الإنسان
In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Somalia, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang region.[22]
In June 2020, Somalia was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.[23]
الاتفاقيات
In July 2007, the Chinese state-owned oil company CNOOC also signed an oil exploration agreement with the Somali government over the north-central Mudug province, situated in the autonomous Puntland region.[24]
In September 2013, both governments signed an official cooperation agreement in Mogadishu as part of a five-year national recovery plan in Somalia. The pact will see the Chinese authorities reconstruct several major infrastructural landmarks in the Somali capital and elsewhere, including the National Theatre, a hospital, and the Mogadishu Stadium, as well as the road between Galkayo and Burao in northern Somalia. Additionally, Chinese ambassador Liu Guangyoun indicated that China would re-open its embassy in Mogadishu on land that had been donated for the purpose by the Somali government.[25]
In April 2015, Foreign Minister of Somalia Abdisalam Omer met in Mogadishu with Ambassador of China to Somalia Wei Hongtian to discuss ties between both nations. The meeting concluded with a signed bilateral agreement, which strengthens diplomatic relations and collaboration. As part of the treaty's stipulations, $13 million in Chinese funds will be earmarked for reconstruction and development initiatives in the economy, health, education and infrastructure sectors in Somalia. According to Ambassador Wei, the Chinese authorities are slated to continue their support for the Somali government's stabilizations efforts. Omer in turn commended the Chinese government for its sustained cooperation.[26]
قائمة سفراء الصومال لدى الصين
| Name | Appointed | Recalled | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmed Mohamed Darman | ? | 1975? | [27] |
| Mohamed Hassan Said | 1988 | 2005[A] | [28][29] |
| Mohamed Ahmed Awil | 2005 | 2011 | [30] |
| Yusuf Hassan Ibrahim | 2010 | - | [31] |
| A Mohamed Hassan Said was appointed by the Siad Barre government and was stranded in Beijing when his government collapsed in 1991. The Chinese government continued to recognize him as the Somali ambassador until the Transitional Federal Government appointed a replacement in 2005. |
انظر أيضاً
المصادر
- ^ أ ب "Ambassador Wei Hongtian Presented the Letter of Credence to the President of Somalia". Forum On China-Africa Cooperation. Archived from the original on 21 ديسمبر 2014. Retrieved 20 ديسمبر 2013.
- ^ سالم, حمدي السيد (1965). الصومال قديماً وحديثاً. القاهرة، مصر: الدار القومية للطباعة والنشر.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ أ ب "China and Somalia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 2003-10-12. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
- ^ "Somalia to Trade With China". The New York Times. 1963-06-09. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
- ^ Ssekandi, Ronald (30 يناير 2013). "Somali FM hails Somalia-China relations". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 6 فبراير 2013. Retrieved 2 يوليو 2013.
- ^ Schwartz, Harry (1964-09-06). "Communists Competing in Africa". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
- ^ "Chinese to Increase Aid to Somalia". The Washington Post. 1987-04-21. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
- ^ Chinese Foreign Ministry (October 10, 2006). "FOCAC Beijing Summit: Somali".
- ^ Austin Strange, Bradley C. Parks, Michael J. Tierney, Andreas Fuchs, Axel Dreher, and Vijaya Ramachandran. 2013. China’s Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. CGD Working Paper 323. Washington DC: Center for Global Development.[1]
- ^ Strange, Parks, Tierney, Fuchs, Dreher, and Ramachandran, China’s Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection.http://aiddatachina.org/projects/2285
- ^ Strange, Parks, Tierney, Fuchs, Dreher, and Ramachandran, China’s Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection.http://aiddatachina.org/projects/28502
- ^ Strange, Parks, Tierney, Fuchs, Dreher, and Ramachandran, China’s Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection.http://aiddatachina.org/projects/2284
- ^ "China calls on international community to continue advancing Somalia peace process". Xinhua. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
- ^ "Somalia: Chinese Vice Premier Meets Somali Counterpart". Shabelle Media Network. 27 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
- ^ "Foreign affairs minister meets his Chinese counterpart". Goobjoog. 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ "China to reopen Somalia embassy, sees strong ties". Reuters. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
- ^ "China reopens embassy in Somalia". Shanghai Business Review. 3 July 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
- ^ "SOMALIA: China officially opens embassy in Somalia today". Raxanreeb. 12 أكتوبر 2014. Archived from the original on 26 ديسمبر 2016. Retrieved 12 أكتوبر 2014.
- ^ "Weekly Press Conference on the Progress of the Government". Goobjoog. 20 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ^ أ ب "Taiwan-China Diplomatic Competition Comes to Somaliland | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2020-10-15.
- ^ أ ب Smith, Nicola; Yan, Sophia (2020-09-07). "Why is China so worried about the new alliance between Taiwan and Somaliland?". The Telegraph (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
- ^ "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?". The Diplomat. 15 July 2019.
- ^ Lawler, Dave (2 July 2020). "The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong". Axios (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ Jopson, Barney (2007-07-13). "Somalia oil deal for China". Financial Times. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
- ^ "Somalia: Gov't, China Officially Sign Cooperation Agreement". Dalsan Radio. 9 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
- ^ "China donates $13 million to Somalia". Horseed Media. 1 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
- ^ Bush, George H. W. (2008). Jeffrey A. Engel (ed.). The China Diary of George H. W. Bush: The Making of a Global President. Princeton University Press. p. 382.
- ^ Richburg, Keith B. (December 17, 1996). "When It's Diplomatic to Do Nothing". The Washington Post. p. A15.
- ^ The Europa World Year Book 2004. Taylor & Francis. 2004. p. 1140. ISBN 9781857432541.
- ^ "Somalia's new China envoy sweeps away the cobwebs". Reuters. June 13, 2006.
- ^ Hussein, Mohammed Omar (يونيو 11, 2010). "Somalia: Ministers decision regarding the appointment of new ambassador to China". Archived from the original on فبراير 26, 2011. Retrieved مايو 14, 2014.
