ألك دوگلاس-هوم

(تم التحويل من Alec Douglas-Home)

The Lord Home of the Hirsel

head and shoulders image of clean shaven, slim, balding man of middle age
Douglas-Home 1963ح. 1963
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
في المنصب
19 October 1963 – 16 October 1964
العاهلElizabeth II
سبقهHarold Macmillan
خلـَفهHarold Wilson
Leader of the Opposition
في المنصب
16 October 1964 – 28 July 1965
العاهلElizabeth II
رئيس الوزراءHarold Wilson
سبقهHarold Wilson
خلـَفهEdward Heath
Leader of the Conservative Party
في المنصب
18 October 1963 – 28 July 1965
Chairman
سبقهHarold Macmillan
خلـَفهEdward Heath
Ministerial offices
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
في المنصب
20 June 1970 – 4 March 1974
رئيس الوزراءEdward Heath
سبقهMichael Stewart
خلـَفهJames Callaghan
في المنصب
27 July 1960 – 18 October 1963
رئيس الوزراءHarold Macmillan
سبقهSelwyn Lloyd
خلـَفهRab Butler
Lord President of the Council
في المنصب
14 October 1959 – 27 July 1960
رئيس الوزراءHarold Macmillan
سبقهThe Viscount Hailsham
خلـَفهThe Viscount Hailsham
في المنصب
29 March 1957 – 17 September 1957
رئيس الوزراءHarold Macmillan
سبقهThe Marquess of Salisbury
خلـَفهThe Viscount Hailsham
Leader of the House of Lords
في المنصب
29 March 1957 – 27 July 1960
رئيس الوزراءHarold Macmillan
سبقهThe Marquess of Salisbury
خلـَفهThe Viscount Hailsham
Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
في المنصب
7 April 1955 – 27 July 1960
رئيس الوزراء
سبقهThe Viscount Swinton
خلـَفهDuncan Sandys
Minister of State for Scotland
في المنصب
2 November 1951 – 7 April 1955
رئيس الوزراءWinston Churchill
سبقهPosition established
خلـَفهThomas Galbraith
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
في المنصب
26 May 1945 – 26 July 1945
يخدم with The Lord Lovat
رئيس الوزراءWinston Churchill
سبقهGeorge Hall
خلـَفهHector McNeil
Parliamentary offices
Member of the House of Lords
Life peerage
24 December 1974 – 9 October 1995
Hereditary peerage
11 July 1951 – 23 October 1963
سبقهThe 13th Earl of Home
خلـَفهThe 15th Earl of Home (1996)
عضو برلمان United Kingdom
عن {{{constituency_عضو البرلمان}}}
في المنصب
8 November 1963 – 20 September 1974
سبقهGilmour Leburn
خلـَفهNicholas Fairbairn
عضو البرلمان
عن {{{constituency_عضو البرلمان}}}
في المنصب
23 February 1950 – 11 July 1951
سبقهTom Steele
خلـَفهPatrick Maitland
في المنصب
27 October 1931 – 15 June 1945
سبقهThomas Dickson
خلـَفهTom Steele
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد
Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home

(1903-07-02)2 يوليو 1903
London, England
توفي9 أكتوبر 1995(1995-10-09) (aged 92)
Coldstream, Scotland
الحزبConservative
ارتباطات
سياسية أخرى
Unionist
الزوج
(m. 1936; died 1990)
الأنجال4, including David, 15th Earl of Home
الأبCharles Douglas-Home, 13th Earl of Home
التعليمEton College
المدرسة الأمChrist Church, Oxford (BA)
الخدمة العسكرية
الفرع/الخدمةBritish Army
الرتبةMajor
الوحدةTerritorial Army
قادLanarkshire Yeomanry
ألك دوگلاس-هوم
Personal information
Batting style Right-handed
Bowling style Right-arm fast-medium
Domestic team information
Years Team
1924–1927
احصائيات
البطولات First-class
المباريات 10
Runs scored 147
Batting average 16.33
100ث/50ث 0/0
Top score 37*
Balls bowled  –
Wickets 12
Bowling average 30.25
5 wickets in innings 0
10 wickets in match 0
Best bowling 3/43
Catches/stumpings 9/–
المصدر: [Player profile: Douglas-Home from ESPNcricinfo], {{{date}}} {{{year}}}

ألكسندر فردريك دوگلاس-هوم، بارون بيت هيرسل Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home،‏ KT, PC, JP, DL, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , [1] ( /ˈhjuːm/; 2 July 1903 – 9 October 1995) was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1963 to 1964. He was the last British prime minister born during the Edwardian era, and the last to hold office while a member of the House of Lords, before disclaiming his peerage and taking up a seat in the House of Commons for the remainder of his premiership. His reputation, however, rests more on his two periods serving as Britain's foreign minister than on his brief premiership.

A talented cricketer, he played first-class cricket at club and county level; he began serving in the Territorial Army from 1924. Douglas-Home (under the courtesy title Lord Dunglass) entered Parliament in 1931 and served as Neville Chamberlain's parliamentary aide, although his diagnosis in 1940 with spinal tuberculosis would immobilise him for two years. Having recovered enough to resume his political career, Douglas-Home lost his seat to Labour at the 1945 general election. He regained it in 1950, but left the Commons the following year when, on the death of his father, he entered the Lords as the 14th Earl of Home. Under the next Conservative government, Home was appointed to increasingly senior posts, such as Leader of the House of Lords and Foreign Secretary. In the latter post (1960–1963) he supported United States resolve in the Cuban Missile Crisis and was a signatory of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in August 1963.

In October 1963, Harold Macmillan resigned as prime minister and Douglas-Home was chosen to succeed him. By the 1960s, it was unacceptable for a prime minister to sit in the House of Lords, so Home disclaimed his hereditary peerage and successfully stood for election to Parliament as Sir Alec Douglas-Home. The manner of his appointment was controversial, and two Macmillan Cabinet ministers refused to stay in office under him. Criticised by the Labour Party as an out-of-touch aristocrat, he came over stiffly in television interviews, by contrast with Labour leader Harold Wilson. As prime minister, Douglas-Home's demeanour and appearance remained aristocratic and old-fashioned. His understanding of economics was primitive, and he gave his chancellor, Reginald Maudling, free rein to handle financial affairs. He enjoyed dealing with foreign policy and his foreign secretary, Rab Butler, was not especially energetic, but there were no major crises or issues to resolve.[n 1] The Conservative Party, having governed for nearly twelve years, lost its standing after the scandalous Profumo affair under Macmillan and, by Douglas-Home's premiership, seemed headed for heavy electoral defeat; his premiership was the second briefest of the twentieth century, lasting two days short of a year. Among the legislation passed under his government was the abolition of resale price maintenance in 1964.

Narrowly defeated in the 1964 general election, Douglas-Home resigned the party leadership in July 1965, having instituted a new and less secretive method for electing the leader. He later served in the Conservative Cabinet of Prime Minister Edward Heath at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1970–1974), an expanded version of his former secretaryship. After the first of the twin Conservative defeats of 1974, he stood down at the second, the October 1974 election, and returned to the Lords as a life peer titled Baron Home of the Hirsel. He gradually retired from front-line politics and died in 1995, aged 92.


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رئيس الوزراء (1963–1964)


السمعة

Statue of Douglas-Home at The Hirsel by sculptor Professor Bill Scott, unveiled in 1998.[2]

Home's premiership was short and not conspicuous for radical innovation. Hurd remarks, "He was not capable of Macmillan's flights of imagination", but he was an effective practical politician.[3] At the Commonwealth Relations Office and the Foreign Office he played an important role in helping to manage Britain's transition from imperial power to European partner. Both Thorpe and Hurd quote a memo that Macmillan wrote in 1963, intended to help the Queen choose his successor:

Lord Home is clearly a man who represents the old governing class at its best ... He is not ambitious in the sense of wanting to scheme for power, although not foolish enough to resist honour when it comes to him ... He gives that impression by a curious mixture of great courtesy, and even if yielding to pressure, with underlying rigidity on matters of principle. It is interesting that he has proved himself so much liked by men like President Kennedy and Mr Rusk and Mr Gromyko. This is exactly the quality that the class to which he belongs have at their best because they think about the question under discussion and not about themselves.[4]

Douglas Hurd, once Home's private secretary, and many years later his successor (after seven intermediate holders of the post) as Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary, wrote this personal comment: "The three most courteous men I knew in politics were Lord Home, King Hussein of Jordan, and President Nelson Mandela. All three had ease of birth, in the sense that they never needed to worry about who they themselves were and so had more time to concern themselves with the feelings of others."[3]

Although some in the Conservative party agreed with Wilson (and Jo Grimond, the Liberal leader) that the Conservatives would have won the 1964 election if Butler had been prime minister, The Times observed, "it should not be overlooked that in October 1963 Home took over a Government whose morale was shattered and whose standing in the opinion polls was abysmal. A year later Labour won the general election, with an overall majority of only four seats. That [Home] recovered so much ground in so short a time was in itself an achievement." However, looking back across Home's career, The Times considered that his reputation rested not on his brief premiership, but on his two spells as Foreign Secretary: "He brought to the office ... his capacity for straight talking, for toughness towards the Soviet Union and for firmness (sometimes interpreted as a lack of sympathy) towards the countries of Africa and Asia. But he brought something else as well: an unusual degree of international respect."[5]

الوزارة (1963–1964)

The Home cabinet, announced on 20 October 1963, was:[6]

التغييرات
  • April 1964: Quintin Hogg became Secretary of State for Education and Science. Sir Edward Boyle left the cabinet. The post of Minister of Defence became Secretary of State for Defence with Thorneycroft retaining it.

الدروع

الملاحظات والمراجع

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Britain's application to join the European Economic Community had already been vetoed by French President Charles de Gaulle, the Cuban Missile Crisis had been resolved, and Berlin was again on the back burner. Decolonisation issues were largely routine, and the Rhodesian and South African crises lay in the future.

مراجع

  1. ^ Thorpe (1997), p. 134
  2. ^ Sir Alec Douglas-Home Memorial, Bill Scott Estate, http://billscottsculptor.co.uk/project/sir-alec-douglas-home/, retrieved on 5 February 2018 
  3. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة dnb
  4. ^ Thorpe (1997), p. 301
  5. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة timesobit
  6. ^ "Mr. Butler Appointed Foreign Secretary", The Times: 10, 21 October 1963 
  7. ^ Dell, Edmund (1997), The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90, pp. 283–303 

المصادر


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Further reading

وصلات خارجية

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