أدڤانسد مايكرو دڤايسز

Coordinates: 37°22′56″N 121°58′15″W / 37.38222°N 121.97083°W / 37.38222; -121.97083 (Advanced Micro Devices Headquarters)
(تم التحويل من Advanced Micro Devices)
أدڤانسد مايكرو دڤايسز
Advanced Micro Devices
النوععامة
رمز التداول
ISINUS0079031078 Edit this on Wikidata
الصناعة
السابقATI Technologies
Alchemy Semiconductor
NexGen Edit this on Wikidata
تأسست1 مايو 1969
المؤسسفريق بقيادة جري ساندرز
المقر الرئيسي
سانتا كلارا، كاليفورنيا
،
الولايات المتحدة
نطاق الخدمةعالمية
الأشخاص الرئيسيون
المنتجات
العلامات التجارية
الدخلDecrease US$22٫68 billion (2023)
ربح العملياتDecrease US$401 million (2023)
Decrease US$854 million (2023)
إجمالي الأصول▲ US$67٫89 billion (2023)
إجمالي الأنصبة▲ US$55٫89 billion (2023)
الموظفون26,000ح. 26,000 (2023)
الموقع الإلكترونيamd.com
Footnotes / references
[1]

أدڤانسد مايكرو دڤايسز (اختصاراًَ إي إم دي AMD)، هي شركة أشباه موصلات أمريكية متعددة الجنسيات مقرها في مقاطعة سانتا كلارا، كاليفورنيا، تطور معالجات الحاسوب والتقنيات المتعلقة بالأعمال والأسواق الاستهلاكية. بينما كانت في البداية تقوم بتصنيع معالجاتها الخاصة، قامت الشركة في وقت لاحق بالاستعانة بمصادر خارجية لتصنيعها، وهي ممارسة معروفة باسم التصنيع بدون مصنع، وتأسست گلوبالفوندريز في 2009. تشمل المنتجات الرئيسية للشركة المعالجات الدقيقة، شرائح تعريف اللوحة الأم، المعالجات المضمنة ووحدات معالجة الرسومات للخوادم، محطات العمل والحواسب الشخصية، وتطبيقات الأنظمة المضمنة.

إي إم دي هي ثاني أكبر مورد والمنافس الأوحد لشركة إنتل في السوق للمعالجات الدقيقة المعتمدة على x86. منذ استحواذها على إي تي آي عام 2006، حافظت إي إم دي ومنافستها إنڤيديا على احتكار سوق وحدات معالجة الرسومات المنفصلة.[2]

For other uses, see أدڤانسد مايكرو دڤايسز (توضيح).
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
AMD
النوعPublic
رمز التداول
ISINUS0079031078 Edit this on Wikidata
الصناعة
السابقATI Technologies
Alchemy Semiconductor
NexGen Edit this on Wikidata
تأسست1 مايو 1969; منذ 55 سنة (1969-05-01
المؤسسJerry Sanders
المقر الرئيسي
Santa Clara, California
،
U.S.
نطاق الخدمةWorldwide
الأشخاص الرئيسيون
المنتجات
الدخل▲ US$23٫60 billion (2022)[1]
ربح العملياتDecrease US$1٫26 billion (2022)[1]
Decrease US$1٫32 billion (2022)[1]
إجمالي الأصول▲ US$67٫58 billion (2022)[1]
إجمالي الأنصبة▲ US$54٫75 billion (2022)[1]
الموظفون8,900 (30 ديسمبر 2017) Edit this on Wikidata
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.amd.com Edit this at Wikidata

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (commonly shortened as AMD) is an American multinational semiconductor company based in Santa Clara, California, that develops computer processors and related technologies for business and consumer markets.

The company was founded in 1969 by Jerry Sanders and a group of other technology professionals. AMD's early products were primarily memory chips and other components for computers. The company later expanded into the microprocessor market, competing with Intel, its main rival in the industry. In the early 2000s, AMD experienced significant growth and success, thanks in part to its strong position in the PC market and the success of its Athlon and Opteron processors. However, the company faced challenges in the late 2000s and early 2010s, as it struggled to keep up with Intel in the race to produce faster and more powerful processors. In the late 2010s, AMD regained some of its market share thanks to the success of its Ryzen processors which were well-received by consumers and reviewers. AMD's processors are used in a wide range of computing devices, including personal computers, servers, laptops, and gaming consoles. While it initially manufactured its own processors, the company later outsourced its manufacturing, a practice known as going fabless, after GlobalFoundries was spun off in 2009.

AMD's main products include microprocessors, motherboard chipsets, embedded processors, graphics processors, and FPGAs for servers, workstations, personal computers, and embedded system applications. The company has also expanded into new markets, such as the data center and gaming markets, and has announced plans to enter the high-performance computing market.[بحاجة لمصدر]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

History

AMD's former headquarters in Sunnyvale, California (demolished in 2019)
AMD's campus in Markham, Ontario, Canada, formerly ATI headquarters
AMD's LEED-certified Lone Star campus in Austin, Texas


First twelve years

Advanced Micro Devices was formally incorporated by Jerry Sanders, along with seven of his colleagues from Fairchild Semiconductor, on May 1, 1969.[3][4] Sanders, an electrical engineer who was the director of marketing at Fairchild, had, like many Fairchild executives, grown frustrated with the increasing lack of support, opportunity, and flexibility within the company. He later decided to leave to start his own semiconductor company,[5] following the footsteps of Robert Noyce (developer of the first silicon integrated circuit at Fairchild in 1959)[6] and Gordon Moore, who together founded the semiconductor company Intel in July 1968.[7]

In September 1969, AMD moved from its temporary location in Santa Clara to Sunnyvale, California.[8] To immediately secure a customer base, AMD initially became a second source supplier of microchips designed by Fairchild and National Semiconductor.[9][10] AMD first focused on producing logic chips.[11] The company guaranteed quality control to United States Military Standard, an advantage in the early computer industry since unreliability in microchips was a distinct problem that customers – including computer manufacturers, the telecommunications industry, and instrument manufacturers – wanted to avoid.[9][12][13][14]

In November 1969, the company manufactured its first product: the Am9300, a 4-bit MSI shift register, which began selling in 1970.[14][15] Also in 1970, AMD produced its first proprietary product, the Am2501 logic counter, which was highly successful.[16][17] Its bestselling product in 1971 was the Am2505, the fastest multiplier available.[16][18]

In 1971, AMD entered the RAM chip market, beginning with the Am3101, a 64-bit bipolar RAM.[18][19] That year AMD also greatly increased the sales volume of its linear integrated circuits, and by year-end the company's total annual sales reached US$4.6 million.[16][20]

AMD went public in September 1972.[9][21][22] The company was a second source for Intel MOS/LSI circuits by 1973, with products such as Am14/1506 and Am14/1507, dual 100-bit dynamic shift registers.[23][24] By 1975, AMD was producing 212 products – of which 49 were proprietary, including the Am9102 (a static N-channel 1024-bit RAM)[25] and three low-power Schottky MSI circuits: Am25LS07, Am25LS08, and Am25LS09.[26]

Intel had created the first microprocessor, its 4-bit 4004, in 1971.[27][28] By 1975, AMD entered the microprocessor market with the Am9080, a reverse-engineered clone of the Intel 8080,[29][30][31] and the Am2900 bit-slice microprocessor family.[30] When Intel began installing microcode in its microprocessors in 1976, it entered into a cross-licensing agreement with AMD, which was granted a copyright license to the microcode in its microprocessors and peripherals, effective October 1976.[26][32][33][34][35]

In 1977, AMD entered into a joint venture with Siemens, a German engineering conglomerate wishing to enhance its technology expertise and enter the American market.[36] Siemens purchased 20% of AMD's stock, giving the company an infusion of cash to increase its product lines.[36][37][38] The two companies also jointly established Advanced Micro Computers (AMC), located in Silicon Valley and in Germany, allowing AMD to enter the microcomputer development and manufacturing field,[36][39][40][41] in particular based on AMD's second-source Zilog Z8000 microprocessors.[42][43] When the two companies' vision for Advanced Micro Computers diverged, AMD bought out Siemens' stake in the American division in 1979.[44][45] AMD closed Advanced Micro Computers in late 1981 after switching focus to manufacturing second-source Intel x86 microprocessors.[42][46][47]

Total sales in fiscal year 1978 topped $100 million,[39] and in 1979, AMD debuted on the New York Stock Exchange.[17] In 1979, production also began on AMD's new semiconductor fabrication plant in Austin, Texas;[17] the company already had overseas assembly facilities in Penang and Manila,[48] and began construction on a fabrication plant in San Antonio in 1981.[49] In 1980, AMD began supplying semiconductor products for telecommunications, an industry undergoing rapid expansion and innovation.[50]

Technology exchange agreement with Intel

Intel had introduced the first x86 microprocessors in 1978.[51] In 1981, IBM created its PC, and wanted Intel's x86 processors, but only under the condition that Intel also provide a second-source manufacturer for its patented x86 microprocessors.[12] Intel and AMD entered into a 10-year technology exchange agreement, first signed in October 1981[46][52] and formally executed in February 1982.[35] The terms of the agreement were that each company could acquire the right to become a second-source manufacturer of semiconductor products developed by the other; that is, each party could "earn" the right to manufacture and sell a product developed by the other, if agreed to, by exchanging the manufacturing rights to a product of equivalent technical complexity. The technical information and licenses needed to make and sell a part would be exchanged for a royalty to the developing company.[34] The 1982 agreement also extended the 1976 AMD–Intel cross-licensing agreement through 1995.[34][35] The agreement included the right to invoke arbitration of disagreements, and after five years the right of either party to end the agreement with one year's notice.[34] The main result of the 1982 agreement was that AMD became a second-source manufacturer of Intel's x86 microprocessors and related chips, and Intel provided AMD with database tapes for its 8086, 80186, and 80286 chips.[35] However, in the event of a bankruptcy or takeover of AMD, the cross-licensing agreement would be effectively canceled.[53]

Beginning in 1982, AMD began volume-producing second-source Intel-licensed 8086, 8088, 80186, and 80188 processors, and by 1984, its own Am286 clone of Intel's 80286 processor, for the rapidly growing market of IBM PCs and IBM clones.[12][54] It also continued its successful concentration on proprietary bipolar chips.[55] In 1983, it introduced INT.STD.1000, the highest manufacturing quality standard in the industry.[14][49]

The company continued to spend greatly on research and development,[56] and created the world's first 512K EPROM in 1984.[57] That year, AMD was listed in the book The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America,[49][58] and later made the Fortune 500 list for the first time in 1985.[59][60]

By mid-1985, the microchip market experienced a severe downturn, mainly due to long-term aggressive trade practices (dumping) from Japan, but also due to a crowded and non-innovative chip market in the United States.[61] AMD rode out the mid-1980s crisis by aggressively innovating and modernizing,[62] devising the Liberty Chip program of designing and manufacturing one new chip or chipset per week for 52 weeks in fiscal year 1986,[49][63] and by heavily lobbying the U.S. government until sanctions and restrictions were put in place to prevent predatory Japanese pricing.[64] During this time, AMD withdrew from the DRAM market,[65] and made some headway into the CMOS market, which it had lagged in entering, having focused instead on bipolar chips.[66]

AMD had some success in the mid-1980s with the AMD7910 and AMD7911 "World Chip" FSK modem, one of the first multi-standard devices that covered both Bell and CCITT tones at up to 1200 baud half duplex or 300/300 full duplex.[67] Beginning in 1986, AMD embraced the perceived shift toward RISC with their own AMD Am29000 (29k) processor;[68] the 29k survived as an embedded processor.[69][70] The company also increased its EPROM memory market share in the late 1980s.[71] Throughout the 1980s, AMD was a second-source supplier of Intel x86 processors. In 1991, it introduced its own 386-compatible Am386, an AMD-designed chip. Creating its own chips, AMD began to compete directly with Intel.[72]

AMD had a large, successful flash memory business, even during the dotcom bust.[73] In 2003, to divest some manufacturing and aid its overall cash flow, which was under duress from aggressive microprocessor competition from Intel, AMD spun off its flash memory business and manufacturing into Spansion, a joint venture with Fujitsu, which had been co-manufacturing flash memory with AMD since 1993.[74][75] In December 2005, AMD divested itself of Spansion to focus on the microprocessor market, and Spansion went public in an IPO.[76]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acquisition of ATI, spin-off of GlobalFoundries, and acquisition of Xilinx

On July 24, 2006, AMD announced its acquisition of the Canadian 3D graphics card company ATI Technologies. AMD paid $4.3 billion and 58 million shares of its capital stock, for a total of approximately $5.4 billion. The transaction was completed on October 25, 2006.[77] On August 30, 2010, AMD announced that it would retire the ATI brand name for its graphics chipsets in favor of the AMD brand name.[78][79]

In October 2008, AMD announced plans to spin off manufacturing operations in the form of GlobalFoundries Inc., a multibillion-dollar joint venture with Advanced Technology Investment Co., an investment company formed by the government of Abu Dhabi. The partnership and spin-off gave AMD an infusion of cash and allowed it to focus solely on chip design.[80] To assure the Abu Dhabi investors of the new venture's success, AMD's CEO Hector Ruiz stepped down in July 2008, while remaining executive chairman, in preparation for becoming chairman of GlobalFoundries in March 2009.[81][82] President and COO Dirk Meyer became AMD's CEO.[83] Recessionary losses necessitated AMD cutting 1,100 jobs in 2009.[84]

In August 2011, AMD announced that former Lenovo executive Rory Read would be joining the company as CEO, replacing Meyer.[85] In November 2011, AMD announced plans to lay off more than 10% (1,400) of its employees from across all divisions worldwide.[86] In October 2012, it announced plans to lay off an additional 15% of its workforce to reduce costs in the face of declining sales revenue.[87]

AMD acquired the low-power server manufacturer SeaMicro in early 2012, with an eye to bringing out an Arm64 server chip.[88]

On October 8, 2014, AMD announced that Rory Read had stepped down after three years as president and chief executive officer.[89] He was succeeded by Lisa Su, a key lieutenant who had been serving as chief operating officer since June.[90]

On October 16, 2014, AMD announced a new restructuring plan along with its Q3 results. Effective July 1, 2014, AMD reorganized into two business groups: Computing and Graphics, which primarily includes desktop and notebook processors and chipsets, discrete GPUs, and professional graphics; and Enterprise, Embedded, and Semi-Custom, which primarily includes server and embedded processors, dense servers, semi-custom SoC products (including solutions for gaming consoles), engineering services, and royalties. As part of this restructuring, AMD announced that 7% of its global workforce would be laid off by the end of 2014.[91]

After the GlobalFoundries spin-off and subsequent layoffs, AMD was left with significant vacant space at 1 AMD Place, its aging Sunnyvale headquarters office complex. In August 2016, AMD's 47 years in Sunnyvale came to a close when it signed a lease with the Irvine Company for a new 220,000 sq. ft. headquarters building in Santa Clara.[92] AMD's new location at Santa Clara Square faces the headquarters of archrival Intel across the Bayshore Freeway and San Tomas Aquino Creek. Around the same time, AMD also agreed to sell 1 AMD Place to the Irvine Company.[93] In April 2019, the Irvine Company secured approval from the Sunnyvale City Council of its plans to demolish 1 AMD Place and redevelop the entire 32-acre site into townhomes and apartments.[93]

In October 2020, AMD announced that it was acquiring Xilinx in an all-stock transaction. The acquisition was completed in February 2022, with an estimated acquisition price of $50 billion.[94][95]

List of CEOs

Name Years Position, education
Jerry Sanders 1969–2002 Founder, electrical engineer
Hector Ruiz 2002–2008 Electrical engineer
Dirk Meyer 2008–2011 Computer engineer
Rory Read 2011–2014 Information Systems
Lisa Su 2014–present Electrical engineer

Products

CPUs and APUs

انظر أيضاً: List of AMD processors
AMD microprocessors
  • KL AMD 2901.jpg

    Am2900 series (1975)

  • AMD Am29000-16GC.jpg

    AMD 29000 series (1987–95)

  • Am386DX-40.jpg

    Am386 Amx86 series (1991–95)

  • AMD K5 PR166 Front.jpg

    K5 architecture (1996)

  • Amd-k6.svg

    K6 architecture (1997–2001)

  • Bulldozer 640.jpg

    Bulldozer Series CPUs Bulldozer, Piledriver, Steamroller, Excavator (2011–2017)

  • AMD CMC60.jpg

    Bobcat series APUs Bobcat, Jaguar, Puma (2011–present)

  • Zen core architecture (2017)

    Zen core architecture (2017)

  • Amd epyc 7302 top side with carrier IMGP3323 smial wp.jpg

    Zen+ series (released 2018)

  • AMD Ryzen 7 5800X 19339.jpg

    Zen 3 series (released 2020)

IBM PC and the x86 architecture

المقالة الرئيسية: Am286, Am386, Am486, and Am5x86

In February 1982, AMD signed a contract with Intel, becoming a licensed second-source manufacturer of 8086 and 8088 processors. IBM wanted to use the Intel 8088 in its IBM PC, but its policy at the time was to require at least two sources for its chips. AMD later produced the Am286 under the same arrangement. In 1984, Intel internally decided to no longer cooperate with AMD in supplying product information to shore up its advantage in the marketplace, and delayed and eventually refused to convey the technical details of the Intel 80386.[96] In 1987, AMD invoked arbitration over the issue, and Intel reacted by canceling the 1982 technological-exchange agreement altogether.[97][98] After three years of testimony, AMD eventually won in arbitration in 1992, but Intel disputed this decision. Another long legal dispute followed, ending in 1994 when the Supreme Court of California sided with the arbitrator and AMD.[99][100]

In 1990, Intel countersued AMD, renegotiating AMD's right to use derivatives of Intel's microcode for its cloned processors.[101] In the face of uncertainty during the legal dispute, AMD was forced to develop clean room designed versions of Intel code for its x386 and x486 processors, the former long after Intel had released its own x386 in 1985.[102] In March 1991, AMD released the Am386, its clone of the Intel 386 processor.[49] By October of the same year it had sold one million units.[49]

In 1993, AMD introduced the first of the Am486 family of processors,[17] which proved popular with a large number of original equipment manufacturers, including Compaq, which signed an exclusive agreement using the Am486.[9][103][104] The Am5x86, another Am486-based processor, was released in November 1995, and continued AMD's success as a fast, cost-effective processor.[105][106]

Finally, in an agreement effective 1996, AMD received the rights to the microcode in Intel's x386 and x486 processor families, but not the rights to the microcode in the following generations of processors.[107][108]

K5, K6, Athlon, Duron, and Sempron

المقالة الرئيسية: AMD K5, AMD K6, Athlon, Duron, and Sempron

AMD's first in-house x86 processor was the K5, launched in 1996.[109] The "K" in its name was a reference to Kryptonite, the only substance known to harm comic book character Superman. This itself was a reference to Intel's hegemony over the market, i.e., an anthropomorphization of them as Superman.[110] The number "5" was a reference to the fifth generation of x86 processors; rival Intel had previously introduced its line of fifth-generation x86 processors as Pentium because the U.S. Trademark and Patent Office had ruled that mere numbers could not be trademarked.[111]

In 1996, AMD purchased NexGen, specifically for the rights to their Nx series of x86-compatible processors. AMD gave the NexGen design team their own building, left them alone, and gave them time and money to rework the Nx686. The result was the K6 processor, introduced in 1997. Although it was based on Socket 7, variants such as K6-3/450 were faster than Intel's Pentium II (sixth-generation processor).

The K7 was AMD's seventh-generation x86 processor, making its debut under the brand name Athlon on June 23, 1999. Unlike previous AMD processors, it could not be used on the same motherboards as Intel's, due to licensing issues surrounding Intel's Slot 1 connector, and instead used a Slot A connector, referenced to the Alpha processor bus. The Duron was a lower-cost and limited version of the Athlon (64KB instead of 256KB L2 cache) in a 462-pin socketed PGA (socket A) or soldered directly onto the motherboard. Sempron was released as a lower-cost Athlon XP, replacing Duron in the socket A PGA era. It has since been migrated upward to all new sockets, up to AM3.

On October 9, 2001, the Athlon XP was released. On February 10, 2003, the Athlon XP with 512KB L2 Cache was released.[112]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Athlon 64, Opteron and Phenom

المقالة الرئيسية: Athlon 64, Opteron, and Phenom

The K8 was a major revision of the K7 architecture, with the most notable features being the addition of a 64-bit extension to the x86 instruction set (called x86-64, AMD64, or x64), the incorporation of an on-chip memory controller, and the implementation of an extremely high-performance point-to-point interconnect called HyperTransport, as part of the Direct Connect Architecture. The technology was initially launched as the Opteron server-oriented processor on April 22, 2003.[113] Shortly thereafter, it was incorporated into a product for desktop PCs, branded Athlon 64.[114]

On April 21, 2005, AMD released the first dual-core Opteron, an x86-based server CPU.[115] A month later, it released the Athlon 64 X2, the first desktop-based dual-core processor family.[116] In May 2007, AMD abandoned the string "64" in its dual-core desktop product branding, becoming Athlon X2, downplaying the significance of 64-bit computing in its processors. Further updates involved improvements to the microarchitecture, and a shift of the target market from mainstream desktop systems to value dual-core desktop systems. In 2008, AMD started to release dual-core Sempron processors exclusively in China, branded as the Sempron 2000 series, with lower HyperTransport speed and smaller L2 cache. AMD completed its dual-core product portfolio for each market segment.

In September 2007, AMD released the first server Opteron K10 processors,[117] followed in November by the Phenom processor for desktop. K10 processors came in dual-core, triple-core,[118] and quad-core versions, with all cores on a single die. AMD released a new platform codenamed "Spider", which used the new Phenom processor, as well as an R770 GPU and a 790 GX/FX chipset from the AMD 700 chipset series.[119] However, AMD built the Spider at 65nm, which was uncompetitive with Intel's smaller and more power-efficient 45nm.

In January 2009, AMD released a new processor line dubbed Phenom II, a refresh of the original Phenom built using the 45 nm process.[120] AMD's new platform, codenamed "Dragon", used the new Phenom II processor, and an ATI R770 GPU from the R700 GPU family, as well as a 790 GX/FX chipset from the AMD 700 chipset series.[121] The Phenom II came in dual-core, triple-core and quad-core variants, all using the same die, with cores disabled for the triple-core and dual-core versions. The Phenom II resolved issues that the original Phenom had, including a low clock speed, a small L3 cache, and a Cool'n'Quiet bug that decreased performance. The Phenom II cost less but was not performance-competitive with Intel's mid-to-high-range Core 2 Quads. The Phenom II also enhanced its predecessor's memory controller, allowing it to use DDR3 in a new native socket AM3, while maintaining backward compatibility with AM2+, the socket used for the Phenom, and allowing the use of the DDR2 memory that was used with the platform.

In April 2010, AMD released a new Phenom II Hexa-core (6-core) processor codenamed "Thuban".[122] This was a totally new die based on the hexa-core "Istanbul" Opteron processor. It included AMD's "turbo core" technology, which allows the processor to automatically switch from 6 cores to 3 faster cores when more pure speed is needed.

The Magny Cours and Lisbon server parts were released in 2010.[123] The Magny Cours part came in 8 to 12 cores and the Lisbon part in 4 and 6 core parts. Magny Cours is focused on performance while the Lisbon part is focused on high performance per watt. Magny Cours is an MCM (multi-chip module) with two hexa-core "Istanbul" Opteron parts. This will use a new G34 socket for dual and quad-socket processors and thus will be marketed as Opteron 61xx series processors. Lisbon uses C32 socket certified for dual-socket use or single socket use only and thus will be marketed as Opteron 41xx processors. Both will be built on a 45 nm SOI process.

Fusion becomes the AMD APU

المقالة الرئيسية: AMD APU and AMD mobile platform

Following AMD's 2006 acquisition of Canadian graphics company ATI Technologies, an initiative codenamed Fusion was announced to integrate a CPU and GPU together on some of AMD's microprocessors, including a built in PCI Express link to accommodate separate PCI Express peripherals, eliminating the northbridge chip from the motherboard. The initiative intended to move some of the processing originally done on the CPU (e.g. floating-point unit operations) to the GPU, which is better optimized for some calculations. The Fusion was later renamed the AMD APU (Accelerated Processing Unit).[124]

Llano was AMD's first APU built for laptops. Llano was the second APU released,[125] targeted at the mainstream market.[124] It incorporated a CPU and GPU on the same die, as well as northbridge functions, and used "Socket FM1" with DDR3 memory. The CPU part of the processor was based on the Phenom II "Deneb" processor. AMD suffered an unexpected decrease in revenue based on production problems for the Llano.[126] More AMD APUs for laptops running Windows 7 and Windows 8 OS are being used commonly. These include AMD's price-point APUs, the E1 and E2, and their mainstream competitors with Intel's Core i-series: The Vision A- series, the A standing for accelerated. These range from the lower-performance A4 chipset to the A6, A8, and A10. These all incorporate next-generation Radeon graphics cards, with the A4 utilizing the base Radeon HD chip and the rest using a Radeon R4 graphics card, with the exception of the highest-model A10 (A10-7300) which uses an R6 graphics card.

New microarchitectures

High-power, high-performance Bulldozer cores
المقالة الرئيسية: Bulldozer microarchitecture, Piledriver microarchitecture, Steamroller microarchitecture, and Excavator microarchitecture

Bulldozer was AMD's microarchitecture codename for server and desktop AMD FX processors, first released on October 12, 2011. This family 15h microarchitecture is the successor to the family 10h (K10) microarchitecture design. Bulldozer was a clean-sheet design, not a development of earlier processors.[127] The core was specifically aimed at 10–125 W TDP computing products. AMD claimed dramatic performance-per-watt efficiency improvements in high-performance computing (HPC) applications with Bulldozer cores. While hopes were high that Bulldozer would bring AMD to be performance-competitive with Intel once more, most benchmarks were disappointing. In some cases the new Bulldozer products were slower than the K10 models they were built to replace.[128][129][130]

The Piledriver microarchitecture was the 2012 successor to Bulldozer, increasing clock speeds and performance relative to its predecessor.[131] Piledriver would be released in AMD FX, APU, and Opteron product lines.[132][133][134][135] Piledriver was subsequently followed by the Steamroller microarchitecture in 2013. Used exclusively in AMD's APUs, Steamroller focused on greater parallelism.[136][137]

In 2015, the Excavator microarchitecture replaced Piledriver.[138] Expected to be the last microarchitecture of the Bulldozer series,[139][140] Excavator focused on improved power efficiency.[141]

Low-power Cat cores
المقالة الرئيسية: Bobcat microarchitecture, Jaguar microarchitecture, and Puma microarchitecture

The Bobcat microarchitecture was revealed during a speech from AMD executive vice-president Henri Richard in Computex 2007 and was put into production during the first quarter of 2011.[125] Based on the difficulty competing in the x86 market with a single core optimized for the 10–100 W range, AMD had developed a simpler core with a target range of 1–10 watts.[142] In addition, it was believed that the core could migrate into the hand-held space if the power consumption can be reduced to less than 1 W.[143]

Jaguar is a microarchitecture codename for Bobcat's successor, released in 2013, that is used in various APUs from AMD aimed at the low-power/low-cost market.[144] Jaguar and its derivates would go on to be used in the custom APUs of the PlayStation 4,[145][146] Xbox One,[147][148] PlayStation 4 Pro,[149][150][151] Xbox One S,[152] and Xbox One X.[153][154] Jaguar would be later followed by the Puma microarchitecture in 2014.[155]

ARM architecture-based designs

In 2012, AMD announced it was working on ARM products, both as a semi-custom product and server product.[156][157][158] The initial server product was announced as the Opteron A1100 in 2014, and 8-core Cortex-A57 based ARMv8-A SoC,[159][160] and was expected to be followed by an APU incorporating a Graphics Core Next GPU.[161] However, the Opteron A1100 was not released until 2016, with the delay attributed to adding software support.[162] The A1100 was also criticized for not having support from major vendors upon its release.[162][163][164]

In 2014, AMD also announced the K12 custom core for release in 2016.[165] While being ARMv8-A instruction set architecture compliant, the K12 is expected to be entirely custom designed targeting server, embedded, and semi-custom markets. While ARM architecture development continued, products based on K12 were subsequently delayed with no release planned, in preference to the development of AMD's x86-based Zen microarchitecture.[166][167]

Zen-based CPUs and APUs

المقالة الرئيسية: Zen microarchitecture

Zen is a new architecture for x86-64 based Ryzen series of CPUs and APUs, introduced in 2017 by AMD and built from the ground up by a team led by Jim Keller, beginning with his arrival in 2012, and taping out before his departure in September 2015. One of AMD's primary goals with Zen was an IPC increase of at least 40%, however in February 2017 AMD announced that they had actually achieved a 52% increase.[168][المصدر لا يؤكد ذلك] Processors made on the Zen architecture are built on the 14 nm FinFET node and have a renewed focus on single-core performance and HSA compatibility.[169] Previous processors from AMD were either built in the 32 nm process ("Bulldozer" and "Piledriver" CPUs) or the 28 nm process ("Steamroller" and "Excavator" APUs). Because of this, Zen is much more energy efficient. The Zen architecture is the first to encompass CPUs and APUs from AMD built for a single socket (Socket AM4). Also new for this architecture is the implementation of simultaneous multithreading (SMT) technology, something Intel has had for years on some of their processors with their proprietary hyper-threading implementation of SMT. This is a departure from the "Clustered MultiThreading" design introduced with the Bulldozer architecture. Zen also has support for DDR4 memory. AMD released the Zen-based high-end Ryzen 7 "Summit Ridge" series CPUs on March 2, 2017,[170] mid-range Ryzen 5 series CPUs on April 11, 2017, and entry level Ryzen 3 series CPUs on July 27, 2017.[171] AMD later released the Epyc line of Zen derived server processors for 1P and 2P systems.[172] In October 2017, AMD released Zen-based APUs as Ryzen Mobile, incorporating Vega graphics cores.[173] In January 2018 AMD has announced their new lineup plans, with Ryzen 2.[174] AMD launched CPUs with the 12nm Zen+[175] microarchitecture in April 2018, following up with the 7nm Zen 2 microarchitecture in June 2019, including an update to the Epyc line with new processors using the Zen 2 microarchitecture in August 2019, and Zen 3 slated for release in Q3 2020. As of 2019, AMD's Ryzen processors were reported to outsell Intel's consumer desktop processors.[176] At CES 2020 AMD announced their Ryzen Mobile 4000, as the first 7 nm x86 mobile processor,[vague] the first 7 nm 8-core (also 16-thread) high-performance mobile processor, and the first 8-core (also 16-thread) processor for ultrathin laptops.[177] This generation is still based on the Zen 2 architecture. In October 2020 AMD announced their Zen 3 CPU.[178] On PassMark's Single thread performance test the Ryzen 5 5600x bested all other CPUs besides the Ryzen 9 5950X.[179]

The Steam Deck,[180][181] PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X and Series S all use chips based on the Zen 2 microarchitecture, with proprietary tweaks and different configurations in each system's implementation than AMD sells in its own commercially available APUs.[182][183]

Graphics products and GPUs

المقالة الرئيسية: Radeon, Radeon Pro, Radeon Instinct, and list of AMD graphics processing units
AMD graphics processing units

ATI prior to AMD acquisition

المقالة الرئيسية: ATI Technologies

ATI Technologies

Radeon within AMD

المقالة الرئيسية: Radeon

In 2008, the ATI division of AMD released the TeraScale microarchitecture implementing a unified shader model. This design replaced the previous fixed-function hardware of previous graphics cards with multipurpose, programmable shaders. Initially released as part of the GPU for the Xbox 360, this technology would go on to be used in Radeon branded HD 2000 parts. Three generations of TeraScale would be designed and used in parts from 2008 to 2014.

Combined GPU and CPU divisions

In a 2009 restructuring, AMD merged the CPU and GPU divisions to support the company's APUs, which fused both graphics and general purpose processing.[184][185] In 2011, AMD released the successor to TeraScale, Graphics Core Next (GCN).[186] This new microarchitecture emphasized GPGPU compute capability in addition to graphics processing, with a particular aim of supporting heterogeneous computing on AMD's APUs. GCN's reduced instruction set ISA allowed for significantly increased compute capability over TeraScale's very long instruction word ISA. Since GCN's introduction with the HD 7970, five generations of the GCN architecture have been produced from 2008 through at least 2017.[187]

Radeon Technologies Group

In September 2015, AMD separated the graphics technology division of the company into an independent internal unit called the Radeon Technologies Group (RTG) headed by Raja Koduri.[188] This gave the graphics division of AMD autonomy in product design and marketing.[189][190] The RTG then went on to create and release the Polaris and Vega microarchitectures released in 2016 and 2017, respectively.[191][192] In particular the Vega, or fifth generation GCN, microarchitecture includes a number of major revisions to improve performance and compute capabilities.[193][194]

In November 2017, Raja Koduri left RTG[195] and CEO and President Lisa Su took his position. In January 2018, it was reported that two industry veterans joined RTG, namely Mike Rayfield as senior vice president and general manager of RTG, and David Wang as senior vice president of engineering for RTG.[196] In January 2020, AMD announced that its second generation RDNA graphics architecture was in development, with the aim of competing with the Nvidia RTX graphics products for performance leadership. In October 2020, AMD announced their new RX 6000 series[197] series GPUs, their first high-end product based on RDNA2 and capable of handling ray-tracing natively, aiming to challenge Nvidia's RTX 3000 GPUs.

Semi-custom and game console products

In 2012, AMD's then CEO Rory Read began a program to offer semi-custom designs.[198][199] Rather than AMD simply designing and offering a single product, potential customers could work with AMD to design a custom chip based on AMD's intellectual property. Customers pay a non-recurring engineering fee for design and development, and a purchase price for the resulting semi-custom products. In particular, AMD noted their unique position of offering both x86 and graphics intellectual property. These semi-custom designs would have design wins as the APUs in the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One and the subsequent PlayStation 4 Pro, Xbox One S, Xbox One X, Xbox Series X/S, and PlayStation 5.[200][201][202][151][154][203] Financially, these semi-custom products would represent a majority of the company's revenue in 2016.[204][205] In November 2017, AMD and Intel announced that Intel would market a product combining in a single package an Intel Core CPU, a semi-custom AMD Radeon GPU, and HBM2 memory.[206]

Other hardware

AMD motherboard chipsets

انظر أيضاً: Comparison of AMD chipsets

Before the launch of Athlon 64 processors in 2003, AMD designed chipsets for their processors spanning the K6 and K7 processor generations. The chipsets include the AMD-640, AMD-751, and the AMD-761 chipsets. The situation changed in 2003 with the release of Athlon 64 processors, and AMD chose not to further design its own chipsets for its desktop processors while opening the desktop platform to allow other firms to design chipsets. This was the "Open Platform Management Architecture" with ATI, VIA and SiS developing their own chipset for Athlon 64 processors and later Athlon 64 X2 and Athlon 64 FX processors, including the Quad FX platform chipset from Nvidia.

The initiative went further with the release of Opteron server processors as AMD stopped the design of server chipsets in 2004 after releasing the AMD-8111 chipset, and again opened the server platform for firms to develop chipsets for Opteron processors. As of today,[when?] Nvidia and Broadcom are the sole designing firms of server chipsets for Opteron processors.

As the company completed the acquisition of ATI Technologies in 2006, the firm gained the ATI design team for chipsets which previously designed the Radeon Xpress 200 and the Radeon Xpress 3200 chipsets. AMD then renamed the chipsets for AMD processors under AMD branding (for instance, the CrossFire Xpress 3200 chipset was renamed as AMD 580X CrossFire chipset). In February 2007, AMD announced the first AMD-branded chipset since 2004 with the release of the AMD 690G chipset (previously under the development codename RS690), targeted at mainstream IGP computing. It was the industry's first to implement a HDMI 1.2 port on motherboards, shipping for more than a million units. While ATI had aimed at releasing an Intel IGP chipset, the plan was scrapped and the inventories of Radeon Xpress 1250 (codenamed RS600, sold under ATI brand) was sold to two OEMs, Abit and ASRock. Although AMD stated the firm would still produce Intel chipsets, Intel had not granted the license of 1333 MHz FSB to ATI.

On November 15, 2007, AMD announced a new chipset series portfolio, the AMD 7-Series chipsets, covering from the enthusiast multi-graphics segment to the value IGP segment, to replace the AMD 480/570/580 chipsets and AMD 690 series chipsets, marking AMD's first enthusiast multi-graphics chipset. Discrete graphics chipsets were launched on November 15, 2007, as part of the codenamed Spider desktop platform, and IGP chipsets were launched at a later time in spring 2008 as part of the codenamed Cartwheel platform.

AMD returned to the server chipsets market with the AMD 800S series server chipsets. It includes support for up to six SATA 6.0 Gbit/s ports, the C6 power state, which is featured in Fusion processors and AHCI 1.2 with SATA FIS–based switching support. This is a chipset family supporting Phenom processors and Quad FX enthusiast platform (890FX), IGP (890GX).

With the advent of AMD's APUs in 2011, traditional northbridge features such as the connection to graphics and the PCI Express controller were incorporated into the APU die. Accordingly, APUs were connected to a single chip chipset, renamed the Fusion Controller Hub (FCH), which primarily provided southbridge functionality.[207]

AMD released new chipsets in 2017 to support the release of their new Ryzen products. As the Zen microarchitecture already includes much of the northbridge connectivity, the AM4-based chipsets primarily varied in the number of additional PCI Express lanes, USB connections, and SATA connections available.[208] These AM4 chipsets were designed in conjunction with ASMedia.[209]

Embedded products

Embedded CPUs
المقالة الرئيسية: Alchemy and Geode

In February 2002, AMD acquired Alchemy Semiconductor for its Alchemy line of MIPS processors for the hand-held and portable media player markets.[210] On June 13, 2006, AMD officially announced that the line was to be transferred to Raza Microelectronics, Inc., a designer of MIPS processors for embedded applications.[211]

In August 2003, AMD also purchased the Geode business which was originally the Cyrix MediaGX from National Semiconductor to augment its existing line of embedded x86 processor products.[212] During the second quarter of 2004, it launched new low-power Geode NX processors based on the K7 Thoroughbred architecture with speeds of fanless processors 667 MHz and 1 GHz, and 1.4 GHz processor with fan, of TDP 25 W. This technology is used in a variety of embedded systems (Casino slot machines and customer kiosks for instance), several UMPC designs in Asia markets, as well as the OLPC XO-1 computer, an inexpensive laptop computer intended to be distributed to children in developing countries around the world.[213] The Geode LX processor was announced in 2005 and is said will continue to be available through 2015.[needs update]

AMD has also introduced 64-bit processors into its embedded product line starting with the AMD Opteron processor. Leveraging the high throughput enabled through HyperTransport and the Direct Connect Architecture these server-class processors have been targeted at high-end telecom and storage applications. In 2007, AMD added the AMD Athlon, AMD Turion, and Mobile AMD Sempron processors to its embedded product line. Leveraging the same 64-bit instruction set and Direct Connect Architecture as the AMD Opteron but at lower power levels, these processors were well suited to a variety of traditional embedded applications. Throughout 2007 and into 2008, AMD has continued to add both single-core Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors and dual-core AMD Athlon X2 and AMD Turion processors to its embedded product line and now offers embedded 64-bit solutions starting with 8 W TDP Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors for fan-less designs up to multi-processor systems leveraging multi-core AMD Opteron processors all supporting longer than standard availability.[214]

The ATI acquisition in 2006 included the Imageon and Xilleon product lines. In late 2008, the entire handheld division was sold off to Qualcomm, who have since produced the Adreno series.[215] Also in 2008, the Xilleon division was sold to Broadcom.[216][217]

In April 2007, AMD announced the release of the M690T integrated graphics chipset for embedded designs. This enabled AMD to offer complete processor and chipset solutions targeted at embedded applications requiring high-performance 3D and video such as emerging digital signage, kiosk, and Point of Sale applications. The M690T was followed by the M690E specifically for embedded applications which removed the TV output, which required Macrovision licensing for OEMs, and enabled native support for dual TMDS outputs, enabling dual independent DVI interfaces.[بحاجة لمصدر][218]

In January 2011, AMD announced the AMD Embedded G-Series Accelerated Processing Unit.[219][220] This was the first APU for embedded applications. These were followed by updates in 2013 and 2016.[221][222]

In May 2012, AMD Announced the AMD Embedded R-Series Accelerated Processing Unit.[223] This family of products incorporates the Bulldozer CPU architecture, and Discrete-class Radeon HD 7000G Series graphics. This was followed by a system on a chip (SoC) version in 2015 which offered a faster CPU and faster graphics, with support for DDR4 SDRAM memory.[224][225]

Embedded graphics

AMD builds graphic processors for use in embedded systems. They can be found in anything from casinos to healthcare, with a large portion of products being used in industrial machines.[226] These products include a complete graphics processing device in a compact multi-chip module including RAM and the GPU.[227] ATI began offering embedded GPUs with the E2400 in 2008. Since that time AMD has released regular updates to their embedded GPU lineup in 2009, 2011, 2015, and 2016; reflecting improvements in their GPU technology.[227][228][229][230]

Current product lines

CPU and APU products

AMD's portfolio of CPUs and APUs اعتبارا من 2020

  • Athlon – brand of entry level CPUs (Excavator) and APUs (Ryzen)
  • A-series – Excavator-class consumer desktop and laptop APUs
  • G-series – Excavator- and Jaguar-class low-power embedded APUs
  • Ryzen – brand of consumer CPUs and APUs
  • Ryzen Threadripper – brand of prosumer/professional CPUs
  • R-series – Excavator class high-performance embedded APUs
  • Epyc – brand of server CPUs
  • Opteron – brand of microserver APUs[231]

Graphics products

AMD's portfolio of dedicated graphics processors اعتبارا من 2017

  • Radeon – brand for consumer line of graphics cards; the brand name originated with ATI.
    • Mobility Radeon offers power-optimized versions of Radeon graphics chips for use in laptops.
  • Radeon Pro – Workstation Graphics card brand. Successor to the FirePro brand.
  • Radeon Instinct – brand of server and workstation targeted machine learning and GPGPU products

Radeon-branded products

RAM

AMD Radeon memory

In 2011, AMD began selling Radeon branded DDR3 SDRAM to support the higher bandwidth needs of AMD's APUs.[232] While the RAM is sold by AMD, it was manufactured by Patriot Memory and VisionTek. This was later followed by higher speeds of gaming oriented DDR3 memory in 2013.[233] Radeon branded DDR4 SDRAM memory was released in 2015, despite no AMD CPUs or APUs supporting DDR4 at the time.[234] AMD noted in 2017 that these products are "mostly distributed in Eastern Europe" and that it continues to be active in the business.[235]

Solid-state drives

AMD announced in 2014 it would sell Radeon branded solid-state drives manufactured by OCZ with capacities up to 480 GB and using the SATA interface.[236]

Technologies

CPU hardware

اعتبارا من 2017 technologies found in AMD CPU/APU and other products include:

Graphics hardware

اعتبارا من 2017 technologies found in AMD GPU products include:

Software

AMD has made considerable efforts towards opening its software tools above the firmware level in the past decade.[237][238][239]

For the following mentions, software not expressely stated free can be assumed to be proprietary.

Distribution

AMD Radeon Software is the default channel for official software distribution from AMD. It includes both free and proprietary software components, and supports both Microsoft Windows and Linux.

Software by type

CPU

  • AOCC is AMD's optimizing proprietary C/C++ compiler based on LLVM and available for Linux.[240]
  • AMDuProf is AMD's CPU performance and Power profiling tool suite, available for Linux and Windows.
  • AMD has also taken an active part in developing coreboot, an open-source project aimed at replacing the proprietary BIOS firmware. This cooperation ceased in 2013, but AMD has indicated recently[when?] that it is considering releasing source code so that Ryzen can be compatible with coreboot in the future.[241]

GPU

انظر أيضاً: AMD Radeon Software

Most notable public AMD software is on the GPU side.

AMD has opened both its graphic and compute stacks:

Misc

  • AMD conducts open research on heterogeneous computing.[242]
  • Other AMD software includes the AMD Core Math Library, and open-source software including the AMD Performance Library.
  • AMD contributes to open source projects, including working with Sun Microsystems to enhance OpenSolaris and Sun xVM on the AMD platform.[243] AMD also maintains its own Open64 compiler distribution and contributes its changes back to the community.[244]
  • In 2008, AMD released the low-level programming specifications for its GPUs, and works with the X.Org Foundation to develop drivers for AMD graphics cards.[245][246]
  • Extensions for software parallelism (xSP), aimed at speeding up programs to enable multi-threaded and multi-core processing, announced in Technology Analyst Day 2007. One of the initiatives being discussed since August 2007 is the Light Weight Profiling (LWP), providing internal hardware monitor with runtimes, to observe information about executing process and help the re-design of software to be optimized with multi-core and even multi-threaded programs. Another one is the extension of Streaming SIMD Extension (SSE) instruction set, the SSE5.
  • Codenamed SIMFIRE – interoperability testing tool for the Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware (DASH) open architecture.

Production and fabrication

المقالة الرئيسية: GlobalFoundries

Previously, AMD produced its chips at company-owned semiconductor foundries. AMD pursued a strategy of collaboration with other semiconductor manufacturers IBM and Motorola to co-develop production technologies.[247][248] AMD's founder Jerry Sanders termed this the "Virtual Gorilla" strategy to compete with Intel's significantly greater investments in fabrication.[249]

In 2008, AMD spun off its chip foundries into an independent company named GlobalFoundries.[250] This breakup of the company was attributed to the increasing costs of each process node. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi purchased the newly created company through its subsidiary Advanced Technology Investment Company (ATIC), purchasing the final stake from AMD in 2009.[251]

With the spin-off of its foundries, AMD became a fabless semiconductor manufacturer, designing products to be produced at for-hire foundries. Part of the GlobalFoundries spin-off included an agreement with AMD to produce some number of products at GlobalFoundries.[252] Both prior to the spin-off and after AMD has pursued production with other foundries including TSMC and Samsung.[253][254] It has been argued that this would reduce risk for AMD by decreasing dependence on any one foundry which has caused issues in the past.[254][255]

In 2018, AMD started shifting the production of their CPUs and GPUs to TSMC, following GlobalFoundries' announcement that they were halting development of their 7 nm process.[256] AMD revised their wafer purchase requirement with GlobalFoundries in 2019, allowing AMD to freely choose foundries for 7 nm nodes and below, while maintaining purchase agreements for 12 nm and above through 2021.[257]

Corporate affairs

Partnerships

AMD uses strategic industry partnerships to further its business interests as well as to rival Intel's dominance and resources:[247][248][249]

  • A partnership between AMD and Alpha Processor Inc. developed HyperTransport, a point-to-point interconnect standard which was turned over to an industry standards body for finalization.[258] It is now used in modern motherboards that are compatible with AMD processors.
  • AMD also formed a strategic partnership with IBM, under which AMD gained silicon on insulator (SOI) manufacturing technology, and detailed advice on 90 nm implementation. AMD announced that the partnership would extend to 2011 for 32 nm and 22 nm fabrication-related technologies.[259]
  • To facilitate processor distribution and sales, AMD is loosely partnered with end-user companies, such as HP, Dell, Asus, Acer, and Microsoft.[260]
  • In 1993, AMD established a 50–50 partnership with Fujitsu called FASL, and merged into a new company called FASL LLC in 2003. The joint venture went public under the name Spansion and ticker symbol SPSN in December 2005, with AMD shares dropping 37%. AMD no longer directly participates in the Flash memory devices market now as AMD entered into a non-competition agreement on December 21, 2005, with Fujitsu and Spansion, pursuant to which it agreed not to directly or indirectly engage in a business that manufactures or supplies standalone semiconductor devices (including single-chip, multiple-chip or system devices) containing only Flash memory.[261]
  • On May 18, 2006, Dell announced that it would roll out new servers based on AMD's Opteron chips by year's end, thus ending an exclusive relationship with Intel.[262] In September 2006, Dell began offering AMD Athlon X2 chips in their desktop lineup.
  • In June 2011, HP announced new business and consumer notebooks equipped with the latest versions of AMD APUs – accelerated processing units. AMD will power HP's Intel-based business notebooks as well.[263]
  • In the spring of 2013, AMD announced that it would be powering all three major next-generation consoles.[264] The Xbox One and Sony PlayStation 4 are both powered by a custom-built AMD APU, and the Nintendo Wii U is powered by an AMD GPU.[265] According to AMD, having their processors in all three of these consoles will greatly assist developers with cross-platform development to competing consoles and PCs as well as increased support for their products across the board.[266]
  • AMD has entered into an agreement with Hindustan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (HSMC) for the production of AMD products in India.[267]
  • AMD is a founding member of the HSA Foundation which aims to ease the use of a Heterogeneous System Architecture. A Heterogeneous System Architecture is intended to use both central processing units and graphics processors to complete computational tasks.[268]
  • AMD announced in 2016 that it was creating a joint venture to produce x86 server chips for the Chinese market.[269]
  • On May 7, 2019, it was reported that the U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Cray Inc., are working in collaboration with AMD to develop the Frontier exascale supercomputer. Featuring the AMD Epyc CPUs and Radeon GPUs, the supercomputer is set to produce more than 1.5 exaflops (peak double-precision) in computing performance. It is expected to debut sometime in 2021.[270]
  • On March 5, 2020, it was announced that the U.S. Department of Energy, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and HPE are working in collaboration with AMD to develop the El Capitan exascale supercomputer. Featuring the AMD Epyc CPUs and Radeon GPUs, the supercomputer is set to produce more than 2 exaflops (peak double-precision) in computing performance. It is expected to debut in 2023.[271]
  • In the summer of 2020, it was reported that AMD would be powering the next-generation console offerings from Microsoft and Sony.[272]
  • On November 8, 2021, AMD announced a partnership with Meta to make the chips used in the Metaverse.[273]
  • In January 2022, AMD partnered with Samsung to develop a mobile processor to be used in future products. The processor was named Exynos 2022 and works with the AMD RDNA 2 architecture.[274]

Litigation with Intel

انظر أيضاً: Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. and Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp.
AMD processor with Intel logo

AMD has a long history of litigation with former (and current) partner and x86 creator Intel.[275][276][277]

  • In 1986, Intel broke an agreement it had with AMD to allow them to produce Intel's micro-chips for IBM; AMD filed for arbitration in 1987 and the arbitrator decided in AMD's favor in 1992. Intel disputed this, and the case ended up in the Supreme Court of California. In 1994, that court upheld the arbitrator's decision and awarded damages for breach of contract.
  • In 1990, Intel brought a copyright infringement action alleging illegal use of its 287 microcode. The case ended in 1994 with a jury finding for AMD and its right to use Intel's microcode in its microprocessors through the 486 generation.
  • In 1997, Intel filed suit against AMD and Cyrix Corp. for misuse of the term MMX. AMD and Intel settled, with AMD acknowledging MMX as a trademark owned by Intel, and with Intel granting AMD rights to market the AMD K6 MMX processor.
  • In 2005, following an investigation, the Japan Federal Trade Commission found Intel guilty of a number of violations. On June 27, 2005, AMD won an antitrust suit against Intel in Japan, and on the same day, AMD filed a broad antitrust complaint against Intel in the U.S. Federal District Court in Delaware. The complaint alleges systematic use of secret rebates, special discounts, threats, and other means used by Intel to lock AMD processors out of the global market. Since the start of this action, the court has issued subpoenas to major computer manufacturers including Acer, Dell, Lenovo, HP and Toshiba.
  • In November 2009, Intel agreed to pay AMD $1.25bn and renew a five-year patent cross-licensing agreement as part of a deal to settle all outstanding legal disputes between them.[278]

Guinness World Record achievement

  • On August 31, 2011, in Austin, Texas, AMD achieved a Guinness World Record for the "Highest frequency of a computer processor": 8.429 GHz.[279] The company ran an 8-core FX-8150 processor with only one active module (two cores), and cooled with liquid helium.[280] The previous record was 8.308 GHz, with an Intel Celeron 352 (one core).
  • On November 1, 2011, geek.com reported that Andre Yang, an overclocker from Taiwan, used an FX-8150 to set another record: 8.461 GHz.[281]
  • On November 19, 2012, Andre Yang used an FX-8350 to set another record: 8.794 GHz.[282]

Acquisitions, mergers and investments

Date Company Integration or division Price
February 6, 2002 Alchemy Semiconductor[283] Processors (Embedded CPUs) Undisclosed
July 24, 2006 ATI Technologies[284] Graphics and 3D Software (Radeon GPUs) $5400 Million
February 29, 2012 SeaMicro[285] Data Center Platform $334 Million
June 29, 2016 HiAlgo[286][287] Gaming Experience (Radeon Chill, Radeon Boost and Radeon Swift) Undisclosed
April 10, 2017 Nitero[288][289] 60  GHz Wireless IP (Headset AR and VR) Undisclosed
October 27, 2020 Xilinx[290] Custom Chips (FPGA, Adaptive SoCs, System on Modules, IA Accelerator) $49000 Million
April 4, 2022 Pensando[291] Data Center, Cloud Solutions and DPUs $1900 Million

Corporate social responsibility

Other initiatives

  • 50x15, digital inclusion, with targeted 50% of world population to be connected through Internet via affordable computers by the year of 2015.
  • The Green Grid,[293] founded by AMD together with other founders, such as IBM, Sun and Microsoft, to seek lower power consumption for grids.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح "AMD 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. يناير 31, 2024. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "10K" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  2. ^ Lilly, Paul (مايو 6, 2011). "Nvidia Leads in Discrete Desktop GPU Market Share, AMD in Notebook Graphics". Maximum PC. Retrieved فبراير 18, 2012.
  3. ^ The other founding members were Ed Turney, John Carey, Sven Simonsen, Jack Gifford and three members from Gifford's team: Frank Botte, Jim Giles, and Larry Stenger.
  4. ^ Rodengen, p. 30.
  5. ^ "Fairchild's Offspring". Business Week. August 25, 1997. p. 84.
  6. ^ Mueller, Scott. Upgrading and Repairing PCs. Que Publishing, 2013. p. 6.
  7. ^ Malone, Michael S. "Silicon Insider: AMD-Intel Feud Continues". ABC News. April 24, 2003.
  8. ^ Rodengen, p. 36.
  9. ^ أ ب ت ث Pederson, Jay P. International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 30 Archived يوليو 19, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. St. James Press, 2000.
  10. ^ Rodengen, p. 35.
  11. ^ Rodengen, pp. 37–38.
  12. ^ أ ب ت Singer, Graham. "The Rise and Fall of AMD". TechSpot. November 21, 2012.
  13. ^ Rodengen, pp. 35, 38, 41, 42.
  14. ^ أ ب ت AMD Corporation. Silicon Valley Historical Association. 2008.
  15. ^ Rodengen, pp. 36, 38.
  16. ^ أ ب ت Lojek, Bo. History of Semiconductor Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media, 2007. p. 220.
  17. ^ أ ب ت ث Our History. AMD.com.
  18. ^ أ ب Rodengen, p. 41.
  19. ^ Electronic Design, Volume 19, Part 3. Hayden Publishing Company, 1971. p. 227.
  20. ^ Rodengen, pp. 42, 43.
  21. ^ Rodengen, p. 45.
  22. ^ Walker, Rob. "Interview with W. Jerry Sanders" Archived يناير 2, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Silicon Genesis. Stanford University. October 18, 2002.
  23. ^ Rodengen, p. 46.
  24. ^ MOS/LSI Data Book. Advanced Micro Devices, 1980. pp. 5–1, 5–2, B-8.
  25. ^ Electrical Design News, Volume 19, Issues 13–24. Rogers Publishing Company, 1974. p. 86.
  26. ^ أ ب Rodengen, p. 55.
  27. ^ Venkata Ram, S.K. Advanced Microprocessor & Microcontrollers. Firewall Media, 2004. p. 3.
  28. ^ Transcript: Silicon Valley (documentary)[dead link]. American Experience. PBS. 2013.
  29. ^ "Interview with Shawn and Kim Hailey". Stanford University Libraries. ديسمبر 29, 1997. Archived from the original on نوفمبر 11, 2013. Retrieved أكتوبر 20, 2014.
  30. ^ أ ب Rodengen, p. 50.
  31. ^ Hitt, Michael; Ireland, R. Duane; Hoskisson, Robert. Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization, Cases, Volume 2. Cengage Learning, 2008. p. 41.
  32. ^ Lennon, Michael J. Drafting Technology Patent License Agreements. Aspen Publishers Online, 2007. p. 4-36.
  33. ^ Pane, Patricia J. and Barbara Darrow. "AMD Asserts Right to Distribute Intel Code". InfoWorld. October 1, 1990. p. 5.
  34. ^ أ ب ت ث Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp. (1994). No. S033874. December 30, 1994. Justia.com. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
  35. ^ أ ب ت ث SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934: RELEASE No. 37730. Securities and Exchange Commission. Sec.gov. September 26, 1996. (Accessed October 25, 2014.)
  36. ^ أ ب ت Malerba, Franco. The Semiconductor Business: The Economics of Rapid Growth and Decline. University of Wisconsin Press, 1985. p. 166.
  37. ^ Rodengen, pp. 59–60.
  38. ^ Reindustrialization Or New Industrialization: Minutes of a Symposium, January 13, 1981, Part 3. National Academies, 1981. p. 53.
  39. ^ أ ب Rodengen, p. 60.
  40. ^ ADVANCED MICRO COMPUTERS, INC. Archived نوفمبر 4, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. CaliforniaFirm.us.
  41. ^ ADVANCED MICRO COMPUTERS, INC. Archived نوفمبر 4, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. CaliforniaCompaniesList.com.
  42. ^ أ ب Freiberger, Paul. "AMD sued for alleged misuse of subsidiary's secrets". InfoWorld. June 20, 1983. p. 28.
  43. ^ Mini-micro Systems, Volume 15. Cahners Publishing Company, 1982. p. 286.
  44. ^ Rodengen, p. 62.
  45. ^ "Siemens and Advanced Micro Devices Agree to Split Joint Venture". The Wall Street Journal. February 14, 1979. p. 38.
  46. ^ أ ب Swaine, Michael. "Eight Companies to produce the 8086 chip". InfoWorld. November 30, 1981. p. 78.
  47. ^ Rodengen, p. 73.
  48. ^ Rodengen, p. 59.
  49. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Hitt, Michael; Ireland, R. Duane; Hoskisson, Robert. Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. Cengage Learning, 2006. p. C-26.
  50. ^ Rodengen, pp. 65, 71–72, 79–80.
  51. ^ Sanchez, Julio, and Maria P. Canton. Software Solutions for Engineers and Scientists. CRC Press, 2007. p. 95.
  52. ^ AMD 8086 microprocessor family, CPU World. (Accessed November 3, 2014.)
  53. ^ "Patent Cross License Agreement". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. نوفمبر 11, 2009. Retrieved فبراير 2, 2021.
  54. ^ Ziberg, Christian. "Timeline: How AMD changed over the past 39 years" Archived نوفمبر 13, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. TGDaily. October 7, 2008.
  55. ^ International Directory of Company Histories. 1992.
  56. ^ Rodengen, pp. 73, 78–80.
  57. ^ Rodengen, p. 80.
  58. ^ Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton; Katz, Michael. The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America. Addison-Wesley, 1984.
  59. ^ 1985 Full list Archived نوفمبر 13, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Fortune 500. Fortune archive.
  60. ^ Rodengen, p. 85.
  61. ^ Rodengen, pp. 85–87.
  62. ^ Rodengen, pp. 86, 90, 95, 99.
  63. ^ Rodengen, pp. 90–91.
  64. ^ Rodengen, pp. 87–88, 97–99.
  65. ^ Rodengen, p. 97.
  66. ^ Rodengen, p. 91.
  67. ^ Computer Design, Volume 25, Issues 13–22. Computer Design Publishing Corporation, 1986. p. 14.
  68. ^ Rodengen, p. 100.
  69. ^ Mann, Daniel (1995), Evaluating and Programming the 29K RISC Family, Advanced Micro Devices, http://datasheets.chipdb.org/AMD/29K/29kprog.pdf 
  70. ^ Pflanz, Matthias. On-line Error Detection and Fast Recover Techniques for Dependable Embedded Processors. Springer Science & Business Media, 2002. p. 23.
  71. ^ Rodengen, pp. 121–122.
  72. ^ AMD. PC Encyclopedia. PC Magazine.
  73. ^ Ruiz. p. 20.
  74. ^ Ruiz, pp. 54–55.
  75. ^ Spooner, John G. "AMD, Fujitsu merge on flash memory". CNET. July 14, 2003.
  76. ^ Yi, Matthew. "Spansion spun off by AMD". San Francisco Chronicle. December 17, 2005.
  77. ^ "AMD Completes ATI Acquisition and Creates Processing Powerhouse". NewsWire. أكتوبر 25, 2006. Archived from the original on أكتوبر 12, 2007.
  78. ^ "AMD Decides to Drop the ATI Brand – Softpedia". News.softpedia.com. أغسطس 30, 2010. Archived from the original on أغسطس 17, 2020. Retrieved فبراير 19, 2011.
  79. ^ "ATI to be re-branded as AMD – branding, ATI Radeon, ati, amd – ARN". Arnnet.com.au. أغسطس 30, 2010. Retrieved فبراير 19, 2011.
  80. ^ Vance, Ashlee (أكتوبر 7, 2008). "A.M.D. to Split Into Two Operations". The New York Times. Retrieved مارس 26, 2010.
  81. ^ Ruiz, 159–162.
  82. ^ Gruener, Wolfgang. "AMD's fabs now on their own: GlobalFoundries" Archived ديسمبر 21, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. TG Daily. March 4, 2009.
  83. ^ "At a glance: AMD's new CEO Dirk Meyer". Associated Press. July 17, 2008.
  84. ^ Kawamoto, Dawn. "AMD to trim 1,100 jobs, initiate temporary pay cuts". CNET. January 16, 2009.
  85. ^ Dylan McGrath, EE Times. "Former IBM, Lenovo exec takes the helm at AMD". August 25, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  86. ^ O'Gara. Maureen. "AMD to Fire 1,400" Archived ديسمبر 21, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Virtualization Journal. November 7, 2011.
  87. ^ Ian King (October 18, 2012), Tom Giles, ed., AMD Forecast Misses Estimates; to Cut 15 Percent of Staff, Bloomberg L.P., https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-10-18/amd-sales-forecast-misses-estimates-to-cut-15-percent-of-staff.html, retrieved on October 31, 2012 
  88. ^ Vance, Ashlee (أكتوبر 30, 2012). "AMD Finds the Courage for Another Server Chip Gambit". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved يوليو 29, 2020.
  89. ^ "Advanced Micro Devices CEO Rory Read Steps Down". The Wall Street Journal. أكتوبر 8, 2014. Retrieved أكتوبر 8, 2014.
  90. ^ A.M.D names Lisa Su as chief executive, Bits-Blogs, NYTimes October 8, 2014.
  91. ^ AMD Reports 2014 Third Quarter Results. AMD. October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  92. ^ Donato-Weinstein, Nathan (أغسطس 19, 2016). "AMD moving headquarters to Santa Clara, ending 47-year history in Sunnyvale". Silicon Valley Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Retrieved يونيو 22, 2020.
  93. ^ أ ب SVBJ Staff (يونيو 17, 2020). "Developer buys townhome portion of under-construction project on former AMD campus in Sunnyvale". Silicon Valley Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Retrieved يونيو 22, 2020.
  94. ^ "AMD to Acquire Xilinx, Creating the Industry's High Performance Computing Leader". Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (in الإنجليزية). أكتوبر 27, 2020. Retrieved أكتوبر 27, 2020.
  95. ^ Lee, Jane Lanhee (فبراير 14, 2022). "AMD closes record chip industry deal with estimated $50 billion purchase of Xilinx" (in الإنجليزية). Reuters. Retrieved فبراير 14, 2022.
  96. ^ Ruiz, p. 86–87.
  97. ^ Rodengen, p. 102.
  98. ^ Ruiz, p. 87.
  99. ^ Greg Tang (فبراير 13, 2011). "Intel and the x86 Architecture: A Legal Perspective". JOLT Digest. Archived from the original on يونيو 7, 2011.
  100. ^ "Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp. (1994)". Justia Law. Retrieved أغسطس 6, 2015.
  101. ^ Rodengen, p. 116.
  102. ^ Rodengen, pp. 116–199.
  103. ^ Hitt, Michael; Duane Ireland, R.; Hoskisson, Robert (مارس 2, 2006). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. ISBN 9781111796372. Retrieved أغسطس 6, 2015.
  104. ^ "cpu-collection.de >> AMD >> 486 DX". Retrieved أغسطس 6, 2015.
  105. ^ Mueller, Scott (2003). Upgrading and Repairing PCs. ISBN 9780789727459. Retrieved أغسطس 6, 2015.
  106. ^ "InfoWorld". نوفمبر 6, 1995. Retrieved أغسطس 6, 2015.
  107. ^ Lennon, Michael J. (يناير 1, 2007). Drafting Technology Patent License Agreements (in الإنجليزية). Wolters Kluwer. pp. 4-36–4-38. ISBN 978-0-7355-6748-1.
  108. ^ "InfoWorld". يناير 8, 1996. Retrieved أغسطس 6, 2015.
  109. ^ "AMD K5". CPU-INFO.COM. Archived from the original on أغسطس 18, 2007. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2007.
  110. ^ Hesseldahl, Arik (يوليو 6, 2000). "Why Cool Chip Code Names Die". Forbes Inc. Retrieved يوليو 14, 2007.
  111. ^ Colapinto, John (أكتوبر 3, 2011). "Famous names". The New Yorker. pp. 38–43. Retrieved أكتوبر 12, 2011.
  112. ^ Huynh, Jack (فبراير 10, 2003). "The AMD Athlon XP Processor with 512KB L2 Cache" (PDF). amd.com. AMD. Archived (PDF) from the original on أكتوبر 26, 2007. Retrieved أكتوبر 2, 2007.
  113. ^ Scott Wasson. "Workstation platforms compared Archived نوفمبر 27, 2006 at the Wayback Machine", techreport.com, The Tech Report, LLC., September 15, 2003. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
  114. ^ Scott Wasson. "AMD's Athlon 64 processor Archived نوفمبر 27, 2006 at the Wayback Machine", techreport.com, The Tech Report, LLC., September 23, 2003. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
  115. ^ Scott Wasson. "AMD's dual-core Opteron processors Archived يوليو 2, 2007 at the Wayback Machine", techreport.com, The Tech Report, LLC., April 21, 2005. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
  116. ^ Scott Wasson. "AMD's Athlon 64 X2 processors Archived يوليو 8, 2007 at the Wayback Machine", techreport.com, The Tech Report, LLC., May 9, 2005. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
  117. ^ "AMD to launch two Barcelona-based processors in September". tgdaily.com. أغسطس 13, 2007. Archived from the original on أكتوبر 16, 2007.
  118. ^ AMD announcement. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  119. ^ Marco Chiappetta (نوفمبر 19, 2007). "AMD Spider Platform – Phenom, 790FX, RV670". HotHardware. Archived from the original on أبريل 15, 2012. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  120. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (February 9, 2009), The Phenom II X4 810 & X3 720: AMD Gets DDR3 But Doesn't Need It, AnandTech, http://www.anandtech.com/show/2721, retrieved on January 23, 2012 
  121. ^ Parrish, Kevin (January 8, 2009), AMD Unleashes the Dragon, http://www.tomshardware.com/news/AMD-Dragon-Phenom-II,6781.html, retrieved on July 6, 2014 
  122. ^ Walrath, Josh (أبريل 27, 2010). "AMD Phenom II X6 1090T 6-core Thuban Processor Review". PC Perspective. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  123. ^ "AMD announces 16-core chips". أبريل 22, 2009. Archived from the original on مايو 6, 2009. Retrieved مارس 31, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  124. ^ أ ب Stokes, Jon (فبراير 8, 2010). "AMD reveals Fusion CPU+GPU, to challenge Intel in laptops". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on فبراير 10, 2010. Retrieved فبراير 9, 2010.
  125. ^ أ ب Hruska, Joel (يوليو 16, 2010). "AMD Flip-Flops: Llano Later, Bobcat Bounding Forward". HotHardware. Archived from the original on يوليو 21, 2010. Retrieved يوليو 17, 2010.
  126. ^ http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Desktops-and-Notebooks/AMD-Cuts-Q3-Forecast-Due-to-Chip-Manufacturing-Problems-581901/[dead link]
  127. ^ Bulldozer 50% Faster than Core i7 and Phenom II, techPowerUp, http://www.techpowerup.com/138328/Bulldozer-50-Faster-than-Core-i7-and-Phenom-II.html, retrieved on January 23, 2012 
  128. ^ Analyzing Bulldozer: Why AMD's chip is so disappointing, extremetech.com, http://www.extremetech.com/computing/100583-analyzing-bulldozers-scaling-single-thread-performance, retrieved on November 30, 2013 
  129. ^ Lab Tested: AMD's Bulldozer Packs Plenty Of Cores, But Not Enough Power, October 12, 2011, http://www.pcworld.com/article/241812/lab_tested_amds_bulldozer_packs_plenty_of_cores_but_not_enough_power.html, retrieved on November 30, 2013 
  130. ^ "Can AMD survive Bulldozer's disappointing debut?". ars technica. أكتوبر 20, 2011. Retrieved نوفمبر 30, 2013.
  131. ^ Hruska, Joel. "AMD's FX-8350 analyzed: Does Piledriver deliver where Bulldozer fell short?". ExtremeTech. Retrieved مارس 23, 2013.
  132. ^ "AMD launches widely anticipated "Trinity" APU". Press release. AMD. مايو 15, 2012. Retrieved يناير 16, 2014.
  133. ^ "New AMD A-Series Processors Bring Faster Speeds, High Core Count and AMD Radeon HD 7000 Series Graphics to Do-It-Yourself PC Enthusiasts and Gamers". AMD. Retrieved مارس 22, 2013.
  134. ^ "New AMD FX Line-Up Brings Faster Speeds and Higher Performance Core over Previous Generation to PC Enthusiasts and Gamers". AMD. Retrieved مارس 22, 2013.
  135. ^ "New AMD Opteron 4300 and 3300 Series Processors Deliver Ideal Performance, Power and Price for Cloud Applications". Press release. AMD. ديسمبر 4, 2012. Retrieved يناير 16, 2014.
  136. ^ "AMD Kaveri Review: A8-7600 and A10-7850K Tested". Anandtech.com. يناير 14, 2014. Retrieved فبراير 8, 2014.
  137. ^ Su, Lisa (فبراير 2, 2012). "Consumerization, Cloud, Convergence" (PDF). AMD 2012 Financial Analyst Day. Sunnyvale, California: Advanced Micro Devices. p. 26. Retrieved فبراير 4, 2012.
  138. ^ Hachman, Mark (نوفمبر 21, 2014). "AMD reveals high-end 'Carrizo' APU, the first chip to fully embrace audacious HSA tech". PC World. Retrieved يناير 15, 2015.
  139. ^ "AMD hints at high-performance Zen x86 architecture | bit-tech.net". bit-tech.net.
  140. ^ Shilov, Anton (مايو 10, 2014). "AMD to Introduce New High-Performance Micro-Architecture in 2015 – Report". Archived from the original on مايو 13, 2014. Retrieved مايو 22, 2014.
  141. ^ "AMD Explains Advantages of High Density (Thin) Libraries". أغسطس 28, 2012.
  142. ^ Stokes, Jon (أغسطس 26, 2010). "AMD's Bobcat mobile architecture will play it straight". Ars Technica. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  143. ^ Kirsch, Nathan (أغسطس 6, 2007). "AMD and Intel Rivalry Moves to Hand-Held Market". Legit Reviews. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  144. ^ Woligroski, Don (مايو 23, 2013). "AMD's Kabini: Jaguar And GCN Come Together In A 15 W APU". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  145. ^ "A Look at Sony's Playstation 4 Core Processor". ChipWorks. نوفمبر 15, 2013. Archived from the original on نوفمبر 16, 2013. Retrieved نوفمبر 16, 2013.
  146. ^ Taylor, John (فبراير 21, 2013). "AMD and The Sony PS4. Allow Me To Elaborate". Archived from the original on مايو 26, 2013. Retrieved فبراير 25, 2013.
  147. ^ Cunningham, Andrew (سبتمبر 3, 2013). "Xbox One gets a CPU speed boost to go with its faster GPU". Ars Technica. Retrieved سبتمبر 4, 2013.
  148. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (مايو 23, 2013). "AMD's Jaguar Architecture: The CPU Powering Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Kabini & Temash". AnandTech. Purch Group. Retrieved يونيو 24, 2013.
  149. ^ Walton, Mark (أغسطس 10, 2016). "PS4 Neo: Sony confirms PlayStation event for September 7". Ars Technica. Retrieved أغسطس 10, 2016.
  150. ^ Walton, Mark (أبريل 19, 2016). "Sony PS4K is codenamed NEO, features upgraded CPU, GPU, RAM—report". Ars Technica. Retrieved أغسطس 10, 2016.
  151. ^ أ ب Smith, Ryan (سبتمبر 8, 2016). "Analyzing Sony's Playstation 4 Pro Hardware Reveal: What Lies Beneath". Anandtech. Retrieved سبتمبر 8, 2016.
  152. ^ Machkovech, Sam (أغسطس 2, 2016). "Microsoft hid performance boosts for old games in Xbox One S, told no one". Ars Technica. Retrieved أغسطس 2, 2016.
  153. ^ Smith, Ryan (يونيو 11, 2017). "Microsoft's Project Scorpio Gets a Launch Date: Xbox One X, $499, November 7th". Anandtech. Retrieved مارس 22, 2021.
  154. ^ أ ب Walton, Mark (أبريل 6, 2017). "Xbox One Project Scorpio specs: 12GB GDDR5, 6 teraflops, native 4K at 60FPS". Ars Technica. Retrieved مارس 22, 2021.
  155. ^ Lal Shimpi, Anand (أبريل 29, 2014). "AMD Beema/Mullins Architecture & Performance Preveiw". Anandtech. Retrieved أبريل 17, 2017.
  156. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (فبراير 2, 2012). "AMD is Ambidextrous, Not Married to Any One Architecture, ARM in the Datacenter". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  157. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (فبراير 2, 2012). "AMD: Flexible Around ISA". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  158. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (أكتوبر 29, 2012). "AMD will build 64-bit ARM based Opteron CPUs for Servers, Production in 2014". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  159. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (يناير 28, 2014). "It Begins: AMD Announces Its First ARM Based Server SoC, 64-bit/8-core Opteron A1100". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  160. ^ Barrett, Stephen (أغسطس 11, 2014). "AMD's Big Bet on ARM Powered Servers: Opteron A1100 Revealed". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  161. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (مايو 5, 2014). "AMD Announces Project Skybridge". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  162. ^ أ ب De Gelas, Johan (يناير 14, 2016). "The Silver Lining of the Late AMD Opteron A1100 Arrival". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  163. ^ Kennedy, Patrick (يوليو 5, 2017). "Most Impressive Part of the AMD EPYC Launch: The Ecosystem". Serve The Home. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  164. ^ Kennedy, Patrick (يناير 14, 2016). "The AMD Opteron A1100 – An Editorial". Serve the Home. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  165. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (مايو 5, 2014). "AMD Announces K12 Core". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  166. ^ Smith, Ryan (مايو 5, 2015). "AMD's K12 ARM CPU Now In 2017". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  167. ^ Cutress, Ian (يناير 24, 2018). "Getting Radeon Vega Everywhere". Anandtech. Retrieved يناير 31, 2018.
  168. ^ Cutress, Ian. "AMD Launches Ryzen: 52% More IPC, Eight Cores for Under $330, Pre-order Today, On Sale March 2nd". Archived from the original on فبراير 27, 2017. Retrieved مارس 5, 2017.
  169. ^ "AMD's Next Gen x86 High Performance Core is Ryzen – Will Debut Alongside K12 in 2016". WCCFtech. سبتمبر 9, 2014. Retrieved أغسطس 6, 2015.
  170. ^ "Ryzen | AMD". www.amd.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved مارس 3, 2017.
  171. ^ "AMD confirms Ryzen and Vega launch windows". PC Gamer. فبراير 1, 2017. Retrieved فبراير 4, 2017.
  172. ^ Kampman, Jeff (مايو 16, 2017). "AMD's Naples datacenter CPUs will make an Epyc splash". Tech Report. Retrieved مايو 16, 2017.
  173. ^ Cutress, Ian (أكتوبر 26, 2017). "Ryzen Mobile is Launched". Anandtech. Retrieved أكتوبر 26, 2017.
  174. ^ Moammer, Khalid (ديسمبر 9, 2017). "AMD Ryzen 2 Set For March 2018 Launch On 12nm – To Support Higher Core & Memory Clock Speeds".
  175. ^ "2nd Generation AMD Ryzen™ Desktop Processors Deliver Best-in-Class Compute Performance and Even Faster Gaming Framerates than Previous Generation". Advanced Micro Devices (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved فبراير 11, 2019.
  176. ^ Allan, Darren (نوفمبر 28, 2019). "AMD Ryzen CPUs are crushing Intel's processors going by Amazon sales". TechRadar.
  177. ^ Salter (مارس 3, 2020). "AMD's 7nm Ryzen 4000 laptop processors are finally here". ArsTechnica.
  178. ^ "Where Gaming Begins | AMD Ryzen™ Desktop Processors – YouTube". Retrieved نوفمبر 1, 2020 – via YouTube.
  179. ^ "PassMark CPU Benchmarks – Single Thread Performance". cpubenchmark.net (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved نوفمبر 1, 2020.
  180. ^ https://www.theverge.com/22779252/steam-deck-things-we-learned-from-valve-developer-summit
  181. ^ https://www.steamdeck.com/tech
  182. ^ Warren, Tom (فبراير 24, 2020). "Microsoft reveals more Xbox Series X specs, confirms 12 teraflops GPU". The Verge. Retrieved فبراير 24, 2020.
  183. ^ Leadbetter, Richard (مارس 18, 2020). "Inside PlayStation 5: the specs and the tech that deliver Sony's next-gen vision". Eurogamer. Retrieved مارس 18, 2020.
  184. ^ Duncan, Geoff (مايو 7, 2009). "AMD RESTRUCTURES TO COMBINE GRAPHICS AND CHIP UNITS". Digital Trends. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  185. ^ Musil, Steven (مايو 7, 2009). "AMD reorg merges microprocessor, graphics units". CNET. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  186. ^ Smith, Ryan (ديسمبر 21, 2011). "AMD's Graphics Core Next Preview". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  187. ^ Smith, Ryan (ديسمبر 22, 2011). "AMD Radeon HD 7970 Review". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  188. ^ Higginbotham, Stacey (سبتمبر 9, 2015). "AMD splits out its graphics chips into the Radeon Technology Group". Fortune. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  189. ^ Takahashi, Dean (سبتمبر 14, 2016). "AMD celebrates a year of its revamped Radeon Technologies Group". VentureBeat. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  190. ^ Moorehead, Patrich (نوفمبر 12, 2015). "Advanced Micro Devices's Head Of Radeon Technologies Group, Raja Koduri, Talks About Their Future". Forbes. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  191. ^ Smith, Ryan (يونيو 29, 2016). "The AMD Radeon RX 480 Preview". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  192. ^ Smith, Ryan (يناير 5, 2017). "The AMD Vega GPU Architecture Preview". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  193. ^ Smith, Ryan (يناير 5, 2017). "The AMD Vega GPU Architecture Preview". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  194. ^ Smith, Ryan; Oh, Nate (أغسطس 14, 2017). "The AMD RX Vega 64 & RX Vega 56 Review: Vega Burning Bright". Anandtech.com. Retrieved أغسطس 16, 2017.
  195. ^ "Exclusive: Raja Koduri, Radeon Technologies Boss, leaves AMD". hexus.net. Hexus. نوفمبر 7, 2017. Retrieved يناير 6, 2020.
  196. ^ "Two industry veterans join AMD Radeon Technologies Group". hexus.net. Hexus Net. يناير 24, 2018. Retrieved يناير 6, 2020.
  197. ^ Smith, Ryan. "AMD Reveals The Radeon RX 6000 Series: RDNA2 Starts At The High-End, Coming November 18th". anandtech.com. Retrieved نوفمبر 1, 2020.
  198. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (فبراير 2, 2012). "Understand AMD's Roadmap & New Direction". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  199. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (سبتمبر 5, 2013). "Understanding AMD's Semi-Custom Strategy". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  200. ^ "Introducing Xbox Series S, Delivering Next-Gen Performance in Our Smallest Xbox Ever, Available November 10 at $299". Xbox News. سبتمبر 9, 2020. Retrieved سبتمبر 9, 2020.
  201. ^ Smith, Ryan (فبراير 24, 2020). "Microsoft Drops More Xbox Series X Tech Specs: Zen 2 + RDNA 2, 12 TFLOPs GPU, HDMI 2.1, & a Custom SSD". AnandTech. Retrieved مارس 19, 2020.
  202. ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (مارس 18, 2020). "Sony reveals full PS5 hardware specifications". The Verge. Retrieved يناير 3, 2021.
  203. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (مايو 21, 2013). "The Xbox One: Hardware Analysis & Comparison to PlayStation 4". AnandTech. Retrieved مايو 22, 2013.
  204. ^ Howse, Brett (أكتوبر 20, 2016). "AMD Announces Q3 2016 Financial Results". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  205. ^ Team, Trefis (سبتمبر 14, 2016). "AMD's Embedded and Semi-Custom Revenues To Generate High Growth In The Next 5 Years?". Forbes. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  206. ^ Kampman, Jeff (نوفمبر 6, 2017). "Intel brings a Core CPU and Radeon GPU together on one package". Tech Report. Retrieved نوفمبر 7, 2017.
  207. ^ Wasson, Scott (يونيو 22, 2011). "AMD's A8-3500M Fusion APU". Tech Report. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  208. ^ Justin, Michael; Sexton, Allen (مارس 3, 2017). "AMD's AM4 Ryzen Chipsets". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved مارس 3, 2017.
  209. ^ Cutress, Ian (مارس 2, 2017). "Making AMD Tick: A Very Zen Interview it Dr. Lisa Su, CEO". Anandtech.com. Retrieved مارس 2, 2017.
  210. ^ Lammers, David (يناير 29, 2002). "AMD to buy MIPS processor startup Alchemy". EE Times. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  211. ^ "AMD Alchemy processor product line acquired by Raza Microelectronics". TechNews. technologynewsdaily.com. يونيو 14, 2006. Archived from the original on يناير 2, 2007. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2007.
  212. ^ Shah, Agam (يناير 26, 2009). "AMD Sees No Geode Chip Replacement in Sight". PC World. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  213. ^ Paul, Ryan (مارس 5, 2007). "A comparison of OLPC's XO laptop and Intel's Classmate PC". Ars Technica. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  214. ^ "AMD Embedded Solutions that are scalable, x86- based, low-power and feature-rich products". Amd.com. نوفمبر 5, 2010. Archived from the original on نوفمبر 26, 2010.
  215. ^ Ferguson, Scott (يناير 20, 2009). "AMD Sells Handset Division to Qualcomm for $65 million". eWeek. Retrieved يونيو 6, 2014.
  216. ^ "Broadcom to buy AMD's digital TV business | Business Tech - CNET News". Archived from the original on يوليو 16, 2012. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  217. ^ "News Room". Broadcom.com.
  218. ^ "AMD M690T/E Databook" (PDF). Amd.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on أكتوبر 9, 2022. Retrieved يناير 18, 2021.
  219. ^ Ganesh, TS (يناير 19, 2011). "AMD G-Series Brings x86 to the Embedded Market". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  220. ^ Melanson, Donald (يناير 19, 2011). "AMD announces Fusion-based Embedded G-Series platform". Engadget. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  221. ^ Sakr, Sarif (أبريل 23, 2013). "AMD reveals G-Series X embedded chips, drops a little ARM-powered bombshell". Engadget. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  222. ^ Ryan, Thomas (فبراير 23, 2016). "AMD Launches Three New Embedded G-Series SoC Families". SemiAccurate. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  223. ^ "AMD Embedded R-Series Platform". AMD. amd.com. يوليو 10, 2012. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2012.
  224. ^ Cutress, Ian (أكتوبر 21, 2015). "AMD Launches Excavator Based R-Series APUs for Embedded with DDR4". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  225. ^ Brown, Eric (أكتوبر 21, 2015). "AMD R-Series system-on-chips dip to 12 Watts, support DDR4". Linux Gizmos. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  226. ^ https://www.amd.com/de/products/embedded/graphics-processors/Pages/embedded-display-graphics.asp[dead link]
  227. ^ أ ب Smith, Ryan (مايو 2, 2011). "AMD Launches E6760: The Next Embedded Radeon". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  228. ^ Hodgin, Rick (يوليو 1, 2009). "AMD releases ATI Radeon E4690 embedded GPU with 3x better performance". Geek.com. Archived from the original on أكتوبر 23, 2017. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  229. ^ Smith, Ryan (أكتوبر 1, 2015). "AMD Updates Embedded Radeon GPU Line". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  230. ^ Smith, Ryan (سبتمبر 27, 2016). "AMD Announces Embedded Radeon EE9260 & E9550 – Polaris for Embedded Markets". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  231. ^ "Opteron™ X and A-Series Processors". amd.com. Retrieved أبريل 30, 2020.
  232. ^ Walton, Jarred (نوفمبر 28, 2011). "Introducing AMD's Brand Memory". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  233. ^ Smith, Ryan (مايو 8, 2013). "AMD Releases New Radeon Memory SKU". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  234. ^ Shilov, Anton (أكتوبر 5, 2015). "AMD begins to sell DDR4 memory modules for Intel and next-gen platforms". KitGuru. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  235. ^ Shah, Agam (مارس 16, 2017). "AMD's Radeon memory business is slowing down". PC World. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  236. ^ Hachman, Mark (أغسطس 28, 2014). "AMD announces Radeon R7 SSD product line, made by enthusiast manufacturer OCZ". PC World. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  237. ^ "Initial amdgpu driver release". Lists.freedesktop.org. Retrieved فبراير 20, 2022.
  238. ^ "AMD Rethinks Decision And Will Open-Source Most Of Radeon Rays 4.0". phoronix.com.
  239. ^ "Everything You Need to Know About Why AMD Open Sourced the OpenCL Driver Stack for ROCm | IEEE Computer Society". Computer.org. Retrieved فبراير 20, 2022.
  240. ^ "AMD Optimizing C/C++ and Fortran Compilers (AOCC) – AMD". Developer.amd.com. Retrieved فبراير 20, 2022.
  241. ^ "AMD prüft Coreboot-Support für Ryzen". golem.de.
  242. ^ "AMD research Open-Source Projects". Amd.com. Retrieved فبراير 21, 2022.
  243. ^ "AMD Expands Charter for the OpenSolaris OS and Sun xVM at the AMD Operating System Research Center" (Press release). AMD. مايو 5, 2008. Archived from the original on يناير 16, 2009.
  244. ^ "x86 Open64 Compiler Suite". AMD. يوليو 28, 2015. Archived from the original on نوفمبر 13, 2013.
  245. ^ "AMD Details Strategic Open Source Graphics Driver Development Initiative" (Press release). AMD. سبتمبر 7, 2007.
  246. ^ "Index of /docs/AMD". x.org.
  247. ^ أ ب Kanellos, Michael (يوليو 30, 1998). "Motorola Ready to Make AMD Chips". CNET. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  248. ^ أ ب "IBM, AMD team up in microprocessor market". IT Web. Reuters. سبتمبر 9, 2003. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  249. ^ أ ب Magee, Mike (مايو 4, 2000). "AMD now a virtual gorilla – Sanders". The Register. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  250. ^ Smith, Ryan (أكتوبر 7, 2008). "The Business of Tech: Breaking Up is Hard to do- AMD goes Fabless". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  251. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal. "GlobalFoundries Granted Independence, Acquires Remaining Stake from AMD". AnandTech. Retrieved ديسمبر 8, 2012.
  252. ^ Smith, Ryan (سبتمبر 1, 2016). "AMD Amends GlobalFoundries Wafter Supply Agreement Through 2020, Gaining New Flexibility and New Costs". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  253. ^ Nystedt, Dan (مايو 22, 2007). "AMD Cozies up to Contract Chip Maker TSMC". ABC News. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  254. ^ أ ب Moorhead, Patrick (يوليو 25, 2016). "AMD Officially Diversifies 14nm Manufacturing With Samsung". Forbes. Retrieved يوليو 26, 2016.
  255. ^ Shah, Agam (أكتوبر 28, 2011). "AMD records profit in Q3 despite manufacturing issues". ARN. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  256. ^ Shilov, Anton; Smith, Ryan (أغسطس 27, 2018). "AMD Amends Wafer Supply Agreement with GlobalFoundries: 7nm Freed, 12nm+ Targets Set Through 2021". AnandTech. Retrieved مارس 25, 2020.
  257. ^ Shilov, Anton (يناير 29, 2019). "AMD Amends Wafer Supply Agreement with GlobalFoundries: 7nm Freed, 12nm+ Targets Set Through 2021". AnandTech. Retrieved مارس 25, 2020.
  258. ^ Spooner, John G (مارس 2, 2002). "Promoter of storied Alpha to shut doors". CNET. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  259. ^ AMD Analyst Day June 2006 Presentation, slide 10 Archived مارس 26, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  260. ^ Kennedy, Patrick (يوليو 5, 2017). "Most Impressive Part of the AMD EPYC Launch: The Ecosystem". Serve the Home. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  261. ^ http://apps.shareholder.com/s/viewerContent.aspx?companyid=SPSN&docid=4095716[dead link]
  262. ^ Vance, Ashlee (مايو 18, 2006). "Dell hooks up with AMD". The Register. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  263. ^ Rik Myslewski, ChannelRegister. "Intel, AMD in HP notebook smackdown Which is faster? 'You tell me' says AMD". June 17, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  264. ^ Poeter, Damon (مايو 21, 2013). "AMD Hits Game Console Trifecta With Xbox One & Opinion". PC Magazine. Retrieved يونيو 14, 2013.
  265. ^ "AMD Game Console Triple Crown: Will There Be Profits?". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved يونيو 14, 2013.
  266. ^ "AMD say "PC ports of next-generation console titles are likely to struggle" on Intel tech | News, Tech, Tech News". PC Gamer. يونيو 7, 2013. Retrieved يونيو 14, 2013.
  267. ^ PTI (أبريل 13, 2016). "AMD plans to enter India in a big way, ties up with HSMC for chip manufacturing: Ravi Shankar Prasad". The Economic Times. Retrieved يوليو 10, 2017.
  268. ^ Cutress, Ian (مارس 16, 2015). "HSA Foundation Launches 'HSA 1.0 Final'". Anandtech. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2017.
  269. ^ Alcorn, Paul (يوليو 6, 2018). "China Finds Zen: Begins Production Of x86 Processors Based On AMD's IP". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved يوليو 9, 2018.
  270. ^ "U.S. Department of Energy and Cray to Deliver Record-Setting Frontier Supercomputer at ORNL". Energy.gov (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved نوفمبر 17, 2020.
  271. ^ "LLNL and HPE to partner with AMD on El Capitan, projected as world's fastest supercomputer | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". www.llnl.gov. Retrieved نوفمبر 17, 2020.
  272. ^ Faulkner, Cameron (يوليو 28, 2020). "AMD says its PS5 and Xbox Series X chips, Zen 3 CPUs, and RDNA 2 GPUs will ship on time". The Verge. Retrieved مارس 22, 2020.
  273. ^ "AMD Partnership With Facebook (Meta) Company - Totoseek" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). نوفمبر 28, 2022. Retrieved نوفمبر 29, 2022.
  274. ^ "Samsung Partners With AMD to Power Up Mobile Chips". Bloomberg.com (in الإنجليزية). يناير 18, 2022. Retrieved نوفمبر 29, 2022.
  275. ^ "Ryzen 7 2700X vs i7 8700K". AMD. Archived (PDF) from the original on يناير 8, 2007. Retrieved يناير 12, 2007.
  276. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on نوفمبر 10, 2013. Retrieved أغسطس 23, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  277. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on نوفمبر 10, 2013. Retrieved أغسطس 23, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  278. ^ http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/industries/technology/amd-intel-settle-legal-disputes/[dead link]
  279. ^ Peter Clarke, EE Times. "AMD 'clocks' FX processor at 8.429-GHz". September 13, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  280. ^ (video)Maximum Speed AMD FX Processor Takes Guinness World Record, September 12, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKN4VMOenNM, retrieved on November 7, 2012 
    During the video, cooling transitions from air to water to liquid nitrogen and finally to liquid helium.
  281. ^ Matthew Humprhires, Geek.com. "AMD clocks FX-8150 at 8.461-GHz Archived أبريل 28, 2012 at the Wayback Machine". November 1, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  282. ^ "CPU-Z Validator". CPU-Z.
  283. ^ EETimes (فبراير 6, 2002). "EETimes - AMD acquires Alchemy Semi to enter embedded RISC processor market". EETimes. Retrieved أبريل 5, 2022.
  284. ^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross (يوليو 24, 2006). "A.M.D. to Acquire ATI Technologies". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved أبريل 5, 2022.
  285. ^ "AMD Completes Acquisition of SeaMicro". Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on أبريل 5, 2022. Retrieved أبريل 5, 2022.
  286. ^ "AMD Acquires Software Company HiAlgo, Laying Groundwork for Future Gaming Innovation in Radeon Software". Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved أبريل 5, 2022.
  287. ^ "AMD's HiAlgo acquisition brings gamer-friendly tools to Radeon Software experience". VentureBeat (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). يونيو 29, 2016. Retrieved أبريل 5, 2022.
  288. ^ Moorhead, Patrick. "AMD Acquires IP And Acquihires Nitero Team, Maker Of 60 Ghz Wireless Chips For VR/AR". Forbes (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved أبريل 5, 2022.
  289. ^ Shilov, Anton. "AMD Acquires 60 GHz Wireless IP and Staff from Nitero". anandtech.com. Retrieved أبريل 5, 2022.
  290. ^ Lee, Jane Lanhee (فبراير 14, 2022). "AMD closes record chip industry deal with estimated $50 billion purchase of Xilinx" (in الإنجليزية). Reuters. Retrieved أبريل 5, 2022.
  291. ^ Ron Miller (أبريل 4, 2022). "AMD to acquire data center optimization startup Pensando for $2B". TechCrunch. Retrieved أبريل 10, 2022.
  292. ^ Lezhnev, Sasha; Alex Hellmuth (أغسطس 2012). "Taking Conflict Out of Consumer Gadgets: Company Rankings on Conflict Minerals 2012" (PDF). Enough Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on أكتوبر 9, 2022. Retrieved أغسطس 17, 2012.
  293. ^ "The Green Grid". Thegreengrid.org.

References

External links

قالب:AMD


37°22′56″N 121°58′15″W / 37.38222°N 121.97083°W / 37.38222; -121.97083 (Advanced Micro Devices Headquarters)

المنتجات

أجهزة المعالجة المركزية والصوتية

انظر أيضاً: قائمة معالجات إي إم دي
Early AMD 9080 Processor (AMD AM9080ADC / C8080A), 1977
AMD D8086, 1978


منتجات الرسومات ووحدات معالجة الرسومات

AMD Radeon R9 290X video card.


منتجات شبه مخصصة ووحدة التحكم في الألعاب

أجهزة أخرى

خطوط الإنتاج الحالية

AMD Radeon memory


التقنيات

تقنيات وحدات المعالجة المركزية

تقنيات الرسومات

البرمجيات

الإنتاج والتصنيع

المقالة الرئيسية: گلوبالفاوندرز


شئون مؤسسية

الشراكة

التقاضي مع إنتل

انظر أيضاً: إي إم دي ضد إنتل
معالج إي إم دي بشعار إنتل.


انجازات موسوعة جينيس للأرقام القياسية

المسئولية الاجتماعية

مبادرات أخرى

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

37°22′56″N 121°58′15″W / 37.38222°N 121.97083°W / 37.38222; -121.97083 (Advanced Micro Devices Headquarters){{#coordinates:}}: لا يمكن أن يكون هناك أكثر من وسم أساسي واحد لكل صفحة

الكلمات الدالة:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=أدڤانسد_مايكرو_دڤايسز&oldid=4019984"