ميروت

Coordinates: 28°59′N 77°42′E / 28.99°N 77.70°E / 28.99; 77.70
هذا المقال هو عن the city in Uttar Pradesh, India. إذا كنت تريد its administrative district، انظر Meerut district.
ميروت
Meerut
Metropolitan City[1]
Clockwise from Top: Martyr Memorial, Meerut Clock Tower, Mustafa Castle, Basilica of Our Lady of Graces
Clockwise from Top: Martyr Memorial, Meerut Clock Tower, Mustafa Castle, Basilica of Our Lady of Graces
ميروت is located in الهند
ميروت
ميروت
ميروت is located in اوتار پرادش
ميروت
ميروت
الإحداثيات: 28°59′N 77°42′E / 28.99°N 77.70°E / 28.99; 77.70
Country الهند
StateUttar Pradesh
DivisionMeerut
DistrictMeerut
الحكومة
 • الكيانMeerut Municipal Corporation
 • العمدةsunita verma (BSP)
 • Divisional CommissionerAnita Meshram, IAS
 • District MagistrateAnil Dhingra, IAS
 • Senior Superintendent of PoliceAkhilesh kumar, IPS
 • Municipal CommissionerDr. Arvind Kumar Chaurasia, IAS
المساحة
 • Metropolitan City[1]183 كم² (71 ميل²)
المنسوب
224٫659 m (737٫070 ft)
التعداد
 (2011)[2]
 • Metropolitan City[1]1٬524٬908
 • الترتيب26
 • الكثافة8٬300/km2 (22٬000/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
[3]
1٬226٬709
Languages
 • OfficialHindi
منطقة التوقيتUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
250 0xx
Telephone code91- 121- XXXX XXX
لوحة السيارةUP-15
الموقع الإلكترونيmeerut.nic.in
[4]

Meerut (pronunciation (المساعدة·معلومات), IAST: Meraṭha) is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.[6] It is an ancient city, with settlements dating back to the Indus Valley civilisation having been found in and around the area. The city lies 70 km (43 mi) northeast of the national capital New Delhi, and 430 km (270 mi) northwest of the state capital Lucknow.[7]

As of 2011, Meerut is the 33rd most populous urban agglomeration and the 26th most populous city in India.[8][9] It ranked 292 in 2006 and is projected to rank 242 in 2020 in the list of largest cities and urban areas in the world.[10] The municipal area (as of 2001) is 141.89 km2 (54.78 sq mi)[11] with the cantonment covering 35.68 km2 (3,568.06 ha).[12] The city is one of the largest producers of sports goods, and the largest producer of musical instruments in India. The city is also an education hub in western Uttar Pradesh, and also known as the "Sports City Of India". The city is famous for being the starting point of the 1857 rebellion against British colonial rule.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Origin of the name

The city may have derived its name from 'Mayarashtra' (Sanskrit: मयराष्ट्र), the capital of the kingdom of Mayasura, Mandodari's father and Ravana's father-in-law. This name may have mutated to Mairashtra, Mai-dant-ka-khera, Mairaath and eventually Meerut.[13][14]

According to another version, Maya(sura), being a distinguished architect, received from King Yudhishthira the land on which the city of Meerut now stands and he called this place Maharashtra, a name which in the course of time became shortened to Meerut. Tradition also has it that the city formed a part of the dominions of Mahipala, the king of Indraprastha, and the word Meerut is associated with his name.[15]


History

Ancient era

In Ramayana, It was known as 'Maydant Ka Kheda', capital of May danav. It was hometown of Mandodari.[16]

After the archaeological excavations at Vidura-ka-tila, a collection of several mounds named after Vidura, in 1950–52, a site 37 km (23 miles) north-east of Meerut, it was concluded to be remains of the ancient city of Hastinapur, the capital of Kauravas and Pandavas of Mahabharata, which was washed away by Ganges floods.[17][18][19]

Fragment of the 6th Ashoka Pillar in sandstone, with inscription or Edicts of Ashoka, in Brahmi, originally from Meerut, now in the British Museum.[20]

Meerut also contained a Harappan settlement known as Alamgirpur. It was also the eastern-most settlement of the Indus valley civilisation. Meerut had been a centre of Buddhism in the period of Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (r. 273 BC to 232 BC.), and remains of Buddhist structures were found near the Jama Masjid in the present day city.[21] The Ashoka Pillar, at Delhi ridge, next to the ‘Bara Hindu Rao Hospital’, near Delhi University, was carried to Delhi from Meerut, by Firuz Shah Tughluq (r. 1351–1388);[18][22][23] it was later damaged in a 1713 explosion, and restored in 1867.[24]

Muslim conquests and rule

In the eleventh century AD, the region to the south-west of the city was ruled by Har Dat, the Dor Rajput Raja of Bulandshahr who built a fort, which was long known for its strength and finds mention in Ain-i-Akbari.[25] He was later defeated by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1018, surrendering along with his forces to Mahmud.[26] The prominent local landmark known as the Jama Masjid, dates from this period and is said to have been built by Mahmud's vizir. Shortly after its capture the city was regained by the local Hindu Raja and part of his fortifications, built for the city's defence, survived until recent times.[27] Muhammad of Ghor's mamluk general Qutb-ud-din Aybak who went on to establish the Delhi Sultanate in 1206, attacked and captured Meerut in 1193.[28]

After capturing and sacking Delhi where thousands of inhabitants were killed after a general massacre was ordered after a civilian uprising, Timur in 1399 attacked and sacked Meerut. It was held by Ilyas Afghan and his son Maula Muhammad Thaneswari who was assisted by non-Muslims led by Safi. Timur tried to negotiate a surrender, to which the inhabitants of the fort replied by stating that Tarmashirin had tried to capture it in the past but failed. Incensed, he set forth with 10,000 cavalry. The forces scaled the walls and Safi was killed in the battle. The inhabitants were killed and their wives and children enslaved. The fortifications and houses were razed to the ground with prisoners ordered to be flayed alive.[29][30]

The city then came under the rule of the Mughal Empire and saw a period of relative tranquility.[31] During the rule of Mughal Emperor, Akbar the Great (r. 1556–1605), there was a mint for copper coins here.[21] During the decline of the Mughal Empire, after the death of Aurangzeb, the city came effectively under the control of local chieftains, the Saiyids of Muzaffarnagar in the north, the Jats in the south-east, and the Gujars along the Ganges and in the south-west. The city saw Sikh and Maratha invasions in the 18th century, with interruptions by Jats and Rohillas. Walter Reinhardt, an English soldier, established himself at Sardhana and some parts of the district came under his rule. Upon his death, they came into the hands of Begum Samru. During this time, the southern part of the district had remained under Maratha rule.

Colonial era

In 1803, with the fall of Delhi, Daulat Rao Scindia of the Marathas ceded the territory to the British. The cantonment of Meerut was set up in 1806 with particular key interests including its closeness to Delhi and its area inside the rich Ganges – Yamuna doab. With time Meerut advanced into one of the biggest and most vital military stations of India.[بحاجة لمصدر] The city was made headquarters of the eponymous district in 1818.[31][32][33]

1857 Mutineers' Mosque

Meerut is famously associated with the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British East India Company.[34] The famous slogan "Dilli Chalo" ("Let's march to Delhi!") was first raised here. Meerut cantonment is the place where the rebellion started.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The revolt, which catapulted Meerut into international prominence, started in March 1857 at Barrackpore, Bengal. Sepoy Mangal Pandey shot and missed two Europeans, failed to kill himself, and was hanged. By April, the fire of Pandey's Uprising scorched north India and reached Meerut, the second-largest East India Company garrison. Here, Europeans and native sepoys were evenly balanced, with a little more than 2,000 on each side. The European cantonment was separated from the ‘native lines.’ Close by were Sadar Bazar and Lal Kurti Bazar, the latter named after the red uniforms worn by Company soldiers. On 24 April 1857, Meerut's commander, Colonel Carmichael Smyth, paraded 90 Indian sepoys of the Bengal Cavalry, hired mostly from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. He ordered them to fire the new Enfield cartridges: 85 refused. The cartridges were covered with paper that had to be torn off: Muslims believed the paper was greased with pig fat and Hindus, with cow fat.[35]

All 85 were stripped of their uniforms, imprisoned for ten years and shackled - this was a major humiliation. The rebels were from the 3rd cavalry: they owned their horses and were the upper-caste elite. If they could be shackled, what could others expect from the Company? On Sunday, 10 May 1857, Kotwal Dhan Singh Gurjar opened the gates of the prison. These soldiers, along with the other imprisoned soldiers, escaped prison and declared themselves free, revolted, attacked and killed several of the British authorities to take the city under their control. This marked the beginning of a widespread revolt across northern India as these soldiers marched towards Delhi. 10 May is still celebrated as a local holiday in Meerut.[36]

The United Provinces, in 1903

Meerut was also the venue of the controversial Meerut Conspiracy Case in March 1929, in which several trade unionists, including three Englishmen, were arrested for organising Indian-rail strike. This immediately caught attention back in England, inspired the 1932 play titled Meerut Prisoners, by Manchester street theatre group, the 'Red Megaphones', highlighting the detrimental effects of colonisation and industrialisation[37] Electricity was brought to Meerut in 1931.[32] In the 1940s, Meerut cinemas had a "Don't Move" policy during playing of the British national anthem.[بحاجة لمصدر] The last session of the Indian National Congress before Indian independence was held at Victoria Park in Meerut on 26 November 1946. It was in this session that the Constitution-making committee was constituted.[38]

Post-independence era

The city and district also suffered from communal (Hindu-Sikh) riots in 1984[39] and (Hindu-Muslim) riots in 1982[40] and in 1987, during which the Hashimpura massacre took place, in May 1987, when personnel of the Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC) shot dead 42 Muslims, the trial of the case is still pending.[41][42] In 2006, a fire at a consumer electronics "Brand India" fair in Victoria Park Stadium killed at least 100 people, with authorities already confirming 45 fatalities, although a specific figure on a toll was difficult to put and was predicted to be much higher.[43]

Mythology

  • Meerut was founded as Mayarashtra (lit. Maya's country) by Maya, who was the father of Mandodari, Ravana's wife in the Ramayana.[44] Meerut was the capital of Maya.[45] Thus the city is also known as 'Ravan Ka Sasural' literally meaning "Ravana's wife's home". There is an old Chandi Devi temple in the compound of Nauchandi ground. It is believed that Ravan's wife Mandodari used to come here to worship Goddess Chandi.
  • Every year, after the festival of Holi, a fair is conducted at the Nauchandi grounds. There is a temple, known as Chandi Devi temple, and a mosque near Bale Miyan's mausoleum facing each other. Hence, this fair represents the unity between the Hindus and the Muslims.
  • It is said that this is where King Dasharatha had accidentally shot Shravan begetting the curse of the old and blind parents. Therefore, Meerut is supposed to be the grounds from where the entire epic Ramayana grew.

Climate

المقالة الرئيسية: Climate of Uttar Pradesh

Meerut has a monsoon influenced humid subtropical climate characterised by hot summers and cooler winters. Summers last from early April to late June during and are extremely hot, with temperatures reaching 49 °C (120 °F).[6] The monsoon arrives in late June and continues till the middle of September. Temperatures drop slightly, with plenty of cloud cover but with higher humidity. Temperatures rise again in October and the city then has a mild, dry winter season from late October to the middle of March[6] The lowest temperature ever recorded is −0.4 °C (31.3 °F), recorded on Sunday, 6 January 2013.[46] Rainfall is about 845 millimetres (33 in) per annum, which is suitable for growing crops. Most of the rainfall is received during the monsoon. Humidity varies from 30 to 100%.[6] The city receives no snow.

Climate data for Meerut (1971–2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.3
(84.7) 		32.2
(90.0) 		39.5
(103.1) 		43.5
(110.3) 		45.8
(114.4) 		46.1
(115.0) 		46.0
(114.8) 		40.0
(104.0) 		39.0
(102.2) 		38.0
(100.4) 		34.5
(94.1) 		30.0
(86.0) 		46.1
(115.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 21.9
(71.4) 		23.1
(73.6) 		28.7
(83.7) 		36.3
(97.3) 		39.1
(102.4) 		37.6
(99.7) 		33.6
(92.5) 		32.6
(90.7) 		33.7
(92.7) 		32.8
(91.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		23.5
(74.3) 		31.1
(88.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0) 		9.1
(48.4) 		13.8
(56.8) 		19.9
(67.8) 		24.3
(75.7) 		26.0
(78.8) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.5
(77.9) 		23.6
(74.5) 		18.2
(64.8) 		12.4
(54.3) 		8.0
(46.4) 		17.7
(63.9)
Record low °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		0.1
(32.2) 		5.4
(41.7) 		8.3
(46.9) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		16.5
(61.7) 		19.0
(66.2) 		15.7
(60.3) 		7.2
(45.0) 		1.8
(35.2) 		0.2
(32.4) 		0.1
(32.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 19.7
(0.78) 		24.9
(0.98) 		24.4
(0.96) 		12.8
(0.50) 		19.1
(0.75) 		71.2
(2.80) 		269.0
(10.59) 		264.7
(10.42) 		95.4
(3.76) 		25.9
(1.02) 		4.3
(0.17) 		13.4
(0.53) 		845.0
(33.27)
Average rainy days 1.5 1.7 1.7 0.9 1.6 3.9 10.2 9.4 4.2 1.6 0.4 0.9 38.0
Source: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)[47][48]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Geography

لمعلومات عن description of the geography of the district، انظر Meerut district#Geography.

Meerut is the largest city in NCR after Delhi.[بحاجة لمصدر] Meerut lies between the plains of the Ganges and those of the Yamuna. In area Meerut district covers 2,522 km2 (974 sq mi), which is larger than Delhi (Delhi covers an area of 1,484 km2 [573 sq mi]). However, Meerut's population is three times less than that of Delhi (Current population of Meerut is 3,443,689).

Administration

General Administration

Meerut division which consists of seven districts, and is headed by the Divisional Commissioner of Meerut, who is an IAS officer of high seniority, the Commissioner is the head of local government institutions (including Municipal Corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructural development in his division and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division.[49][50][51][52][53] The District Magistrate of Meerut reports to the Divisional Commissioner. The current Commissioner is Anita Meshram.[54][55]

Meerut district administration is headed by the District Magistrate of Meerut, who is an IAS officer. The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the elections held in the city. The DM is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the city, hence the SSP of Meerut also reports to the DM of Meerut.[49][56][57][58][59] The district is subdivided into three tehsils, namely Meerut, Mawana and Sardhana, each headed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate. The tehsils are further divided into 12 blocks.[60] The current District Magistrate of Meerut is Anil Dhingra.[61]

Police Administration

Meerut district comes under Meerut police zone and Meerut police range of Uttar Pradesh Police. Meerut zone is headed by an IPS officer in the rank of Additional Director General of Police (ADG), whereas Meerut range is headed by an IPS officer in the rank of Inspector General of Police (IG). The Current ADG, Meerut Zone is Prashant Kumar,[62] whereas the current IG, Meerut Range is Ram Kumar.[63]

District Police of Meerut is headed by the Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) who is an IPS officer and is accountable to the District Magistrate for Law and Order enforcement. He is assisted by four Superintendents of Police (SP)/Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl. SP) (City, Rural Area, Traffic and Crime). The Meerut district is divided into numerous police circles, each headed by a Circle Officer in the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police. SP (Traffic) and SP (Crime) are assisted by one Circle Officer in the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police each.[64] The current SSP is Akhilesh kumar.[64]

Infrastructure and Civic Administration

The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by the Meerut Development Authority (MDA), which comes under the Housing Department of Uttar Pradesh government. The Divisional Commissioner of Meerut acts as the ex-officio Chairman of MDA, whereas a Vice-Chairman, a government-appointed IAS officer, looks after the daily matters of the authority. The current Vice-Chairman of Meerut Development Authority is Sita Ram Yadav.[65]

The city is administered by Meerut Municipal Corporation, which is responsible for performing civic administrative functions administered by Municipal Commissioner (PCS Officer) whereas Mayor is ceremonial head of the Corporation. The current Municipal Commissioner of Meerut Municipal Corporation is Manoj Kumar Chauhan.

Central Government Offices

The office of the Chief Commissioner, Customs & Central Excise, Meerut Zone, has jurisdiction over 13 districts of Uttrakhand and 14 districts of Uttar Pradesh. This jurisdiction was carved out of the Lucknow Zone. It comprises the erstwhile Customs & Central Excise Commissionerates of Meerut & Noida. The Meerut Commissionerate was bifurcated into two Commissionerates, namely, ‘Meerut-I and Ghaziabad’ and the Noida Commissionerate was bifurcated into ‘Noida and Meerut-II’. In addition, jurisdiction of Central Excise Division Bareilly was included in the jurisdiction of Meerut-II Commissionerate.[66] CGHS department of Meerut provides comprehensive health care facilities for the central govt employees and pensioners and their dependents residing in this city.

Meerut Cantonment

Mall Road in Meerut Cantonment

Meerut Cantonment was established by the British East India Company in 1803 after the Battle of Laswari. It is the one of the largest cantonment of India both in land area 3,568.06 hectares (35.68 km2) and population of 93684 (civil + military) people as per 2011 census).[67] The Revolt of 1857 started from "Kali Paltan" in Meerut Cantonment and Indian soldiers stationed here actively participated in the rebellion.[7][12] The cantonment surrounds the old city from 3 sides – from Pallavpuram to Sainik Vihar to Ganga Nagar.[68] It is well connected with the rest of country by roads as well as by rail. The Delhi Niti Paas Road (State Highway No. 45) passes through Meerut Cantonment.[12] Meerut cantonment was the divisional headquarters of the 7th (Meerut) Division of the British Indian Army from 1829 to 1920.

Soldiers from the cantonment have actively participated in the First Battle of Ypres, both the 1st and 2nd Battles of El Alamein, Battle of France, Burma Campaign, the Indo-Pakistani Wars, Bangladesh Liberation War and Kargil War.[بحاجة لمصدر]

It has been the regimental center of Punjab Regiment Corps of Signals, Jat Regiment, Sikh Regiment and Dogra Regiment.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Development

Atop an under-construction overpass

Meerut is the 63rd-fastest-growing urban area in the world.[69] It is the 14th fastest developing city in India. A June 2011 report by US financial services firm Morgan Stanley gave Meerut the 5th spot on the "vibrancy" index, ahead of Delhi and Mumbai.[70] Meerut ranked second on both the financial penetration index, which measures things like the presence of ATMs and bank branches, and on the consumption index, indicating the city's transformation into an urban town. While the city ranked in the bottom 10 in job creations, the report suggests that overall there are plenty of signs of "potential for urbanisation," including future employment opportunities.[71] The infrastructure segment of Meerut is currently going through a boom phase with many new projects coming up in and around the city.[72][73] There are many new buildings, shopping complexes, malls, roads, flyovers and apartments coming up. The Upper Ganga Canal Expressway is also under development.[بحاجة لمصدر] On the India City Competitiveness Index, the city ranked 45th in 2010,[74] 37th in 2011[75] and 39th in 2012.[76]

Economy

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Industry

The cover of the book Sangeet Puranmal Ka (lit. The Music of Puranmal) by Ramlal. The book was published in 1879 from the city.

Meerut is one of the important industrial towns of western Uttar Pradesh with several traditional and modern industries.[6] It is traditionally known for handloom works and scissors industry.[77] Meerut was one of the first cities in northern India where publishing was set up during the 19th century. It was a major center of commercial publishing during the 1860s and 1870s.[78]

Meerut is a rich agricultural area, which also contains land that is not suitable for harvest.. Being in the proximity of Delhi, it is ideal for industry. It is home to 520 micro, small and medium scale industries.[79] اعتبارا من August 2006, Meerut has about 23,471 industrial units, including 15,510 small-scale units and 7,922 cottage industries.[80]

Existing industries in the city include tyres, textile, transformer, sugar, distillery, chemical, engineering, paper, publishing, and sports goods manufacture.[77][81][79] Prospective industries include IT and ITES.[82]

Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation (UPSIDC) has two industrial estates in the city, namely Partapur and Udyog Puram.[83][84]

Revenue generation

Meerut has shown healthy numbers in terms of revenue generation. In 2005–06, Meerut occupied the fifth slot and contributed Rs 10,306 crore to the direct tax collection. It slipped to number six in 2006–07 when the revenue collection at Rs 11,203 crore was 18% lower than the target of Rs 13,627 crore. According to statistics compiled by the Income Tax department, Meerut contributed a Rs.10,089 crore to the national treasury in 2007/08, overall it was ranked 9th outperforming Lucknow, Jaipur, Bhopal, Kochi and Bhubaneshwar.[85]

Transport

Air

The nearest airport is the Indira Gandhi International Airport which is about 100  km away.

The Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Airport is located at Partapur. It was proposed by the state government that the airstrip be converted to an international airport to reduce pressure on Delhi airport.[86] However, Plans to expand the Domestic airport were called off after protests against land acquisition started in other parts of the state.[87] Following an accident in May 2012, the city administration barred private flights from using the airstrip.[88]

Road

By road Meerut is well-connected to major cities like Delhi, Noida, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Haridwar, etc. A large number of people commute to Delhi, Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad and Gurgaon every day for work. Three national highways (NH-58, NH-119 & NH-235) pass through Meerut. Upper Ganga Canal Expressway which passes through outskirts of the city is under development.

There are 2 main bus terminals, namely Bhainsali bus terminal and Sohrab Gate bus terminal from where Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC) buses ply to cities all over the state and all nearby cities. A JNNURM scheme was put in place.[89] Low Floor City Buses (under JNNURM),[بحاجة لمصدر] Normal City Buses, auto rickshaws and rickshaws are convenient public transport options to commute within the city.[90] Many new transport infrastructure projects like inner ring road, outer ring road and construction of new flyovers are proposed.[91][92]

Delhi-Meerut Expressway (Under Construction)
المقالة الرئيسية: Delhi–Meerut Expressway

Delhi–Meerut Expressway is an under-construction 90 km long controlled-access expressway, connecting Delhi with Meerut via Dasna in Ghaziabad in India. While the present stretch of National Highway 24 (NH-24) up to Uttar Pradesh Gate will be widened to 14 lanes from the present 8, the road between UP Gate and Dasna will also be fourteen-laned. According to NHAI the entire construction work has been divided into three stages. The first stage will be from Delhi to Dasna (km 0 to km 27.5, 14 lanes), while the second stage will be from Dasna to Hapur (km 27.5 to km 49.9) on NH-24 (8 lanes). The third stage will include the construction of a 37  km long new alignment, a green-field alignment, from Dasna to Meerut (6 lanes).

Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for expressway on December 31, 2015.

Railways

Meerut City Junction

Meerut lies on the Delhi–Saharanpur electrified railway line[93] and has five railway stations: Meerut City, Meerut Cantt, Partapur, Mohiuddinpur and Pabli Khas. Meerut City railway station is the busiest. The railway line between Delhi and Meerut was constructed in 1864[32] and the Meerut Cantt station, which serves as a secondary railway station was founded in 1865.

About 20,000 passengers travel daily to Delhi and back. Around 27 pairs of trains run between Meerut and Delhi, and four between Meerut and Khurja. Two trains are available for Lucknow daily, namely Nauchandi Express and Rajya Rani Express. A weekly train goes to Chennai and Kuchuvelli. Daily trains connect Meerut to Bombay, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Rajkot and cities in other states.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Metro Project
المقالة الرئيسية: Meerut Metro

On December 30, 2014, the Uttar Pradesh Cabinet had approved the proposed Metro Rail projects in Meerut, to boost the urban mass transport infrastructure in Meerut. The state government has nominated RITES Limited and Lucknow Metro Rail Corporation (LMRC) for preparing the respective detailed project report (DPR) and as coordinator, respectively. The development authorities would be nodal agencies for DPR.[94]

The metro project got the green signal from the divisional commissioner. It was decided in the meeting that the project would be along two corridors - Partapur to Pallavpuram Phase 2 and Rajban Market to Gokalpur village. The main stations on the first corridor will be Partapur, Panchwati Enclave, Rithani, Rithani West, Shatabdi Nagar, Devlok, Madhavpuram, Meerut Railway Station Road, Lajpat Bazaar, Begampul, Gandhi Bagh, Lekha Nagar, Pallavpuram Dorli, Ansal City and Pallavpuram Phase 2. While the corridor in the Partapur-Pallavpuram Phase 2 route will cover 20 km and will have a total number of 18 stations in between, the 10 km-long route from Rajban Market to Gokalpur village will have nine stations.[95]

Rapid Rail
المقالة الرئيسية: Delhi Meerut RRTS

The NCR Transport Plan 2021 proposed a rail-based mass transit system called Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) between Delhi to Meerut with the Shahdara-Ghaziabad section scheduled for construction during 2001-11 and the Ghaziabad-Meerut section scheduled for 2011–21.[96]

In September 2010, the RRTS was reported to be proposed between Anand Vihar and Meerut with the project in its initial stages. The cost was projected to be around ₹1٬000 crore (130 مليون US$) with the expected time of the journey being 45 minutes.[97] In November 2010, the train speed was proposed to be between 130-160 kmph with stations at Anand Vihar, Sahibabad, Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad, Guldhar, Duhai, Moradnagar, Modinagar, Meerut South, Shatabdi Nagar, Meerut Centre, Begumpul, Meerut North, Pallavpuram.[98]

On 14 December 2010, the NCR Planning Board, Meerut Development Authority (MDA) and Meerut Nagar Nigam approved this system.[99] In August 2011, it was reported that the project tender had been awarded to Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System (DIMTS). The proposed system was to have dedicated trains between Anand Vihar and Meerut, which stop nowhere in between, and trains which stop at stations to be constructed after a gap of 4–5 km. The reported stations were Anand Vihar, Vaishali, Mohan Nagar, Meerut Road (Airtel Cut) Morta, Duhai, Muradnagar, Gang Nahar, Modi Nagar, Mohiuddinpur, Meerut Bypass Cut and Pallavpuram with completion expected in 2017. The track between Anand Vihar to Dabur was proposed to be underground with the rest of the track overhead.[100]

On 11 July 2013, the Union Cabinet of India approved the formation of the National Capital Region Transport Corporation Limited (NCRTCL) with a seed capital of ₹100 crore (13 مليون US$). The corporation is to take up the construction of the 90 km-long Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut corridor on a priority basis (along with two other corridors) with planned completion in 2016.[101] It was reported that the Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for the three corridors were under the process of finalisation.[102]

In December 2013, problems were reported in the proposed alignment of the Delhi-Meerut corridor.[103] In January 2014, it was reported that the proposed alignment had to be changed due to objections by NHAI and the feasibility report had to be prepared again. The new proposed alignment increased the length from 90 km to 106 km.[104]

Demographics

انظر أيضاً: Meerut district § Demographics
Religions in Meerut[105]
Religion Percent
Hindus
  
 61.15%
Muslims
  
 36.05%
Jains
  
 0.92%
Sikhs
  
 0.6%
Others†
  
 1.47%
Distribution of religions
†Includes Christians (0.60%), Buddhists (<0.09%).

According to the 2011 census, the Meerut Urban Agglomeration (Meerut UA) has a population of around 1.42 million,[3] (comparable to kingdom of Bahrain or Trinidad and Tobago) with the municipality contributing roughly 1.31 million of it.[2] The Meerut Urban Agglomeration consists of area falling under Meerut Municipal Coorportation, Meerut Cantonment Board and 4 census towns of Sindhawali, Amehra Adipur, Aminagar Urf Bhurbaral and Mohiuddinpur.[106][107] This makes Meerut the 33rd most populous urban agglomeration and the 28th most populous city in India. The sex ratio in Meerut UA is 887, lower than the state average of 908; while the child sex ratio is 845, lower than the state average of 899. 12.99% of the population is under 6 years of age.[107] The overall literacy rate is 76.28%, higher than the state average of 69.72%.[3][108]

اعتبارا من 2017, Meerut ranks 328th(based on population), 189th(based on population density), 648th(based on built-up area) among world's urban areas.[109]

According to the 2001 census, the city ranked 2nd in terms of population in NCR[110] and 25th in India.[111]

Demographics of Meerut Metropolitan area (Meerut UA) (Census 2011, updated)[107]
Metropolis City/Town/Village [i] Population Sex Ratio Literacy Rate[ii]
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Meerut UA Meerut (CB) 53024 40288 93,312 760 87.99% 79.48% 84.33%
Meerut (M Corp.) 688118 617311 1,305,429 897 80.97% 69.79% 75.66%
Mohiuddinpur (CT) 2811 2389 5,200 850 89.17% 69.63% 80.13%
Aminagar Urf Bhurbaral (CT) 3314 2827 6,141 853 91.01% 69.68% 81.02%
Amehra Adipur (CT) 2844 2641 5,485 929 85.68% 68.05% 77.14%
Sindhawali (CT) 2782 2553 5,335 918 79.92% 64.44% 72.53%
Meerut UA - Total 752,893 668,009 1,420,902 887 81.57 % 70.36 % 76.28 %
  1. ^ M Corp. = Municipal Corporation, NP = Nagar panchayat, NPP = Nagar Palika Parishad, CB = Cantonment Board, CT = Census Town
  2. ^ For Literacy rate, population aged 7 and above only is considered in India.
Historical Population Statistics[25][32][112][أ]
Year Male Female Total Growth
1847 NA NA 29,014
1853 NA NA 82,035 182.74%
1872 NA NA 81,386 -0.79%
1881 NA NA 99,565 22.34%
1891 NA NA 119,390 19.91%
1901 65,822 (55.53%) 52,717 (44.47%) 118,539 -0.71%
1911 66,542 (57.05%) 50,089 (42.95%) 116,631 -1.6%
1921 71,816 (58.57%) 50,793 (41.43%) 122,609 5.12%
1931 80,073 (58.57%) 56,636 (41.43%) 136,709 11.49%
1941 98,829 (58.38%) 70,461 (41.62%) 169,290 23.83%
1951 133,094 (57.08%) 100,089 (42.92%) 233,183 37.74%
1961 157,572 (55.48%) 126,425 (44.52%) 283,997 21.79%
  1. ^ Includes municipality and cantonment populations
Meerut Urban Agglomeration (Meerut UA) Population Statistics[أ]
Year Male Female Total Growth rate Sex ratio[ب]
2001[113] 621,481 (53.50%) 540,235 (46.50%) 1,161,716 NA NA
2011[3][107][ت] 752,893 (52.99%) 668,009 (47.01%) 1,420,902 22.31% 887
  1. ^ For Meerut Urban Agglomeration, includes municipality and cantonment populations and 4 census towns of Sindhawali, Amehra Adipur, Aminagar Urf Bhurbaral and Mohiuddinpur.
  2. ^ In females per 1000 males
  3. ^ Provisional Data was revised and finalized when govt. updated 2011 census data on 20 May 2013.
Literacy Rate (Percentage)
Year Male Female Total
2001[114] 65.22 53.17 59.62
2011[107][3] 83.74 (+18.52) 72.19 (+19.02) 78.29 (+18.67)


Crime Rate in Meerut (Total cognisable crimes under IPC per lakh population)
Year Rate in Meerut Rate in UP Rate in India
2011[115] 305.5 97.8 192.2
2012[116] 309.1 96.4 196.7
2013[117] 368.5 108.4 215.5
2014[118][119] 430.9 113.2 229.2
2015[120][121] 408.6 112.1 234.2

Culture

Mustafa Castle was built in 1900

Most traditional Indian festivals, including Holi, Dussehra, Diwali, Eid among others are celebrated with fervor in the city. Notably, a fair by the name of Nauchandi Fair is held two weeks after Holi every year.[122] The fair, which started in 1672,[123] continues for about 15 days and is attended by lakhs of people. It includes events such as poetry recitations in Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi etc.[124] The Khariboli dialect of the Hindustani language is the dominant language for conversation with official business being conducted in either English, Hindi or Urdu.

Meerut is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Meerut Diocese, which covers the districts of Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur, Dehradun, Haridwar, Moradabad, Rampur, Jyotiba Phule Nagar, Ghaziabad, Baghpat and Dhampur Tehsil of Bijnor district.[125]

Nauchandi Mela (Fair)

المقالة الرئيسية: Nauchandi Mela
One of the entrance gates of Nauchandi mela ground at Meerut.

The Nauchandi Mela is an annual fair held at Nauchandi Ground in Meerut.[126][127] The fair stretches for about a month and is organized by the Municipal Corporation of Meerut. It generally starts from the second Sunday after Holi.[126] The main exhibits are the artistic and religious rituals followed in rustic Uttar Pradesh. The fair witness more than 50,000 visitors every year. The Indian Railways' Nauchandi Express train is named after this fair.

The fair has a prominent history dating back several hundreds of years. It started in the year 1672 AD as a one-day cattle trading fair. The fair has been held every year, excluding 1858, the year after 1857 revolt, which started from Meerut.[128]

Since then cattle trading has been replaced by a number of other activities. The fair feature shops for Lucknow's Chikan work, Moradabad's brassware, Varanasi's carpets, rugs and silk sarees, Agra's footwear, Meerut's leather items, etc. Meerut's own products like sports goods, scissors, gajaks, nan-khatai are also sold.[127] Giant rides, wheels, circus and various other recreational arenas where artists perform stunts, remains a big attraction of the fair.[129]

Film and television

Meerut is home to a film industry, which has a following in Western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. The films are usually folklore stories or comedies or localised versions of Bollywood hits.[130] The films Tanu Weds Manu, Raanjhanaa, Tanu Weds Manu Returns, and Zero primarily take place in Meerut. The film Rajma Chawal shows Meerut.

Notable people from Meerut in the film and television industry include Bharat Bhushan, Aziz Mian, Mandakini,[131] Achint Kaur,[132][133] Kailash Kher,[134] Chitrangada Singh,[133][135] Vishal Bhardwaj,[133] Deepti Bhatnagar[133][135][136] and Pravesh Rana.[137]

التعليم

المقالة الرئيسية: List of educational institutions in Meerut district

Meerut is an education hub of Western Uttar Pradesh with near about four or five universities, approximately 50 engineering colleges, 23 management colleges, seven pharmacy colleges, four colleges offering hotel management, one college offering fashion design, over 150 academic colleges and over 50 schools. The city is home to Chaudhary Charan Singh University (formerly Meerut University), Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Shobhit University and IIMT University. The city has one government-run engineering college, Sir Chhotu Ram Institute of Engineering and Technology, a constituent college of Chaudhary Charan Singh University. There are schools affiliated to recognized boards such as ICSE, CBSE, IB and the state board. One such school is the St. John's Sr. Sec School (established by Begum Samru) which is over 130 years old, also the first IB school in Uttar Pradesh was Vidya Global school.

IIMT Engineering College which is now called as IIMT University is the oldest engineering institute of Meerut district. It was established in the year 1997.

Chaudhary Charan Singh University (CCSU) is a public and state university which has many degree colleges affiliated to it. They fall in two divisions: Saharanpur and Meerut with nine districts including Saharanpur, Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Shamli, Gautam Budh Nagar, Bagpat, Hapur, Bulandshahr and Ghaziabad administered by Vice-Chancellor and Registrar (PCS officer). The Indian Film and Television Institute is located at the western bypass of the city. The city has three medical colleges: Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Subharti Medical College and Mulayam Singh Yadav Medical College & Hospital.

The nearest government university which offers degrees in Engineering, Science, Management and Humanities is Gautam Buddha University located in Greater Noida.

الإعلام

Meerut is becoming a media centre, as journalists from all over Uttar Pradesh and other Indian states are working in Meerut. Radio stations shared with Delhi are Radio City 91.1 MHz, Big FM 92.7 MHz, Red FM 93.5 MHz, Radio One 94.3 MHz, Hit 95 (95 MHz), Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz, AIR FM Rainbow 102.6 MHz, Meow FM 104.8 MHz, AIR FM Gold 106.4 MHz. Radio IIMT (90.4 MHz)[138] is the only radio station located in the city. The Hindi-language daily newspapers Hindustan (newspaper), Rajasthan Patrika, Dainik Jagran,[139] Amar Ujala,Dainik Janwani, The Hindu, Rashtrasewa, Dainik Jagran iNext are published from the city. The English daily Times of India, Meerut edition[140] and the English language supplement HT City, Meerut with Hindustan Times is also published there. Moneymakers, an English daily is also published there. Asian Express, Hindi newspaper and news magazine Citizen of the World are also published there.

Sports Industries

Meerut is one of the prominent Center in the country besides Jalandhar for the manufacture of sports goods.[141] There are numerous sports companies in the city especially for cricket namely SS, SF, SG, BDM. Players like MS Dhoni, Virender Sehwag, Yuvraj Singh, Kieron Pollard, Virat Kohli, Kumar Sangakkara and many others have used bats made in Meerut[بحاجة لمصدر].

المقاصد السياحية

Ashtapad Jain temple, Hastinapur NCR
Augarnath Temple at 2nd Navratri night
Statue of Mangal Pandey at Martyr's Memorial

Tourist destinations in and around Meerut include:

  • Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur – Located on the banks of the old ravine of Ganges, Hastinapur NCR is considered one of the holiest places on earth by Jains. It is believed to be the birthplace of three Jain Tirthankaras. There are many ancient Jain temples in Hastinapur NCR. Shri Digamber Jain Mandir, Jambudweep, Kailash Parvat Rachna, Shwetambar Jain Temple are the main and famous temples in Hastinapur NCR. Apart from Jain temples, Pandeshwar temple, Historical Gurdwara and Hastinapur Sanctuary are worth being seen.[142]
  • Shahi Jama Masjid – The Jama Masjid was built by Hasan Mahdi, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi's Wazir (=Chief Minister) in 1019 AD (older than the Qutb Minar).[17][143] It is considered the first Masjid in North India.[144] Although it was restored by Humayun,[17][143] it is one of the oldest mosques in India. Some believe that the first North Indian Mosque is Quwwat/Qubbat ul Islam in Delhi and then Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra in Ajmer.
  • St. John's Church – This church was established by Chaplain the Reverend Henry Fisher on behalf of the East India Company in 1819 in the cantonment area and was completed in 1822.[17][123] It is considered one of the oldest churches in North India. The Church was dedicated to the people by Bishop Wilson. It has a seating capacity of 10,000 people.[17] During the war of 1857, this church was the scene of heavy fighting between Indians and the British forces.[145]
  • Augarnath Temple – This temple (also known as Kalipaltan Mandir locally) is located at the site where the soldiers of the war of 1857 planned their operations. The temple also houses a memorial built to honour the martyrs of the revolt of 1857, Indian Rebellion of 1857. The old temple has been replaced by a modern version.[146]
  • Martyr's Memorial (هندي: शहीद स्मारक Shaheed Smarak): The memorial is a 30 metres (98 feet) high pillar of marble situated at Bhainsali. Functions are organised at the memorial around the national holidays of India.[19] The memorial complex also houses the Government Freedom Struggle Museum which is dedicated to the first war of Indian independence.[147]
An entrance to Gandhi Bagh
  • Gandhi Bagh – This centrally located garden has a very beautiful and serene environment. Locally known as "Company Garden", it has been present since before independence, when it got renamed to its current name. It runs a musical fountain show every evening. The park also houses a small water storage chamber and motor which is noted to have been removed from the Red Fort in Delhi and erected here. Earlier, the garden used to have multiple entrances, similar to the one shown in the image, which were always kept open, and there was no entry fee. But now, only one entrance is kept open and a ticketing system with nominal charges has been put in place.
  • Shahpeer's Mausoleum (هندي: शाहपीर की दरगाह Shahpeer ki dargah) – This is a Mughal mausoleum erected by the empress Nur Jahan in 1628 in honour of a local Muslim Hazrat Shahpeer.[143][148] It is a red stone structure that was partly built and is incomplete till date.[148] The tomb is adorned by intricate Nakkashi (stone painting). There is no roof on the main tomb. It is said[من؟] that Shahpeer was the teacher of Mughal Emperor Jehangir. The tomb is listed by the Archaeological Survey of India as a national heritage monument.[147][149]
  • Shahi Eid Gaah (هندي: शाही ईदगाह) – It was built by Nasiruddin Mahmud, the youngest son of Iltutmish, and the eighth Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. It is about six hundred years old and has a capacity of about one lac people to offer prayers (Namaz) on Eid. There is Nakkashi on the walls of Eidgah which reflects the Sulatani Gulam era.
  • Parikshitgarh Fort – The place is associated with and derives its name from King Parikshit of Hastinapur NCR (the grandson of Arjuna). The fort was built by Parikshit and restored by Gurjar Raja Nain Singh in the eighteenth century.[13][17]
  • Dargah of Baley Miyan (هندي: बले मियाँ की दरगाह Bale Miyan ki Dargah) – This dargah was built by Qutb-ud-din Aybak in 1194 in the memory of Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud (known locally as Baley Miyan).[17][150] An urs is organised annually at the Dargah during the Nauchandi fair.[17] It is adjacent to the Chandi Devi Mandir, which signifies the Hindu-Muslim unity.
  • Suraj Kund - This is a pond, built by a businessman Lawar Jahawar Lal in 1714. It is filled with water from the Ganga Canal.
    Suraj Kunda Park Meerut
    It is surrounded by several temples, including the Baba Manohar Nath temple, which is said to have been built during the period of Shahjahan.[148] It is also believed that there are a total of five ponds (kunds) in India out of which Suraj kund of Meerut is the biggest.[بحاجة لمصدر] The pond was naturally filled with the sacred water but with time it evaporated and the pond was left all dried. Presently, the Municipal Corporation has transformed it into a public place A garden, a park with walk ways and in center a statute of swami Viveknanda. The place is open for all round the year.

Other places of interest include Mansa Devi Temple, Baleni, Basilica of Our Lady of Graces, Sardhana and the Chandi Devi Temple which was built by Holkar queen Devi Ahiliyabai Holkar.[17][19]

شخصيات بارزة

الثورة الهندية 1857

الأفلام والموسيقى

الملك

السياسة

الرياضة

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

الهامش

  1. ^ "Six cities to get metropolitan status". Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 ديسمبر 2017. Retrieved 8 يوليو 2017.
  2. ^ أ ب "Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 مايو 2012. Retrieved 25 أغسطس 2013.
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 أكتوبر 2013. Retrieved 25 أغسطس 2013.
  4. ^ "Meerut Municipal Corporation e-Newsletter April 2017" (PDF). Meerut Municipal Corporation E-Newsletter: 2. أبريل 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 نوفمبر 2017. Retrieved 3 يونيو 2017.
  5. ^ "Meerut MLA"
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "Chapter 3 – Findings: Metro Cities of India" (PDF). Central Pollution Control Board. p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 سبتمبر 2015. Retrieved 1 أبريل 2011.
  7. ^ أ ب CDP 2006, Chapter 3.0 - City Profile, p. 37
  8. ^ "Welcome to the National Capital Region(U.P)". Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  9. ^ "NCR - DelhiLive". Archived from the original on 2 أكتوبر 2013. Retrieved 3 أغسطس 2018.
  10. ^ "A to Z of world's largest cities and urban areas - Largest cities and urban areas M to R". Archived from the original on 8 June 2009. Retrieved August 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  11. ^ "Area, Population and Density of Cities and Towns of India – 2001, CHAPTER II - Area and Density – All Cities and Towns" (PDF). Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 أكتوبر 2013. Retrieved 29 سبتمبر 2013.
  12. ^ أ ب ت "Meerut Cantonment: Historical Background". Archived from the original on 21 يوليو 2011. Retrieved 8 أبريل 2011.
  13. ^ أ ب Homepage Archived 15 سبتمبر 2008 at the Wayback Machine Meerut Official website.
  14. ^ Uma Varma, Uttar Pradesh (India). Department of District Gazetteers. Uttar Pradesh State Gazetteer: Social services, culture, places of interest. Uttar Pradesh State Gazetteer. Vol. 5. Government of Uttar Pradesh, Department of District Gazetteers. p. 359.
  15. ^ Jagdish Kumar Pundir (1998). Banking, Bureaucracy, and Social Networks: Scheduled Castes in the Process of Development. Sarup & Sons. pp. 49–50. ISBN 9788176250245.
  16. ^ "इस मंदिर में मंदोदरी करती थीं शिव पूजा, यहीं पर रावण से हुई थी मुलाकात". Dainik Bhaskar (in الهندية). 2015-10-21. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
  17. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ "Tourist places – Meerut". Archived from the original on 19 June 2009.
  18. ^ أ ب The Imperial Gazetteer 1909, p. 254
  19. ^ أ ب ت "Major Attractions". Meerut Development Authority. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  20. ^ "British Museum Highlights". Archived from the original on 5 نوفمبر 2015. Retrieved 29 أكتوبر 2017.
  21. ^ أ ب The Hindu temples on the plains near Meerut Archived 27 أكتوبر 2011 at the Wayback Machine British Library.
  22. ^ "Ashoka Pillar". Archived from the original on 24 سبتمبر 2015. Retrieved 27 يوليو 2015.
  23. ^ Pratiyogita Darpan: General Studies Indian History. Upkar Prakashan. p. 71. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  24. ^ "Ashokan Pillar". Archived from the original on 16 مايو 2008. Retrieved 27 يوليو 2015.
  25. ^ أ ب The Imperial Gazetteer 1909, p. 264
  26. ^ Murray Thurston Titus (1930). Indian Islam: a religious history of Islam in India. Oxford University Press. p. 21.
  27. ^ Sylvia Vatuk (1972). Kinship and Urbanization: White Collar Migrants in North India. University of California Preas. p. 1. ISBN 9780520020641. Retrieved 23 يونيو 2017.
  28. ^ Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. 6 October 2015. p. 56. ISBN 9781317321279.
  29. ^ Statistical, descriptive and historical account of the North-western Provinces of India, ed. by E.T. Atkinson [and others]. Oxford University. 1876. p. 321.
  30. ^ The Cambridge Shorter History of India. Cambridge University Press. 2016. p. 252. ISBN 9781317208716.
  31. ^ أ ب The Imperial Gazetteer 1909, p. 255
  32. ^ أ ب ت ث Sylvia Vatuk (1972). Kinship and Urbanization: White Collar Migrants in North India. University of California Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 9780520020641. Retrieved 22 سبتمبر 2016.
  33. ^ The Imperial Gazetteer 1909, p. 256
  34. ^ "Postcolonial Studies - Since 1996, Deepika Bahri has created and maintained content for Postcolonial Studies @ Emory with her students. In 2011, she won a Mellon grant from Emory's Digital Scholarship Commons (DiSC) to redesign the site in collaboration with the DiSC staff". Archived from the original on 14 يناير 2013. Retrieved 27 يوليو 2015.
  35. ^ "Hashimpura and the echoes of 1857: Meerut is common to both". Times Of India Blogs. 5 أبريل 2015. Archived from the original on 26 يوليو 2015. Retrieved 27 يوليو 2015.
  36. ^ "History of Meerut district". www.meerutdistrict.com/. Archived from the original on 14 فبراير 2015. Retrieved 27 يوليو 2015.
  37. ^ Meerut 1932 play, by Manchester street theatre group the Red Megaphones Archived 13 يونيو 2011 at the Wayback Machine Working Class Movement Library.
  38. ^ Dr. KD Sharma (15 August 2013). "Victoria's secret". Meerut Plus, Times of India.
  39. ^ "The voice of a monologue". The Hindu. 18 يوليو 2004. Archived from the original on 25 أغسطس 2009. Retrieved 17 يوليو 2009.
  40. ^ "Looking for justice". The Hindu. 30 مايو 2002. Archived from the original on 25 أغسطس 2009. Retrieved 17 يوليو 2009.
  41. ^ "The art of not forgetting". Indian Express. 27 February 1998. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009.
  42. ^ "Justice out of sight". Frontline. Vol. 22, no. 10. 7–20 مايو 2005. Archived from the original on 10 أغسطس 2008. Retrieved 26 فبراير 2015.
  43. ^ "Indian Electronics Show Kills More than 100". Archived from the original on 24 سبتمبر 2015. Retrieved 27 يوليو 2015.
  44. ^ Devahish Dasgupta (2011). Tourism Marketing. Pearson Education India. p. 20. ISBN 978-81-317-3182-6. Archived from the original on 7 مايو 2016. Retrieved 29 يناير 2012.
  45. ^ Douglas Montagu Thornton (1987). Parsi, Jaina and Sikh, or, Some minor religious sects in India. Mittal Publications. p. 7. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  46. ^ "Frozen Meerut" (in الهندية). iNext. 7 يناير 2013. Archived from the original on 2 أكتوبر 2013. Retrieved 29 سبتمبر 2013.
  47. ^ "Meerut Climatological Table Period: 1971–2000". India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 14 فبراير 2014. Retrieved 15 أبريل 2015.
  48. ^ "Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  49. ^ أ ب "CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP". Government of Uttar Pradesh. Archived from the original on 31 أغسطس 2017. Retrieved 30 أغسطس 2017.
  50. ^ Maheshwari, S.R. (2000). Indian Administration (6th Edition). New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. pp. 563–572. ISBN 9788125019886.
  51. ^ Singh, G.P. (1993). Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar. Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 26–129. ISBN 978-8170993810.
  52. ^ Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd Edition). Noida: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 5.1–5.2. ISBN 978-9339204785.
  53. ^ "Role and Functions of Divisional Commissioner". Your Article Library. 6 يناير 2015. Archived from the original on 16 أغسطس 2017. Retrieved 20 أغسطس 2017.
  54. ^ "Office of the Divisional Commissioner, Meerut Division". Office of the Divisional Commissioner, Meerut. Archived from the original on 7 أغسطس 2017. Retrieved 13 أغسطس 2017.
  55. ^ "Commissioners of Meerut Division". Meerut District. Archived from the original on 11 أغسطس 2017. Retrieved 15 أغسطس 2017.
  56. ^ Maheshwari, S.R. (2000). Indian Administration (6th Edition). New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. pp. 573–597. ISBN 9788125019886.
  57. ^ Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd Edition). Noida: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 6.1–6.6. ISBN 978-9339204785.
  58. ^ Singh, G.P. (1993). Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar. Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 50–124. ISBN 978-8170993810.
  59. ^ "Powers Of District Magistrate in India". Important India. Archived from the original on 16 أغسطس 2017. Retrieved 20 أغسطس 2017.
  60. ^ MSME-Development Institute, Agra. "Brief Industrial Profile of District Meerut" (PDF). Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises, Govt. of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 يناير 2013. Retrieved 12 نوفمبر 2012.
  61. ^ "District Magistrates of Meerut". Meerut District. Archived from the original on 11 أغسطس 2017. Retrieved 16 أغسطس 2017.
  62. ^ "Officers posted at Meerut Zone". Uttar Pradesh Police. Archived from the original on 13 أغسطس 2017. Retrieved 13 أغسطس 2017.
  63. ^ "Officers posted at Meerut Range". Uttar Pradesh Police. Archived from the original on 13 أغسطس 2017. Retrieved 13 أغسطس 2017.
  64. ^ أ ب "Officers posted at Meerut". Uttar Pradesh Police. Archived from the original on 16 أغسطس 2017. Retrieved 16 أغسطس 2017.
  65. ^ "Telephone Directory". Meerut Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 أغسطس 2017. Retrieved 16 أغسطس 2017.
  66. ^ "Customs, Central Excise and Service Tax Meerut Zone: About Us". Archived from the original on 13 يونيو 2011. Retrieved 5 فبراير 2012.
  67. ^ "Welcome To Meerut Cantonment Board". www.cbmrt.org.in. Archived from the original on 17 مايو 2017. Retrieved 3 يونيو 2017.
  68. ^ CDP 2006, Chapter 5 - SWOT Analysis, Section 5.2 - Weakness, p. 57.
  69. ^ "City Mayors: World's fastest growing urban areas (1)". Archived from the original on 25 نوفمبر 2010. Retrieved 27 يوليو 2015.
  70. ^ "MORGAN STANLEY AlphaWise City Vibrancy Index: A Guide to India's Urbanization". morgan stanley. June 2011. p. 15. Archived from the original (pdf) on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  71. ^ Sahni, Diksha (15 يونيو 2011). "Why Meerut is More Vibrant Than Mumbai". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 16 مارس 2017. Retrieved 4 أغسطس 2017.
  72. ^ "Realty Boom in Meerut – Credai-NCR". credaincr.org. Archived from the original on 14 أغسطس 2011. Retrieved 11 أبريل 2011.
  73. ^ "Realty Boom in Meerut". Times of India. India. 8 يناير 2011. Archived from the original on 29 أغسطس 2012. Retrieved 11 أبريل 2011.
  74. ^ Srikant Srinivas; Amit Kapoor (13 ديسمبر 2010). "Boulevards of Dreams" (PDF). Businessworld. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 يناير 2014. Retrieved 4 مارس 2014.
  75. ^ "India's 50 most Competitive cities". Rediff. 13 ديسمبر 2011. Archived from the original on 6 يناير 2014. Retrieved 6 يناير 2014.
  76. ^ "Ranks of 50 Cities as per the India City Competitiveness Index 2012" (PDF). Institute of Competitiveness, India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 أكتوبر 2012. Retrieved 4 مارس 2014.
  77. ^ أ ب CDP 2006, Executive Summary, Section 3.1.3 - Economic Base, p. 15
  78. ^ Swapan Chakravorty, Abhijit Gupta, Jadavpur University Department of English (2004). Print areas: book history in India. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-7824-082-4. Retrieved 3 February 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  79. ^ أ ب "Industrial Directory, District-Meerut" (PDF). Meerut Official Website. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 يوليو 2011. Retrieved 28 مارس 2011.
  80. ^ CDP 2006, Chapter 3 - City Profile, Section 3.5.1 - Industries, p. 46.
  81. ^ CDP 2006, Chapter 1 - Indtroduction, Section 1.1 - Background, p. 31.
  82. ^ CDP 2006, Chapter 5 - SWOT Analysis, Section 5.3 - Opportunity, p. 58.
  83. ^ "Industrial Area Description – UPSIDC". UPSIDC. Archived from the original on 8 يناير 2014. Retrieved 9 أبريل 2011.
  84. ^ "Industrial Area Description – UPSIDC". UPSIDC. Archived from the original on 8 يناير 2014. Retrieved 9 أبريل 2011.
  85. ^ "Meerut 9th in top 10 tax-paying cities". The Times of India. India. 1 يوليو 2008. Archived from the original on 24 يوليو 2012. Retrieved 3 يوليو 2011.
  86. ^ Lalit Kumar (23 February 2010). "UP for Meerut Airport, Greater Noida Realty may skid". Times of India. India. p. 1. Archived from the original (XHTML 1.0 Transitional) on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  87. ^ "Maya govt scraps plan to expand Meerut airstrip". Archived from the original on 15 أبريل 2014. Retrieved 6 يوليو 2012.
  88. ^ India, Press Trust of (16 May 2012). "Meerut admin bars private flights from Partapur airstrip". Business Standard India.
  89. ^ CDP 2006, Executive Summary, Section 1.0 - Introduction, p. 13
  90. ^ CDP 2006, Chapter 6 - Urban Infrastructure, Section 6.6.5 - Transportation systems in the City, p. 74.
  91. ^ CMP, Proposed Mobility Corridors, p. 12.
  92. ^ CMP, Road Over Bridges, p. 32.
  93. ^ India, Press Trust of (16 مارس 2016). "Ghaziabad-Saharanpur rail route electrified: Railways". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 22 يونيو 2016. Retrieved 2 يونيو 2017.
  94. ^ Virendra Singh Rawat (5 مارس 2015). "Akhilesh plans four metro rail projects before next assembly polls". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 29 يوليو 2015. Retrieved 27 يوليو 2015.
  95. ^ NYOOOZ. "City in search of new sites for metro". NYOOOZ. Archived from the original on 15 يونيو 2015. Retrieved 27 يوليو 2015.
  96. ^ "NCR Transport Plan 2021" (PDF). pp. 6–7, 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 مارس 2012. Retrieved 24 مارس 2011.
  97. ^ Pragya Kaushika (15 سبتمبر 2010). "Soon, Meerut 45 mins away on rapid transit". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 21 سبتمبر 2010. Retrieved 13 ديسمبر 2010.
  98. ^ Pragya Kaushika (20 November 2010). "Anand Vihar to Meerut RTS: 7 of 14 stations likely to be in Ghaziabad". The Indian Express. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  99. ^ "High speed train route gets approval". Hindustan Times. 14 ديسمبر 2010. Archived from the original on 11 فبراير 2011. Retrieved 15 ديسمبر 2010.
  100. ^ "Delhi to Meerut in 45 Minutes". National Real Estate Development Council (NAREDCO), NEW DELHI. 5 أغسطس 2011. Archived from the original on 27 مايو 2013. Retrieved 6 يناير 2012.
  101. ^ Press Trust of India (11 يوليو 2013). "Government approves setting up of NCR transport corporation". Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 ديسمبر 2016. Retrieved 12 يوليو 2013.
  102. ^ "Press Release - Formation of National Capital Region Transport Corporation Limited (NCRTC)". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 11 يوليو 2013. Archived from the original on 20 أكتوبر 2013. Retrieved 6 يناير 2014.
  103. ^ "Metro projects in India cheapest in the world". NDTV. Archived from the original on 6 يناير 2014. Retrieved 6 يناير 2014.
  104. ^ "बदला मेरठ-दिल्ली हाईस्पीड ट्रेन का रूट" [Meerut-Delhi Highspeed train route changed] (in hindi). Dainik Jagran. 3 يناير 2014. Archived from the original on 10 يناير 2014. Retrieved 6 يناير 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  105. ^ "Meerut City Census 2011 Data". Census 2011. Archived from the original on 29 سبتمبر 2017. Retrieved 21 سبتمبر 2017.
  106. ^ "CONSTITUENTS OF URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS HAVING POPULATION 1 LAKH & ABOVE, CENSUS 2011" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 مارس 2016. Retrieved 15 يونيو 2017.
  107. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "Meerut City Population Census 2011 | Uttar Pradesh". www.census2011.co.in. Archived from the original on 26 يونيو 2017. Retrieved 15 يونيو 2017.
  108. ^ "Census of India 2011 – Provisional Population Totals – Uttar Pradesh – Data Sheet" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 يونيو 2011. Retrieved 15 مارس 2012.
  109. ^ "Demographia : World Urban Areas" (PDF). www.demographia.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 أكتوبر 2016. Retrieved 29 يونيو 2017.
  110. ^ "Area, Population and Density of Cities and Towns of India - 2001, Chapter II - Area and Density – All Cities and Towns" (PDF). Socio-economic and Monitoring Division, Town and Country Planning Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. December 2007.[dead link]
  111. ^ "India's largest cities / urban areas". Archived from the original on 19 نوفمبر 2016. Retrieved 3 أغسطس 2018.
  112. ^ The Imperial Gazetteer 1909, p. 263
  113. ^ "Census of India 2001: View Population Details: Meerut UA". Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original on 18 أبريل 2014. Retrieved 25 أغسطس 2013.
  114. ^ "Table - 3 : Population, population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex - Cities/Towns (in alphabetic order): 2001". Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original on 14 August 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  115. ^ "Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) In States, UTs & Cities During 2011" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  116. ^ "Crime in India – 2012 Statistics" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. 2012. pp. 28–29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  117. ^ "Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) In States, UTs & Cities During 2013" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  118. ^ "Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) During 2014" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  119. ^ "Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) During 2014" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  120. ^ https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/crime_in_india_table_additional_table_chapter_reports/Table%202.1_2015.pdf
  121. ^ "Cases Reported & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) During 2015" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  122. ^ "Nauchandi Mela". religiousportal.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  123. ^ أ ب "The first war of Indian independence – Uttar Pradesh Tourism". Archived from the original on 7 October 2007.
  124. ^ Fairs of India. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-81-87100-43-0. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  125. ^ "Short History of Meerut Diocese". UCAN India. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  126. ^ أ ب "Nauchandi Mela : Meerut Nagar Nigam" (PDF). meerutnagarnigam.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 ديسمبر 2018.
  127. ^ أ ب "Nauchandi Mela of Meerut". www.indiaprofile.com. Archived from the original on 1 أبريل 2017. Retrieved 7 يوليو 2017.
  128. ^ "Nauchandi Fair in Meerut, Historical Significance Nauchandi Fair". www.meerutonline.in. Archived from the original on 1 يوليو 2017. Retrieved 7 يوليو 2017.
  129. ^ "Nauchandi Mela 2017 - Nauchandi Mela Meerut - Nauchandi Mela in Uttar Pradesh, India". journeymart.com. Archived from the original on 7 يوليو 2017. Retrieved 7 يوليو 2017.
  130. ^ "Mollywood dreams-Audience applauds as Meerut's showbiz aspirations take wing". Archived from the original on 15 April 2014.
  131. ^ T. M. Ramachandran (1985). 70 years of Indian cinema, 1913–1983. CINEMA India-International. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-86132-090-5. Archived from the original on 22 مايو 2013. Retrieved 15 مارس 2012.
  132. ^ "Playing historical character is not easy: Achint Kaur". Mumbai: Indo-Asian News Service. 31 ديسمبر 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  133. ^ أ ب ت ث Sandeep Rai (15 August 2012). "Stars on the horizon". Meerut Plus, Times of India.
  134. ^ "Biography – Kailash Kher". Archived from the original on 18 May 2012.
  135. ^ أ ب "Vishal Bhardwaj mentors Chitrangada". Mumbai: Mid-day. 20 مارس 2012. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  136. ^ "Interview with Vishal Bhardwaj: Glamsham.com". Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  137. ^ "Pravesh toes the family line". Times of India. 26 سبتمبر 2012. Archived from the original on 31 ديسمبر 2013. Retrieved 14 فبراير 2014.
  138. ^ Radio IIMT
  139. ^ "Dainik Jagran:About Us". Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  140. ^ Abid Hasan (5 أغسطس 2014). "TOI launches editions in Agra, Bareli, Meerut, Dehradun". Archived from the original on 6 أغسطس 2014. Retrieved 11 يناير 2015.
  141. ^ "Bat like Meerut - Times of India". Archived from the original on 8 يناير 2017. Retrieved 3 سبتمبر 2016.
  142. ^ "HugeDomains.com - Hamarameerut.com is for sale (Hamarameerut)". Retrieved 27 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  143. ^ أ ب ت The Imperial Gazetteer 1909, p. 265
  144. ^ "North India's first mosque going strong after 999 years".
  145. ^ "St John's Church". Archived from the original on 3 مارس 2016. Retrieved 27 يوليو 2015.
  146. ^ "Cantonment Board Meerut Official Website – Heritage Sites". Archived from the original on 2 فبراير 2009. Retrieved 18 يوليو 2009.
  147. ^ أ ب "Places of interest – Meerut – Uttar Pradesh tourism". Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  148. ^ أ ب ت JPS Associates. "Revised Draft Report – Volume 2 for Preparing a 'Master Plan for Development of Tourism in the U.P. NCR'" (PDF). Uttar Pradesh Tourism. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  149. ^ "List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Agra". Archaeological Survey of India. p. 1. Archived from the original on 21 يوليو 2011. Retrieved 25 مارس 2011.
  150. ^ Malika Mohammada (2007). The foundations of the composite culture in India. Aakar Books. p. 219. ISBN 978-81-89833-18-3. Archived from the original on 3 يناير 2014.
  151. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 أغسطس 2018. Retrieved 18 أغسطس 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  152. ^ Stokes, Eric (1980). The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-52129-770-7. Archived from the original on 21 يونيو 2018. Retrieved 20 أغسطس 2018.
  153. ^ ["2012 Election Results" (PDF). Election Commission of India website. Retrieved Oct 2015. Check date values in: "2012 Election Results" (PDF). Election Commission of India website. Retrieved Oct 2015. Check date values in:]. {{cite news}}: Check |URL= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  154. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 أغسطس 2018. Retrieved 15 أغسطس 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  155. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 يونيو 2018. Retrieved 15 أغسطس 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  156. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 أغسطس 2018. Retrieved 20 أغسطس 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  157. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 يونيو 2018. Retrieved 19 أبريل 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  158. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 أغسطس 2018. Retrieved 15 أغسطس 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

مصادر

للاستزادة

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Meerut district قالب:Meerut division topics

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=ميروت&oldid=2169721"