خىبـِيْ
Hebei Province
河北省 | |
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الترجمة اللفظية بالـ Name | |
• Chinese | 河北省 (Héběi Shěng) |
• Abbreviation | HE / HEB / 冀 (پنين: Jì�) |
Clockwise: Great Wall at Jinshanling, Chengde Mountain Resort, Puning Temple, Fuqing Temple at Cangyan Mountain, Beidaihe in Qinhuangdao | |
![]() Map showing the location of Hebei Province | |
الإحداثيات: 39°18′N 116°42′E / 39.3°N 116.7°ECoordinates: 39°18′N 116°42′E / 39.3°N 116.7°E | |
Country | China |
السمِيْ | 河 hé—"(Yellow) River" 北 běi—"north" "north of the Yellow River" |
Capital (and largest city) |
Baoding (1729–1913, 1935–1937, 1946–1947, 1949–1958, 1966–1968) Beijing(1928–1930, 1945–1946, 1947–1949) Tianjin (1870–1902, 1913–1928, 1930–1935, 1958–1966) Shijiazhuang (1968–present) |
Divisions | 11 prefectures، 121 counties، 2207 townships |
الحكومة | |
• النوع | Province |
• الكيان | Hebei Provincial People's Congress |
• CCP Secretary | Wang Dongfeng |
• Congress chairman | Wang Dongfeng |
• Governor | Wang Zhengpu |
• CPPCC chairman | Ye Dongsong |
المساحة | |
• الإجمالي | 188٬800 كم² (72٬900 ميل²) |
ترتيب المساحة | 12th |
أعلى منسوب | 2٬882 m (9٬455 ft) |
التعداد (2020)[2] | |
• الإجمالي | 74٬610٬235 |
• الترتيب | 6th |
• الكثافة | 400/km2 (1٬000/sq mi) |
• ترتيب الكثافة | 11th |
Demographics | |
• Ethnic composition | Han: 96% Manchu: 3% Hui: 0.8% Mongol: 0.3% |
• Languages and dialects | Jilu Mandarin, Beijing Mandarin, Jin |
ISO 3166 code | CN-HE |
GDP (2020) | CNY 3.620 trillion USD 524 billion (12th)[3] |
- per capita | CNY 48,528 USD 7,033 (25th) |
• growth | ▲ 3.9% |
HDI (2019) | ▲ 0.738[4] high · 20th |
الموقع الإلكتروني | www.hebei.gov.cn (Simplified Chinese) english.hebei.gov.cn (English) |
خىبـِيْ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() "Hebei" in Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
الصينية | 河北 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
البريد | Hopeh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
المعنى الحرفي | "North of the (Yellow) River" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Abbreviation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
الصينية | 冀 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
المعنى الحرفي | [an ancient province in modern southern Hebei] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Zhili Province | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
الصينية التقليدية | 直隸省 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
الصينية المبسطة | 直隶省 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
المعنى الحرفي | "Directly ruled" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hebei /həˈbeɪ/[5] (صينية: 河北 ؛ حرفياً: 'River North'�; alternately Hopeh) هي مقاطعات الصين. تقع مقاطعة خبي في شمال الصين، تطل شرقا على ساحل بحر الصين. تواجه خبي عبر امتداد سواحلها البحرية كل من اليابان وجمهورية كوريا الجنوبية. وتحوط المقاطعة جغرافيا مدينتي بكين وتيانجين، نتيجة لذلك ارتبطت بهما بعلاقات متينة، وبات التأثير الاقتصادي متبادل بين هذه المناطق.
Hebei borders the provinces of Shanxi to the west, Henan to the south, Shandong to the southeast and Liaoning to the northeast, as well as the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the north. Hebei's economy is based around agriculture and manufacturing. The province is China's premier steel producer, though unfortunately, the steel industry has created serious air pollution.[6][7][8]
Five UNESCO World Heritage Sites can be found in the province, the: Great Wall of China, Chengde Mountain Resort, Grand Canal, Eastern Qing tombs and Western Qing tombs. It is also home to five National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities: Handan, Baoding, Chengde, Zhengding and Shanhaiguan.
Historically, during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the region that is now Hebei was ruled by the ancient Chinese Yan and Zhao states. During the Yuan dynasty, the general region of Hebei was called the Zhongshu Province; during the Ming dynasty it was North Zhili; and during the Qing dynasty it was called the Zhili Province. The modern-day province of Hebei was created in 1928.
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أصل الاسم
Hebei Province is named so because it is located in the North China Plain, entirely north of the Yellow River.[9][10] Its name Hebei literally means "north of the river",[11] referring to its location entirely to the north of the Yellow River.[12] Since the province is recorded in Yu Gong as Ji Province, or Jizhou, it is abbreviated as Ji (صينية: 冀�).
A nickname of the province is "Yanzhao" (صينية: 燕赵�), which is the collective name of the Yan and Zhao states that once controlled the region during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period.[13] In 1421, when the Yongle Emperor moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, the province started to be called as "North Zhili" (صينية: 北直隶�) or just "Zhili" (صينية: 直隶�), which means "Directly Ruled (by the Imperial Court)".[14][15] When the aforementioned province was abolished in 1928 to reflect Nanjing being made the capital of the Republic of China, the province was given its present name, Hebei.[16]
التاريخ
التاريخ المبكر
Plains in Hebei were the home of Peking man, a group of Homo erectus that lived in the area around 200,000 to 700,000 years ago. Neolithic findings at the prehistoric Beifudi site date back to 7000 and 8000 BC.[17]
Many early legends in Chinese mythology took place in the province: Fuxi, one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, is said to have lived in present-day Xingtai.[18] The mythical Battle of Zhuolu, won by the Yellow Emperor, Yan Emperor and their Yanhuang tribes against the Chiyou-led Jiuli tribes in present-day Zhangjiakou, initialized the Huaxia civilization.
عهد ما قبل الأسرات
During the Spring and Autumn period (722 BC – 476 BC), Hebei was under the rule of the states of Yan in the north and Jin in the south. Also during this period, a nomadic people known as Dí invaded the plains of northern China and established Zhongshan in central Hebei. During the Warring States period (403 BC–221 BC), Jin was partitioned, and much of its territory within Hebei went to Zhao.
أسرتا چين وهان
The Qin dynasty unified China in 221 BC. The Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) ruled the area under two provinces (zhou), You Prefecture in the north and Ji Province in the south. At the end of the Han dynasty, most of Hebei came under the control of warlords Gongsun Zan in the north and Yuan Shao further south; Yuan Shao emerged victorious of the two, but he was soon defeated by rival Cao Cao (based further south, in modern-day Henan) in the Battle of Guandu in 200. Hebei then came under the rule of the Kingdom of Wei (one of the Three Kingdoms), established by the descendants of Cao Cao.
![](/w/images/thumb/b/bb/IronLion.jpg/300px-IronLion.jpg)
جين والأسر الشمالية والجنوبية والممالك الثلاث
After the invasions of northern nomadic peoples at the end of the أسرة جين الغربية, the chaos of the الممالك الستة عشر و الأسر الشمالية والجنوبية ensued. Hebei, firmly in North China and right at the northern frontier, changed hands many times, being controlled at various points in history by the ژاو اللاحقة، يان السابقة، چين السابقة و يان اللاحقة. وِيْ الشمالية reunified northern China in 440, but split in half in 534, with Hebei coming under the eastern half (first the وِيْ الشرقية؛ ثم چي الشمالية), which had its capital at Ye (鄴 ), near modern Linzhang، خىبـِيْ. The أسرة سوي again unified China in 589.
![](/w/images/thumb/7/76/Sancai_Duck-Shaped_Cup.jpg/200px-Sancai_Duck-Shaped_Cup.jpg)
تانگ والأسر الخمس
During the Tang dynasty (618–907), the area was formally designated "Hebei" (north of the Yellow River) for the first time. During the earlier part of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Hebei was fragmented among several regimes, though it was eventually unified by Li Cunxu, who established the Later Tang (923–936). The next dynasty, the Later Jin under Shi Jingtang, posthumously known as Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin, ceded much of modern-day northern Hebei to the Khitan Liao dynasty in the north; this territory, called the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, became a major weakness in the Chinese defense against the Khitans for the next century, since it lay within the Great Wall.
أسر سونگ ولياو وجين ويوان
During the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), the sixteen ceded prefectures continued to be an area of hot contention between Song China and the Liao dynasty. The Southern Song dynasty that came after abandoned all of North China, including Hebei, to the Jurchen Jin dynasty after the Jingkang Incident in 1127 of the Jin–Song wars. Hebei was also heavily affected by the flooding of the Yellow River. Between 1048 and 1128, the river ran directly through the province rather than to its south.[19]
![](/w/images/thumb/c/c8/Budala5.jpg/230px-Budala5.jpg)
The Mongol Yuan dynasty divided China into provinces but did not establish Hebei as a province. Rather, the area was directly administrated by the Secretariat (中書省 ) at capital Dadu.
أسرتا مينگ وتشينگ
The Ming dynasty ruled Hebei as "Beizhili" (الصينية المبسطة: 北直隶؛ الصينية التقليدية: 北直隸؛ پنين: Běizhílì�), meaning "Northern Directly Ruled", because the area contained and was directly ruled by the imperial capital, Beijing; the "Northern" designation was used because there was a southern counterpart covering present-day Jiangsu and Anhui. When the Manchu Qing dynasty came to power in 1644, they abolished the southern counterpart, and Hebei became known as "Zhili", or simply "Directly Ruled". During the Qing dynasty, the northern borders of Zhili extended deep into what is now Inner Mongolia, and overlapped in jurisdiction with the leagues of Inner Mongolia.
جمهورية الصين
The Qing dynasty collapsed in 1912 and was replaced by the Republic of China. Within a few years, China descended into civil war, with regional warlords vying for power. Since Zhili was so close to Peking (Beijing), the capital, it was the site of frequent wars, including the Zhiwan War, the First Zhifeng War and the Second Zhifeng War. With the success of the Northern Expedition, a successful campaign by the Kuomintang to end the rule of the warlords, the capital was moved from Peking (Beijing) to Nanking (Nanjing). As a result, the name of Zhili was changed to Hebei to reflect the fact that it had a standard provincial administration, and that the capital had been relocated elsewhere.
During the Second World War, Hebei was under the control of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China, a puppet state of Imperial Japan.
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جمهورية الصين الشعبية
The founding of the People's Republic of China saw several changes: the region around Chengde, previously part of Rehe Province (historically part of Manchuria), and the region around Zhangjiakou, previously part of Chahar Province (historically part of Inner Mongolia), were merged into Hebei, extending its borders northwards beyond the Great Wall. Meanwhile, the city of Puyang was carved away, causing Hebei to lose access to the Yellow River. The city first became part of the short-lived Pingyuan Province, before eventually annexed into Henan.[20] The capital was also moved from Baoding to the upstart city of Shijiazhuang, and, for a short period, to Tianjin.
On July 28, 1976, Tangshan was struck by a powerful earthquake, the Tangshan earthquake, the deadliest of the 20th century with over 240,000 killed. A series of smaller earthquakes struck the city in the following decade.
Today, Hebei, along with Beijing and Tianjin municipalities which it enclaves, make up the Jing-Jin-Ji megalopolis region. With a population of 130 million, it is about six times the size as the New York metropolitan area and is one of the largest megalopolis cluster in China.[21] Beijing had also unloaded some of its non-capital functions to the province with the establishment of the Xiong'an New Area, which will further facilitate the integration of the three regions.[22]
الجغرافيا
The geography of Hebei is quite diverse. It is the only province in China to contain plateaus, mountains, hills, shorelines, plains, and lakes.[23]
Most of central and southern Hebei lies within the North China Plain. The western part of Hebei rises into the Taihang Mountains (Taihang Shan), while the Yan Mountains (Yan Shan) run through northern Hebei, beyond which lie the grasslands of Inner Mongolia. The Great Wall of China cuts through northern Hebei from east to west as well, briefly entering the border of Beijing Municipality, and terminates at the seacoast of Shanhaiguan in northeastern Hebei. The highest peak is Mount Xiaowutai (小五台山 ) in Yu County in the northwest of the province, with an altitude of 2,882 m (9,455 ft).[1]
Hebei borders the Bohai Sea on the east. The Hai River watershed covers most of the province's central and southern parts, and the Luan River watershed covers the northeast. Not counting the numerous reservoirs to be found in Hebei's hills and mountains, the largest lake in Hebei is Baiyangdian, located mostly in Anxin County, Baoding.
Major cities in Hebei include:
المناخ
![](/w/images/thumb/c/cb/Fengning_Jing_Bei_meadow.jpg/300px-Fengning_Jing_Bei_meadow.jpg)
Hebei has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate, with cold, dry winters, and hot, humid summers. Temperatures average −16 to −3 °C (3 to 27 °F) in January and 20 to 27 °C (68 to 81 °F) in July; the annual precipitation ranges from 400 to 800 mm (16 to 31 in), concentrated heavily in summer.
المدينة | July (°C) | July (°F) | January (°C) | January (°F) |
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Baoding | 31.7/22.6 | 89.1/72.7 | 2.5/–7.7 | 36.5/18.1 |
Qinhuangdao | 28.1/21.7 | 82.6/71.1 | 0.1/–8.8 | 32.2/16.2 |
Tangshan | 30.2/21.7 | 86.4/71.1 | 0.9/–10.2 | 33.6/13.6 |
Zhangjiakou | 29.4/18.7 | 84.9/65.7 | 2.2/–12.9 | 36.0/8.8 |
المدن
من أهم المدن الرئيسية في مقاطعة خبي: شيجياتشوانگ عاصمة المقاطعة، تشتهر بالمصانع الغزل والنسيج القطني وكذا صناعة الأدوية؛ تانگشان وهي عاصمة صناعة الخزف في شمال الصين؛ تشينهوانگداو المشهورة بالسياحة الساحلية، وهي إحدى المدن الساحلية المنفتحة الرئيسية، وبها ميناء هام لتصدير الفحم والبترول.
يوجد في خبي الكثير من الآثار والأطلال القديمة كما لازالت مدنها تحتفظ بالعديد من المباني التاريخية القديمة. يقع فيها مصيف تشنگده ومنطقة بيدايخه ويعتبران من أهم المناطق السياحية في المقاطعة.
التقسيمات الإدارية
Hebei is made up of eleven prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities:
Administrative divisions of Hebei | ||||||||
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Division code[28] | Division | Area in km2[29] | Population 2010[30] | Seat | Divisions[31] | |||
Districts | Counties | Aut. counties | CL cities | |||||
130000 | Hebei Province | 187700.00 | 71,854,202 | Shijiazhuang city | 49 | 91 | 6 | 21 |
130100 | Shijiazhuang city | 15848 | 9,547,869 | Chang'an District | 8 | 11 | 3 | |
130200 | Tangshan city | 14334.59 | 7,577,284 | Lunan District | 7 | 4 | 3 | |
130300 | Qinhuangdao city | 7791.57 | 2,987,605 | Haigang District | 4 | 2 | 1 | |
130400 | Handan city | 12066.00 | 9,174,679 | Congtai District | 6 | 11 | 1 | |
130500 | Xingtai city | 12433.00 | 7,104,114 | Xindu District | 4 | 12 | 2 | |
130600 | Baoding city | 22185.00 | 10,029,197 | Jingxiu District | 5 | 15 | 4 | |
130700 | Zhangjiakou city | 36861.55 | 4,345,491 | Qiaoxi District | 6 | 10 | ||
130800 | Chengde city | 39512.98 | 3,473,197 | Shuangqiao District | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
130900 | Cangzhou city | 14305.28 | 7,134,053 | Yunhe District | 2 | 9 | 1 | 4 |
131000 | Langfang city | 6417.29 | 4,358,839 | Anci District | 2 | 5 | 1 | 2 |
131100 | Hengshui city | 8836.90 | 4,340,773 | Taocheng District | 2 | 8 | 1 |
Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations | ||||
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English | Chinese | Pinyin | ||
Hebei Province | 河北省 | Héběi Shěng | ||
Shijiazhuang city | 石家庄市 | Shíjiāzhuāng Shì | ||
Tangshan city | 唐山市 | Tángshān Shì | ||
Qinhuangdao city | 秦皇岛市 | Qínhuángdǎo Shì | ||
Handan city | 邯郸市 | Hándān Shì | ||
Xingtai city | 邢台市 | Xíngtái Shì | ||
Baoding city | 保定市 | Bǎodìng Shì | ||
Zhangjiakou city | 张家口市 | Zhāngjiākǒu Shì | ||
Chengde city | 承德市 | Chéngdé Shì | ||
Cangzhou city | 沧州市 | Cāngzhōu Shì | ||
Langfang city | 廊坊市 | Lángfáng Shì | ||
Hengshui city | 衡水市 | Héngshuǐ Shì |
These eleven prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 168 county-level divisions (47 districts, 21 county-level cities, 94 counties and 6 autonomous counties). Those are, in turn, divided into 2207 township-level divisions (1 district public office, 937 towns, 979 townships, 55 ethnic townships, and 235 subdistricts). At the end of 2017, the total population of Hebei is 75.2 million.[1]
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Urban areas
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities | |||||
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# | City | Urban area[32] | District area[32] | City proper[32] | Census date |
1 | Shijiazhuang[أ] | 2,770,344 | 2,834,942 | 10,163,788 | 2010-11-01 |
(1) | Shijiazhuang (new districts)[أ] | 461,738 | 1,208,046 | see Shijiazhuang | 2010-11-01 |
2 | Tangshan[ب] | 2,128,191 | 3,187,171 | 7,577,289 | 2010-11-01 |
(2) | Tangshan (new district)[ب] | 109,126 | 184,931 | see Tangshan | 2010-11-01 |
3 | Handan[ت] | 1,316,674 | 1,445,338 | 9,174,683 | 2010-11-01 |
(3) | Handan (new districts)[ت] | 627,869 | 1,757,637 | see Handan | 2010-11-01 |
4 | Baoding[ث] | 1,038,195 | 1,138,521 | 11,194,382 | 2010-11-01 |
(4) | Baoding (new districts)[ث] | 459,153 | 1,377,399 | see Baoding | 2010-11-01 |
(4) | Baoding Xiong'an[ج] | 405,661 | 1,055,063 | see Baoding | 2010-11-01 |
5 | Qinhuangdao[ح] | 967,877 | 1,029,670 | 2,987,605 | 2010-11-01 |
(5) | Qinhuangdao (new district)[ح] | 120,710 | 517,073 | see Qinhuangdao | 2010-11-01 |
6 | Zhangjiakou[خ] | 924,628 | 1,060,605 | 4,345,485 | 2010-11-01 |
(6) | Zhangjiakou (new districts)[خ] | 209,414 | 591,334 | see Zhangjiakou | 2010-11-01 |
7 | Xingtai | 668,765 | 670,154 | 7,104,103 | 2010-11-01 |
8 | Chengde | 540,390 | 634,229 | 3,473,201 | 2010-11-01 |
9 | Langfang | 530,840 | 868,066 | 4,358,839 | 2010-11-01 |
10 | Cangzhou | 499,411 | 536,795 | 7,134,062 | 2010-11-01 |
11 | Dingzhou | 482,121 | 1,165,182 | see Baoding | 2010-11-01 |
12 | Renqiu | 430,896 | 822,455 | see Cangzhou | 2010-11-01 |
13 | Hengshui[د] | 389,447 | 522,147 | 4,340,773 | 2010-11-01 |
(13) | Hengshui (new district)[د] | 165,363 | 362,013 | see Hengshui | 2010-11-01 |
14 | Sanhe | 386,902 | 652,042 | see Langfang | 2010-11-01 |
15 | Qian'an | 308,849 | 728,160 | see Tangshan | 2010-11-01 |
16 | Zunhua | 299,759 | 737,011 | see Tangshan | 2010-11-01 |
17 | Huanghua | 296,978 | 548,507 | see Cangzhou | 2010-11-01 |
18 | Wu'an | 293,151 | 819,000 | see Handan | 2010-11-01 |
19 | Bazhou | 291,710 | 622,975 | see Langfang | 2010-11-01 |
20 | Gaobeidian | 274,853 | 323,671 | see Baoding | 2010-11-01 |
21 | Zhuozhou | 260,493 | 303,125 | see Baoding | 2010-11-01 |
22 | Botou | 258,203 | 584,308 | see Cangzhou | 2010-11-01 |
23 | Hejian | 243,458 | 810,306 | see Cangzhou | 2010-11-01 |
24 | Xinji | 236,658 | 615,919 | see Shijiazhuang | 2010-11-01 |
25 | Shahe | 218,958 | 498,416 | see Xingtai | 2010-11-01 |
(26) | Luanzhou[ذ] | 208,212 | 554,315 | see Tangshan | 2010-11-01 |
27 | Shenzhou | 207,945 | 566,087 | see Hengshui | 2010-11-01 |
28 | Xinle | 194,480 | 487,652 | see Shijiazhuang | 2010-11-01 |
29 | Nangong | 188,260 | 469,030 | see Xingtai | 2010-11-01 |
30 | Jinzhou | 160,284 | 537,679 | see Shijiazhuang | 2010-11-01 |
(31) | Pingquan[ر] | 136,401 | 229,622 | see Chengde | 2010-11-01 |
32 | Anguo | 135,524 | 185,386 | see Baoding | 2010-11-01 |
- ^ أ ب New districts established after census: Gaocheng (Gaocheng CLC), Luquan (Luquan CLC). These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ أ ب New district established after census: Caofeidian (Tanghai County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ أ ب New districts established after census: Yongnian (Yongnian County), Feixiang (Feixiang County); Handan County merged into Hanshan & Congtai. These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ أ ب New districts established after census: Mancheng (Mancheng County), Qingyuan (Qingyuan County), Xushui (Xushui County). These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ Xiong'an New Area is a special urban area jurisdiction consist of Rongcheng County, Anxin County, & Xiongxian County established after census.
- ^ أ ب New district established after census: Funing (Funing County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ أ ب New districts established after census: Wanquan (Wanquan County), Chongli (Chongli County); Xuanhua County merged into Xuanhua. These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ أ ب New district established after census: Jizhou (Jizhou CLC). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ Luanxian County is currently known as Luanzhou CLC after census.
- ^ Pingquan County is currently known as Pingquan CLC after census.
أكبر cities في Hebei
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[33] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
الترتيب | التعداد | الترتيب | التعداد | ||||||
![]() Shijiazhuang ![]() Handan |
1 | Shijiazhuang | 2,843,100 | 11 | Chengde | 597,800 | ![]() Tangshan ![]() Baoding | ||
2 | Handan | 2,044,000 | 12 | Dingzhou | 416,100 | ||||
3 | Tangshan | 2,041,700 | 13 | Renqiu | 368,500 | ||||
4 | Baoding | 1,730,000 | 14 | Qian'an | 350,000 | ||||
5 | Qinhuangdao | 1,338,600 | 15 | Zhuozhou | 277,800 | ||||
6 | Zhangjiakou | 1,072,200 | 16 | Luanzhou | 273,000 | ||||
7 | Xingtai | 936,800 | 17 | Wu'an | 248,300 | ||||
8 | Cangzhou | 648,800 | 18 | Zunhua | 243,300 | ||||
9 | Hengshui | 643,400 | 19 | Sanhe | 218,700 | ||||
10 | Langfang | 608,400 | 20 | Xinji | 211,300 |
السياسة
الاقتصاد
![](/w/images/thumb/9/90/Shijiazhuang_central.jpg/240px-Shijiazhuang_central.jpg)
![](/w/images/thumb/5/52/20060416050427.jpg/240px-20060416050427.jpg)
تشكلت في المقاطعة صناعة الكيماويات وصناعة التعدين ومواد البناء والماكينات والأطعمة وغيرها من الصناعات الركائزية والصناعة الخفيفة والغزل والنسج وغير ذلك من القطاعات ذات التفوق التقليدي. وكمية إنتاجها من الزجاج المسطح والغزل والفولاذ والإسمنت في مقدمة البلاد. وتشهد السياحة والمعلومات والأعمال المصرفية والعقارات وغيرها من الخدمات بها تطورا سريعا.
وضعت الحكومة المركزية في بكين عددا من الخطط التنموية عبر البلاد، وتوجد بخبي ثلاث مناطق تنموية رئيسية:
- منطقة تشينهوانغداو للتنمية الاقتصادية والتكنولوجية
- منطقة شيجياتشوانغ لتنمية صناعات التكنولوجيا العالية والحديثة
- منطقة باودينغ لتنمية صناعات التكنولوجيا العالية والحديثة
وتشكل خبي مع كل من بلديتي بكين وتيانجين مايعرف باسم منطقة جينغ- جين- جي الاقتصادية. وتستفيد خبي من الأموال والتكنولوجيا وغير ذلك مما تنتجه منطقتي بكين وتيانجين، فيما تزودهما بالبضائع والمواد والطاقة.
الموارد
تعتبر خبي من كبرى المقاطعات الزراعية في البلاد، وإحدى القواعد الهامة للمنتجات المائية في شمال الصين، وتحتل المرتبة الأولى محليا من حيث إنتاج القمح والبقول والفول السوداني. تمتلك موارد معدنية غنية، احتياطي الحديد فيها هو ثاني أكبر الإحتياطيات في الصين كما أن يأتي احتياطي البترول في المركز الثالث.
الديموغرافيا
الجماعات العرقية في خبي، تقديرات 2000 | ||
---|---|---|
القومية | السكان | النسبة |
الهان | 63,781,603 | 95.65% |
المانشو | 2,118,711 | 3.18% |
الهوي | 542,639 | 0.78% |
منغول | 169,887 | 0.26% |
Zhuang | 20,832 | 0.031% |
الأديان
الأديان في خىبـِيْ [34][note 1]
The predominant religions in Hebei are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 5.52% of the population believe in and are involved in ancestor veneration, while 3.05% of the population identify as Christian,[34] mostly of the Catholic Church. Local worship of deities in the region began to organise into "benevolent churches" as a reaction to Catholicism in the Qing dynasty.
The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 90.61% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism and folk religious sects. Zailiism is a folk religious sect that originated in Hebei. There is a presence of Tibetan Buddhist schools in the province.
Hebei has the largest Catholic population in China, with 1 million members according to the local government.[36] and 1.5 million Catholics according to the Catholic Church.[37] The province is considered as the center of Catholicism in China. The town of Donglu in Baoding, where an apparition of the Virgin Mary was reported to have occurred in 1900, is reportedly "one of the strongholds of the unofficial Catholic Church in China".[38]
A large number of Catholics in Hebei remain loyal to the Pope and reject the authority of the Catholic Patriotic Church. Four of Hebei's underground bishops have been imprisoned in recent years: Bishop Francis An Shuxin of Donglu since 1996; Bishop James Su Zhimin since October 1997; and Bishops Han Dingxiang of Yongnian who died in prison in 2007 and Julius Jia Zhiguo of Zhengding since late 1999.[37][39] In 2003 there were 350.000 Protestants and 580.000 Muslims according to government statistics.[40][41] According to a survey, as of 2010 Muslims constitute 0.82% of the population of Hebei.[35]
الثقافة
![](/w/images/thumb/8/8b/Donkey_sandwich%2C_Hejian_style_%2820160220143311%29.jpg/300px-Donkey_sandwich%2C_Hejian_style_%2820160220143311%29.jpg)
الاعلام
النقل
يعبر المقاطعة العديد من خطوط المواصلات الرئيسية، وتحتل مرتبة متقدمة في البلاد من حيث حجم البضائع التي تعبرها -بالسكك الحديدية والطرق البرية- وهي الأولى من حيث تشغيل الطرق السريعة. عدا النقل البري تتوفر "خبي" على العديد من المنشآت الخاصة بالنقل والشحن البحري، من بين الموانئ التي تعدها: ميناء تشينهوانگداو، دينگتانگ، تيانجين وهوانگهوا.
السياحة
الرياضة
الكليات والجامعات
التقسيمات الشقيقة
Hebei is twinned with the following country subdivisions:[42]
Iowa (July 22, 1983)
Nagano Prefecture (November 11, 1983)
Tottori Prefecture (June 9, 1986)
Veneto (May 17, 1988)
East Flanders (October 4, 1991)
Leningrad Oblast (July 20, 1992)
Buenos Aires Province (May 19, 1992)
Missouri (January 25, 1994)
South Chungcheong Province (October 19, 1994)
Hauts-de-Seine (February 11, 1997)
Goiás (March 24, 1999)
Athens (September 26, 2002)
Pest County (May 27, 2015)
انظر ايضا
- Dongyi Protectorate
- خىبـِيْ (شعب)
- قائمة سجون مقاطعة خبي
- Major national historical and cultural sites in Hebei
الملاحظات
- ^ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[34] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i.e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organized into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et. al.) was not reported by Wang. The number of Muslims is taken from a survey reported in the year 2010.[35]
الهوامش
- ^ أ ب Liu, Yanlin (2015). 太行山把最高的山脊留在了河北. Chinese National Geography (in الصينية المبسطة) (2). Retrieved 20 May 2018.
小五台山是太行山主脉上的最高峰,同时也是河北省的最高峰
- ^ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
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- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
- ^ قالب:Lexico
- ^ "河北概况". 河北省人民政府. Archived from the original on 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
- ^ "河北省工业经济概况". 河北省工业和信息化厅. Archived from the original on 2020-01-21. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
- ^ "河北钢铁工业概况". 中国铁合金网. Archived from the original on 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
- ^ "我国各省份名称的由来". 腾讯网. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
- ^ Origin of the Names of China's Provinces, People's Daily Online.
- ^ "Yellow bridge Chinese Dictionary". Yellow Bridge. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^ (in صينية) Origin of the Names of China's Provinces, People's Daily Online.
- ^ "河北省古称"燕赵之地",为什么现在的简称却是"冀"呢?". Sohu. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
- ^
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 6 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 133.
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(help) - ^ "Yongle Emperor". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
- ^ "直隶省的称呼延续了几百年,1928年,为何被改成了河北省?". 快资讯. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
- ^ "New Archaeological Discoveries and Researches in 2004 – The Fourth Archaeology Forum of CASS". Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
- ^ "河北 - 中华名胜". 内地(祖国大陆)高校面向港澳台招生信息网. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
- ^ Zhang, Ling (2016). The River, the Plain, and the State: An Environmental Drama in Northern Song China, 1048-1128 (in English). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 9781107155985.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "濮阳地区一直属于河北省,1952年,为何划归给了河南省?". Sohu. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
- ^ Johnson, Ian (July 19, 2015). "In China, a Supercity Rises Around Beijing". New York Times.
- ^ Wong, Frank (March 16, 2019). "Xiong'an New Area: President Xi's Dream City". China Briefing.
- ^ "全国唯一兼有高原、山地、丘陵、海滨、湖泊的省份". Sohu. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
- ^ "Climate for Baoding". Weather China. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
- ^ "Climate for Qinhuangdao". Weather China. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
- ^ "Climate for Tangshan". Weather China. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
- ^ "Climate for Zhangjiakou". Weather China. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
- ^ 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in الصينية المبسطة). Ministry of Civil Affairs.
- ^ Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. Archived copy 《深圳统计年鉴2014》 (in الصينية المبسطة). China Statistics Print. Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
- ^ Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in الصينية المبسطة). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
- ^ أ ب ت 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Compiled by 国务院人口普查办公室 [Department of Population Census of the State Council], 国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 [Department of Population and Social Science and Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics]. Beijing: China Statistics Print. 2012. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
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: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) (2019). 中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 [China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018] (in الصينية). Beijing: China Statistic Publishing House.
- ^ أ ب ت China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15) Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ أ ب Min Junqing. The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China. JISMOR, 8. 2010 Islam by province, page 29. Data from: Yang Zongde, Study on Current Muslim Population in China, Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010.
- ^ "Archived copy" 天主教. hebmzt.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
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المصادر
- مجلة الصين اليوم
وصلات خارجية
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- مقالات المعرفة المحتوية على معلومات من دائرة المعارف البريطانية طبعة 1911
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