ليبرڤيل

Libreville
Boulevard du nord, Palais du Sénat, Gabon Mining Logistics building, Church of Notre-Dame de Lourdes, The Mosquée du CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire), Bay of the Cap
Flag Coat of arms
Libreville Location in Gabon Libreville Libreville (أفريقيا)
الإحداثيات: 0°23′25″N 9°27′15″E
Country	Gabon
Province	Estuaire Province
Capital district	Libreville
المساحة
• البر	65٫42 كم² (25٫26 ميل²)
• العمران	189 كم² (73 ميل²)
التعداد  (2013 census)
• المدينة	703٬904
HDI (2018)	0.738 high
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.libreville.ga

ليبرڤيــل Libreville العاصمة وأكبر مدينة في بلاد الگابون يبلغ عدد سكانها 350,000 نسمة. تمتد ليبرفيل في الجابون الغربية على خليج غينيا الذي هو ذراع من المحيط الأطلسي وهي ميناء كبير.

تُشكِّل المدينة مركز الجابون التجاري والثقافي. وتُصَنِّع المعامل في ليبرفيل المواد الغذائية والأثاث والخشب والمنسوجات. وتوجد في المدينة مؤسسات متنوعة للبحث والتربية، بما في ذلك جامعة عمر بونگو، المسماة باسم رئيس الجابون الراحل.

ويعني اسم ليبرفيل المدينة الحرة. أسسها ضباط بحرية فرنسيون عام 1849، ملجأ للعبيد المحرّرين. وفي عام 1883م أصبحت عاصمة الجابون، المستعمرة الفرنسية آنذاك. وظلَّت عاصمة للبلاد بعد أن أصبحت مستقلة عام 1960م. ومنذ أواسط السبعينيات من القرن العشرين أقيم في المدينة مركز للمؤتمرات، كما أُقيمت مبانٍ أخرى عديدة.

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 التاريخ

انظر أيضاً: خط زمني لليبرڤيل

مدخل إلى ليبرڤيل، 1899

The area had various native peoples wandering through it, including the Mpongwé tribe; there when the French acquired the land in 1839.

American missionaries from New England established a mission in Baraka, Gabon, on what is now Libreville, in 1842. In 1846, the Brazilian slave ship L'Elizia, carrying slaves from the Congo, was captured near Loango by the French navy which was tasked with contributing to the British Blockade of Africa. Fifty-two of the freed slaves were resettled on the site of Libreville (French for "Freetown") in 1849. It was the chief port of French Equatorial Africa from 1934 to 1946, and was the central focus of the Battle of Gabon in 1940.

In 1910, French Equatorial Africa (Afrique équatoriale française, AEF) was created, and French companies were allowed to exploit the Middle Congo (modern-day Congo-Brazzaville). It soon became necessary to build a railroad that would connect Brazzaville, the terminus of the river navigation on the Congo River and the Ubangui River, with the Atlantic coast. As rapids make it impossible to navigate on the Congo River past Brazzaville, and the coastal railroad terminus site had to allow for the construction of a deep-sea port, authorities chose the site of Ponta Negra instead of Libreville as originally envisaged. Construction of the Congo–Ocean Railway began in 1921, and Libreville was surpassed by the rapid growth of Pointe-Noire, farther down the coast.

Libreville was named in imitation of Freetown, and grew only slowly as a trading post and a minor administrative centre to a population of 32,000 on independence in 1960. It only received its first bank branch when Bank of West Africa (BAO) opened a branch in 1930. Since independence, the city has grown rapidly and now houses nearly half the national population.

 الجغرافيا

صورة ساتلية لليبرڤيل

Beach in Libreville

From north to south, major districts of the city are the residential area Batterie IV, Quartier Louis (known for its nightlife), Mont-Bouët and Nombakélé (busy commercial areas), Glass (the first European settlement in Gabon), Oloumi (a major industrial area) and لالالا، a residential area. The city's port and train station on the Trans-Gabon Railway line to Franceville lie in Owendo, south of the main built-up area. Inland from these districts lie poorer residential areas. North-west of Equatorial Guinea is where the city stands, labeling the city as a part of north-west Gabon. In terms of the country's surrounding boundaries, north is Cameroon, east is Congo, and south-east is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It also rides the shores of the South Atlantic Ocean, which is on the country's west coast for reference. Additionally, in terms of aquatic geography, the Komo River passes through the city and empties into the ocean. The Komo River also stands as a potential hydroelectric source of power for the city which could generate supportive amounts of energy and power. Several city districts provide distinct and separate benefits throughout the city as well. In terms of nightlife, the Quartier Louis sector is most renowned. One of this zone's sides includes the coast, and this heavily influences the possible activities available in the area. Commercial areas within Libreville are housed in the Mont-Bouët and Nombakélé districts, which feature several shopping centers and stations selling purchasable goods. Oloumi contains much of the city's industry, integrating production separately from the districts that focus upon other aspects. Finally, Lalala and Batterie IV are residential and housing sectors, where much of the populace resides.

 المناخ

Climate data for ليبرڤيل (1961-1990)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	29.5 (85.1)	30.0 (86.0)	30.2 (86.4)	30.1 (86.2)	29.4 (84.9)	27.6 (81.7)	26.4 (79.5)	26.8 (80.2)	27.5 (81.5)	28.0 (82.4)	28.4 (83.1)	29.0 (84.2)	28.6 (83.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)	26.8 (80.2)	27.0 (80.6)	27.1 (80.8)	26.6 (79.9)	26.7 (80.1)	25.4 (77.7)	24.3 (75.7)	24.3 (75.7)	25.4 (77.7)	25.7 (78.3)	25.9 (78.6)	26.2 (79.2)	25.9 (78.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	24.1 (75.4)	24.0 (75.2)	23.9 (75.0)	23.1 (73.6)	24.0 (75.2)	23.2 (73.8)	22.1 (71.8)	21.8 (71.2)	23.2 (73.8)	23.4 (74.1)	23.4 (74.1)	23.4 (74.1)	23.3 (73.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	250.3 (9.85)	243.1 (9.57)	363.2 (14.30)	339.0 (13.35)	247.3 (9.74)	54.1 (2.13)	6.6 (0.26)	13.7 (0.54)	104.0 (4.09)	427.2 (16.82)	490.0 (19.29)	303.2 (11.94)	2٬841٫7 (111.88)
Average rainy days	17.9	14.8	19.5	19.2	16.0	3.7	1.7	4.9	14.5	25.0	22.6	17.6	177.4
Average relative humidity (%)	86	84	84	84	84	81	81	81	84	87	87	86	84
Mean monthly sunshine hours	175.2	176.8	176.9	176.8	159.5	130.6	119.2	90.4	95.9	112.9	134.6	167.8	1٬716٫6
Source: NOAA

 الثقافة والتعليم

The Embassy of the USA in Libreville