سننموت

Senenmut
High Steward of the King
تفصيلة لتمثال راكع لـ سنن موت. المتحف الحكومي للفن المصري، ميونخ.
الأسرةالأسرة 18
الفرعونحتشپسوت
الأبرع موسى
الأمحت نوفر
المدفنTT71
sn
n		 mwt
سـِنـِموت / Senemut
بالهيروغليفية
سننموت الجالس محتضناً الأميرة نفرورع بذراعيه، معروضاً في المتحف البريطاني.

سننموت هو المهندس الذي بنى للملكة حتشبسوت (خامس فراعنة الأسرة الثامنة عشر، التي حكمت من 1503 ق.م. حتى 1482 ق.م.) معبدها الشهير في الدير البحري، والذي منحته 80 لقباً ملكياً. اسمه يُترجم حرفياً إلى "الخال".[1]

العائلة

ولد سننموت لأبويين من عامة الشعب هما رعموس وحات نوفر وكان له ثلاثة إخوة، عمل قبل التقائه بحتشبسوت رئيسا للكهنة بمعبد منتو ببلدة أرمنت، وعمل أيضا بمعبد الكرنك حيث كان يلقب بمدير بيت آمون حيث كان المشرف على المخازن والغلال والماشية.

أوكلت اليه حتشبسوت مسؤلية رعاية ابنتها نفرورع حيث كان المربى الخاص بها والمتولى شئون إدارة أملاكها، وقد توفيت هذه الإبنة في العام الحادى عشر لحكم والدتها، ويعتقد أيضا ان سننموت كان الوصى على ابنة حتشبسوت الأخرى مريت رع حتشبسوت.

Stone inscribed with the name of Senenmut, from Thebes, Egypt. Neues Museum, Berlin

السيرة

أشرف سننموت على قطع حجارة ونحت وتشيد المسلتان التي أمرت حتشبسوت بإقامتهما، وما تزال احدهما قائمة حتى الآن وطولها 30 مترا.

وقام سننموت بتصميم المعبد الجنائزى لحتشبسوت بالدير البحري بالقرب من مدخل وادى الملوك على شكل ثلاثة طوابق، وتصور جدران هذا المعبد تفاصيل حياة حتشبسوت مثل قصة ميلادها وكيف ولدت من الآله آمون، وأيضا نقل مسلتيها إلى المعبد والبعثة التي قامت بها إلى بلاد بونت، وقد سمحت حتشبسوت لسننموت بأن يضع اسمه وصورته خلف أحد الأبواب الرئيسية لمعبدها.

معبد الدير البحري
تمثال لسننموت - بمتحف المتروبوليتان

جاءت تلميحات المؤرخين لتشير إلى وجود حالة حب قد جمعت الاثنين سننموت وحتشبسوت. فإنهما الملكة وخادمها أيضا قد شاركا في "حياة أسطورية " وانتهى كل منهما نهاية غامضة، ظلت لغزًا يصعب تفسيره حتى جاء الاكتشاف الأخير ليقطع بوفاتها نتيجة المرض.

بنى سننموت مقبرتين لنفسه واحدة قرب المعبد بالدير البحري والأخرى في جبانة القرنة وقد أصابهما تخريب وتدمير كبير من قبل تحتمس الثالث عندما كان يريد أن يمحو اسم حتشبسوت وآثارها وكل ذكرى لها.

Senenmut first enters the historical record on a national level as the "Steward of the God's Wife" (Hatshepsut) and "Steward of the King's Daughter" (Neferure). Some Egyptologists place Senenmut's entry into royal service during the reign of Thutmose I, but it is far more likely that it occurred during either the reign of Thutmose II or while Hatshepsut was still regent and not pharaoh. After Hatshepsut was crowned pharaoh, Senenmut was given more prestigious titles and became high steward of the king.

Senenmut supervised the quarrying, transport, and erection of twin obelisks, at the time the tallest in the world, at the entrance to the Temple of Karnak. Neither stands today though they were commemorated in the Chapelle Rouge. Karnak's Red Chapel was intended as a barque shrine and may have originally stood between the two obelisks. (The remaining obelisks of Hatshepsut were erected in Year Fifteen as part of her Heb Sed Festival; one still stands in the Temple of Karnak whilst the other is in pieces, having fallen many centuries ago.)

The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

Senenmut claims to be the chief architect of Hatshepsut's works at Deir el-Bahri.[2] Senenmut's masterpiece building project was the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, also known as the Djeser-Djeseru, designed and implemented by Senenmut on a site on the west bank of the Nile, close to the entrance to the Valley of the Kings. The focal point was the Djeser-Djeseru or "the Sublime of the Sublimes" mortuary temple-('Holy (of) Holiests'), a colonnaded structure of perfect harmony built nearly one thousand years before the Parthenon. Djeser-Djeseru sits atop a series of terraces that were once graced with gardens. It is built into a cliff face that rises sharply above it. Djeser-Djeseru and the other buildings of the Deir el-Bahri complex are considered to be among the great buildings of the ancient world. The building complex design is thought to be derived from the mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II built nearly 500 years earlier at Deir-el-Bahri.[3] Senenmut's importance at the royal court under Hatshepsut is unquestionable:

he was able to lay immediate claim to prime construction sites at Sheikh Abd el-Qurna and Deir el Bahri itself for the excavation of his tomb chapel and burial chamber.[4]
TT 353 - a hypogeum commissioned by Senenmut, 97m long and 41m deep

Senenmut's Theban Tomb 71 was started late in Year 7, "shortly after Hatshepsut's accession, the death of Hatnofer, and Hatnofer's interment with the exhumed remains of several family members", while the "excavation on the chapel seems to have continued until after Year 7" of the female pharaoh's reign.[5] Senenmut's tomb appears to have enjoyed Hatshepsut's favour and "his portrayal in the Punt reliefs certainly postdates Year 9" of Hatshepsut.[6]

The earliest known star map in Egypt is found as a main part of a decor in the Tomb of Senenmut. The astronomical ceiling in Senenmut’s tomb (TT 353) is divided into two sections, representing the northern and southern skies. This indicates another dimension of his career, suggesting that he was an ancient astronomer as well.[7]

Plan of tomb TT353

Some Egyptologists have theorized that Senenmut was Hatshepsut's lover. Facts that are typically cited to support the theory are that Hatshepsut allowed Senenmut to place his name and an image of himself behind one of the main doors in Djeser-Djeseru, and the presence of graffiti in an unfinished tomb used as a rest house by the workers of Djeser-Djeseru depicting a male and a hermaphrodite in pharaonic regalia engaging in an explicit sexual act.[8]

مقبرته

The astronomical ceiling in the tomb of Senenmut, advisor to Queen Hatshepsut (18th Dynasty, 1479–1458 BC), is one of the earliest known star charts, showcasing ancient Egyptian knowledge of astronomy and its integration with religion. Located in his tomb at Deir el-Bahari, the ceiling is divided into two distinct sections, each with a unique focus.

Although it is not known where he is buried, Senenmut had a chapel and a tomb constructed for himself. The chapel is at (TT71) in the Tombs of the Nobles and the tomb is at (TT353), near Hatshepsut's mortuary temple, and contains a famous star ceiling. They were both heavily vandalized during the reign of Thutmose III, perhaps during the latter's campaign to eradicate all trace of Hatshepsut's memory. Neither tomb by itself was complete, as would be expected of an Egyptian tomb for a person of high standing. TT71 is a typical Theban Tomb chapel, but does not have burial chambers. TT353 is fully underground without any overground chapel. They complement each other and are only, together, a full burial monument.[9]


The astronomical ceiling in the tomb of Senenmut, advisor to Queen Hatshepsut (18th Dynasty, 1479–1458 BC), is one of the earliest known star charts, showcasing ancient Egyptian knowledge of astronomy and its integration with religion. Located in his tomb at Deir el-Bahari, the ceiling is divided into two distinct sections, each with a unique focus.

The northern panel depicts constellations, including Orion, associated with the god Osiris, and the circumpolar stars, or “Imperishable Stars,” which never set and symbolized eternity. It also includes decans, star groups marking 10-day intervals used to track the Egyptian calendar. While some constellations are identifiable, the precise meaning of others remains uncertain, leaving aspects of their significance open to debate. This panel highlights the fixed, unchanging elements of the heavens, associated with stability and immortality.

The southern panel presents a diagram of the solar calendar, showing the twelve months, lunar phases, and celestial deities, emphasizing the cyclical nature of time. Some of the celestial deities and symbols depicted lack full explanation, as their specific roles within the chart remain unclear. Together, these panels blend scientific knowledge and religious symbolism, aligning Senenmut’s tomb with the cosmos and securing his journey to the afterlife.


الهامش

  1. ^ Hermann Ranke, Die Ägyptischen Personennamen (Glückstadt, 1935): p. 309, 3,
    "śn-n-mw·t
    sn
    n    		 H_SPACE
    t    		 mwt
    ,
    snn
    n    		 mwtt
    ,
    snA1nmwtt

    u. ä. ‚der Mutterbruder‘ (vgl. śn·t‐n·t-mw·t)"
  2. ^ Senenmut's specific claim to work at Deir El-Bahri is mentioned on Fort Worth AP 85.2, on CG 579 and Theban tomb 353.
  3. ^ I.E.S. Edwards The Pyramids of Ancient Egypt pg. 218.
  4. ^ Dorman, The Monuments of Senenmut, p.172
  5. ^ Dorman, The Monuments of Senenmut, p.172
  6. ^ Dorman, The Monuments of Senenmut, p.172
  7. ^ Novakovic, Bojan. Senenmut: An Ancient Egyptian Astronomer. http://publications.aob.rs/85/pdf/019-023.pdf
  8. ^ Senenmut and Hatshepsut. Retrieved 2009-5-24.
  9. ^ Dorman, The Monuments of Senenmut, p.109.

معرض الصور

رسوم جدارية تصور سننموت

  • Ostracon found from the dump below Senenmut's tomb chapel (SAE 71) thought to depict his profile. Now residing in the Metropolitan Museum.

    Ostracon found from the dump below Senenmut's tomb chapel (SAE 71) thought to depict his profile. Now residing in the Metropolitan Museum.

  • Ostracon found from the dump below Senenmut's tomb chapel (SAE 71) thought to depict his double profile. Now residing in the Metropolitan Museum.

    Ostracon found from the dump below Senenmut's tomb chapel (SAE 71) thought to depict his double profile. Now residing in the Metropolitan Museum.

  • Ostracon found from the dump below Senenmut's tomb chapel (SAE 71) thought to depict his profile. Now residing in the Metropolitan Museum.

    Ostracon found from the dump below Senenmut's tomb chapel (SAE 71) thought to depict his profile. Now residing in the Metropolitan Museum.

أعمال من مقابره

  • The only known private example of a private sarcophagus made of the same stone normally reserved for royals. It is unlikely that Senenmut was ever interred in it, due to its unfinished nature. Now residing in the Metropolitan Museum.

    The only known private example of a private sarcophagus made of the same stone normally reserved for royals. It is unlikely that Senenmut was ever interred in it, due to its unfinished nature. Now residing in the Metropolitan Museum.

  • Painted ceiling decoration from the tomb of Senenmut (SAE 71). Now residing in the Metropolitan Museum.

    Painted ceiling decoration from the tomb of Senenmut (SAE 71). Now residing in the Metropolitan Museum.

  • Painted ceiling decoration from the tomb of Senenmut (SAE 71). Now residing in the Metropolitan Museum.

    Painted ceiling decoration from the tomb of Senenmut (SAE 71). Now residing in the Metropolitan Museum.

  • Painted ceiling decoration from the tomb of Senenmut (SAE 71). Now residing in the Metropolitan Museum.

    Painted ceiling decoration from the tomb of Senenmut (SAE 71). Now residing in the Metropolitan Museum.

  • Bottom portion of Astronomical chart[1]

    Bottom portion of Astronomical chart[1]

نحت

وصلات خارجية

  1. ^ Full version at Met Museum
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