الأسرة المصرية الثامنة عشر
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الأسرة المصرية الثامنة عشر[1] (ح. 1543–1292 ق.م.)، هي أسرة فرعونية قديمة حكمت مصر في الفترة (1550 ق.م. - 1292 ق.م.) ، في الدولة الحديثة بمصر القديمة. وتعتبر من أشهر وأقوى الأسرة المصرية على الإطلاق.
The Eighteenth Dynasty spanned the period from 1549/1550 to 1292 BC. This dynasty is also known as the Thutmosid Dynasty for the four pharaohs named Thutmose.
Several of Egypt's most famous pharaohs were from the Eighteenth Dynasty, including Tutankhamun, whose tomb was found by Howard Carter in 1922. Other famous pharaohs of the dynasty include Hatshepsut (c. 1479 BC–1458 BC), the longest-reigning woman pharaoh of an indigenous dynasty, and Akhenaten (c. 1353–1336 BC), the "heretic pharaoh", with his Great Royal Wife, Nefertiti. The Eighteenth Dynasty is unique among Egyptian dynasties in that it had two women who ruled as sole pharaoh: Hatshepsut, who is regarded as one of the most innovative rulers of ancient Egypt, and Neferneferuaten, usually identified as the iconic Nefertiti.[2]
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التاريخ
أوائل عهد الأسرة
Dynasty XVIII was founded by Ahmose I, the brother or son of Kamose, the last ruler of the 17th Dynasty. Ahmose finished the campaign to expel the Hyksos rulers. His reign is seen as the end of the Second Intermediate Period and the start of the New Kingdom. Ahmose was succeeded by his son, Amenhotep I, whose reign was relatively uneventful.[3]
Amenhotep I probably left no male heir and the next pharaoh, Thutmose I, seems to have been related to the royal family through marriage. During his reign the borders of Egypt's empire reached their greatest expanse, extending in the north to Carchemish on the Euphrates and in the south up to Kurgus beyond the fourth cataract of the Nile. Thutmose I was succeeded by Thutmose II and his queen, Hatshepsut, who was the daughter of Thutmose I. After her husband's death and a period of regency for her minor stepson (who would later become pharaoh as Thutmose III) Hatshepsut became pharaoh in her own right and ruled for over twenty years.
Thutmose III, who became known as the greatest military pharaoh ever, also had a lengthy reign after becoming pharaoh. He had a second co-regency in his old age with his son Amenhotep II. Amenhotep II was succeeded by Thutmose IV, who in his turn was followed by his son Amenhotep III, whose reign is seen as a high point in this dynasty. Amenhotep III undertook large scale building programmes, the extent of which can only be compared with those of the much longer reign of Ramesses II during Dynasty XIX.[4]
أخناتون، فترة العمارنة، وتوت عنج أمون
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Amenhotep III may have shared the throne for up to twelve years with his son Amenhotep IV. There is much debate about this proposed co-regency, with different experts considering that there was a lengthy co-regency, a short one, or none at all.
In the fifth year of his reign, Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten (ꜣḫ-n-jtn, "Effective for the Aten") and moved his capital to Amarna, which he named Akhetaten. During the reign of Akhenaten, the Aten (jtn, the sun disk) became, first, the most prominent deity, and eventually came to be considered the only god.[5] Whether this amounted to true monotheism continues to be the subject of debate within the academic community. Some state that Akhenaten created a monotheism, while others point out that he merely suppressed a dominant solar cult by the assertion of another, while he never completely abandoned several other traditional deities.
Later Egyptians considered this "Amarna Period" an unfortunate aberration. The events following Akhenaten's death are unclear. Individuals named Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten are known but their relative placement and role in history is still much debated; Neferneferuaten was likely Akhetaten's Great Royal Wife Nefertiti's regnal name as pharaoh. Tutankhamun eventually took the throne but died young.[6]
آي وحور محب
The last two members of the Eighteenth Dynasty—Ay and Horemheb—became rulers from the ranks of officials in the royal court, although Ay might also have been the maternal uncle of Akhenaten as a fellow descendant of Yuya and Tjuyu.
Ay may have married the widowed Great Royal Wife and young half-sister of Tutankhamun, Ankhesenamun, in order to obtain power; she did not live long afterward. Ay then married Tey, who was originally Nefertiti's wet-nurse.
Ay's reign was short. His successor was Horemheb, a general during Tutankhamun's reign whom the childless pharaoh may have intended as his successor.[6] Horemheb may have taken the throne away from Ay in a coup d'état.
Horemheb died childless, having appointed his successor, Ramesses I, who ascended the throne in 1292 BC and was the first pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty.
_and_birth-name_and_the_epithet_%22god%27s_father_Ay_the_god_the_ruler_of_Thebes%22_(right)_of_Ay._From_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology.jpg)
This example to the right depicts a man named Ay who achieved the exalted religious positions of Second Prophet of Amun and High Priest of Mut at Thebes. His career flourished during the reign of Tutankhamun, when the statue was made. The cartouches of King Ay, Tutankhamun's successor appearing on the statue, were an attempt by an artisan to "update" the sculpture.[7]
التأريخ
Radiocarbon dating suggests that Dynasty XVIII may have started a few years earlier than the conventional date of 1550 BC. The radiocarbon date range for its beginning is 1570–1544 BC, the mean point of which is 1557 BC.[8]
فراعنة الأسرة
حكم فراعنة الأسرة الثامن عشر لحوالي مائتين وخمسين عامًا (1550-1298 قبل الميلاد).[9] دفن العديد من الفراعنة في وادي الملوك في طيبة (تعين بحرفي KV).[10] كما أن العديد الزيجات الدبلوماسية للمملكة الجديد. غالبا ما تذكر زيجات بنات الملوك الأجانب فقط في النصوص المسمارية والتي لا تعرف من مصادر أخرى. كانت أن الزيجات على الأرجح وسيلة لتوتيض العلاقات الجيدة بين هذه الدول.[11]
| الفرعون | اسم-حورس | الحكم (ق.م.) | الدفه | القرين |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| أحمس الأول | Nebpehtire | 1549–1524 ق.م. | أحمس نفرتاري Ahmose-Henuttamehu Ahmose-Sitkamose | |
| أمنحوتب الأول | Djeserkare | 1524–1503 ق.م. | KV39? أو Tomb ANB? | Ahmose-Meritamon |
| تحتمس الأول | Akheperkare | 1503–1493 ق.م. | KV20, KV38 | Ahmose Mutnofret |
| تحتمس الثاني | Akheperenre | 1493–1479 BC | KV42? | حتشبسوت Iset |
| حتشبسوت | Maatkare | 1479–1458 ق.م. | KV20 | تحتمس الثاني |
| تحتمس الثالث | Menkheper(en)re | 1479–1425 ق.م. | KV34 | Satiah Merytre-Hatshepsut Nebtu Menhet, Menwi and Merti |
| أمنحوتب الثاني | Akheperure | 1425–1398 ق.م. | KV35 | Tiaa |
| تحتمس الرابع | Menkheperure | 1398–1388 ق.م. | KV43 | Nefertari Iaret Mutemwiya Daughter of Artatama I of Mitanni |
| أمنحوتب الثالث | Nebmaatre | 1388–1350 ق.م. | KV22 | تييه Gilukhipa of Mitanni Tadukhipa of Mitanni Sitamun Iset Daughter of Kurigalzu I of Babylon.[11] Daughter of Kadashman-Enlil of Babylon.[11] Daughter of Tarhundaradu of Arzawa.[11] Daughter of the ruler of Ammia[11] |
| أمنحوتب الرابع/أخناتن | Neferkepherure-Waenre | 1351–1334 ق.م. | مقبرة أخناتن الملكية | نفرتيتي Kiya Tadukhipa of Mitanni Daughter of Šatiya, ruler of Enišasi[11] meritaten? meketaten? Ankhesenamun ابنة Burna-Buriash II, King of Babylon[11] |
| سمنخ كا رع | Ankhkheperure | 1335–1334 ق.م. | meritaten | |
| Neferneferuaten | Ankhkheperure | 1334–1332 ق.م. | Nefertiti? Akhenaten? | |
| توت عنخ أمون | Nebkheperure | 1332–1323 ق.م. | KV62 | Ankhesenamun |
| آي | خبرخبرو رع آي | 1323–1319 ق.م. | KV23 | Ankhesenamun Tey |
| حور محب | Djeserkheperure-Setepenre | 1319–1292 BC | KV57 | Mutnedjmet Amenia |
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خط زمني
اكتشافات 2015
في مارس 2015، أعلنت وزارة الآثار المصرية، عن اكتشاف مقبرتين قديمتين تابعتين لأمنحتب، حارس معبد الإله آمون، في جنوب مدينة الأقصر.[12] وقالت الوزارة إن المقبرتين وجدتا بالقرب من جنوب مدينة الأقصر، وتعودان إلى عصر الدولة الحديثة من عهد الأسرة الفرعونية 18. ووزعت الوزارة صورا رائعة تظهر المقبرتين وعلى جانبيهما لوحات بألوان خضراء وبُنية مذهلة، مع كتابات هيروغليفية على الجداريات تصور الاحتفالات والأنشطة اليومية للمصريين القدماء، وعلى الرغم من مضي كل هذه السنوات الطوال، إلا أن الألوان والصور حافظت على روعتها ورونقها بشكل مدهش.
ويبدو أن المقبرتين قد نهبتا في وقت ما، وأن التوابيت التي كانت تحتوي على المومياوات والمرصعة بالجواهر فُقدت نتيجة لأعمال السلب والنهب للمقابر الفرعونية منذ قديم الزمان. وتحتوي المقبرتين على العديد من المشاهد زاهية الألوان تمثل صاحب المقبرة وزوجته أمام مائدة القرابين، ومشاهد تصور إلهة تعالج طفلا ملكيا، وكذلك مشاهد من الحياة اليومية. وتم اكتشاف المقبرة الأولى يوم 2 مارس، واكتشفت الثانية يوم 10 مارس، ويعتقد أن المقبرة الثانية تعود إلى "سا- موت" وزوجته، "تا- خيت"، أما المقبرة الأولى فيعتقد أنها لوالد "سا- موت" أمنحتب.
معرض الصور
أحمس نفرتاري.
أمنحوتب الأول ووالدته.
Sketch from temple relief of Thutmose II. Considered a weak ruler, he was married to his sister Hatshepsut. He named Thutmose III, his son as successor to prevent Hatshepsut from gaining the throne. They had a daughter, Neferure.
Hatshepsut. Daughter of Thutmose I, she ruled jointly as her stepson Thutmose III's co-regent. She soon took the throne for herself, and declared herself pharaoh. While there may have been other female rulers before her, she is the only one who used the symbolic beard.
Thutmosis III, a military man and member of the Thutmosid royal line is commonly called the "Napoleon of Egypt". His conquests of the Levant brought Egypt's territories and influence to its greatest extent.
Thutmose IV.
Queen Nefertiti the daughter of Ay, married Akhenaten. Her role in daily life at the court soon extended from Great Royal Wife to that of a co-regent. It is also possible that she may have ruled Egypt in her own right as pharaoh, Neferneferuaten.
Queen Meritaten, was the oldest daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. She was the wife of Smenkhkare. She also may have ruled Egypt in her own right as pharaoh and is one the possible candidates of being the pharaoh, Neferneferuaten.
Neferneferure and Neferneferuaten Tasherit. Shown here as children, they were two of six daughters born to Akhenaten and Nefertiti. It is possible that Neferneferuaten Tasherit was the one who may have been her father's co-regent and may have ruled as the female pharaoh, Neferneferuaten.
Smenkhkare, was a co-regent of Akhenaten who ruled after his death. It was believed that Smenkhkare was a male guise of Nefertiti, however, it is accepted that Smenkhkare was a male. He took Meritaten, Queen Nefertiti's daughter as his wife.
Tutankhamun, formerly Tutankhaten, was Akhenaten's son. As pharaoh, he instigated policies to restore Egypt to its old religion and moved the capital away from Akhetaten.
Ay served as vizier to Akhenaten, and Tutankhamun. He was the father of Nefertiti. After the death of Tutankhamun, Ay lay a claim to the throne by burying him and marrying his granddaughter Ankhesenamun.
After the death of Ay, Horemheb assumed the throne. A commoner, he had served as vizier to both Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb instigated a policy of damnatio memoriae, against everyone associated with the Amarna period. He was married to Nefertiti's sister, Mutnodjmet, who died in child birth. With no heir, he appointed his own vizier, Paramessu as his successor.
تييه was the daughter of the visizer, Yuya. She married Amenhotep III, and became his principal wife. Her knowledge of government helped her gain power in her position and she was soon running affairs of state and foreign affairs for her husband, Amenhotep III and later her son, Akhenaten. She is also Tutankhamun's grandmother.
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انظر أيضاً
المصادر
- ^ Kuhrt 1995: 186
- ^ Daniel Molinari (2014-09-16), Egypts Lost Queens, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmFM-rPerL4, retrieved on 2017-11-14
- ^ Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton: pg 122
- ^ Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton: pg 130
- ^ Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2010). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-500-28857-3.
- ^ أ ب Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2010). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-500-28857-3.
- ^ "Block Statue of Ay". brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
- ^ Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al., Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt, Science 18 June 2010: Vol. 328. no. 5985, pp. 1554–1557.
- ^ Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, London 2004
- ^ Sites in the Valley of the Kings
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Grajetzki, Ancient Egyptian Queens: A Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Golden House Publications, London, 2005, ISBN 978-0954721893
- ^ "بالصور.. اكتشاف مقبرتين فرعونيتين من الأسرة الـ 18 بجداريات ذات ألوان مذهلة". روسيا اليوم. 2015-03-17. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
المراجع
- Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East: c. 3000–330 BC. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415013536.
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وصلات خارجية
- Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF)