روبن كوك


روبن كوك
Robin Cook-close crop.jpg
كوك في عام 1997
رئيس حزب الاشتراكيين الأوروبيين
في المنصب
11 يونيو 2001 – 24 يوليو 2004
سبقهرودولف شاربينگ
خلـَفهبول نيروب راسموسن
رئيس مجلس العموم
اللورد رئيس المجلس
في المنصب
8 يونيو 2001 – 17 مارس 2003
رئيس الوزراءطوني بلير
النائب
سبقهمارگريت بيكيت
خلـَفهجون ريد
وزير الدولة للشؤون الخارجية وشؤون الكومنولث
في المنصب
2 مايو 1997 – 8 يونيو 2001
رئيس الوزراءطوني بلير
سبقهمالكولم ريفكيند
خلـَفهجاك سترو
Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
في المنصب
20 أكتوبر 1994 – 2 مايو 1997
الزعيمطوني بلير
سبقهجاك كننغهام
خلـَفهجون ميجور
وزير في حكومة الظل للتجارة والصناعة
في المنصب
18 يوليو 1992 – 20 أكتوبر 1994
الزعيم
سبقهجوردون براون
خلـَفه[جاك كننغهام]]
وزير في حكومة الظل للصحة[أ]
في المنصب
2 نوفمبر 1989 – 18 يوليو 1992
الزعيمنيل كينوك
سبقهمايكل ميتشر
خلـَفهديفيد بلانكيت
Parliamentary offices
عضو بالبرلمان البريطاني
عن ليفينغستون
في المنصب
9 يونيو 1983 – 6 أغسطس 2005
سبقهConstituency established
خلـَفهجيم ديڤين
عضو بالبرلمان t
عن إدنبرة الوسطى
في المنصب
28 فبراير 1978 – 9 يونيو 1983
سبقهتوم أوزوالد
خلـَفهالكسندر فليتشر
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد
روبرت فينلايسون كوك

(1946-02-28)28 فبراير 1946
بيلشيل، اسكتلندا
توفي6 أغسطس 2005(2005-08-06) (aged 59)
إينفيرنيس، اسكتلندا
المثوىمقبرة گرانگ، إدنبرة، اسكتلندا
الحزبLabour
الزوج
Margaret Whitmore
(m. 1969; div. 1998)

Gaynor Regan
(m. 1998)
الأنجال2
المدرسة الأمجامعة ادنبرة
التوقيع

روبرت فينلايسون (روبن) كوك (ولد 28 فبراير 1946 - توفي 6 أغسطس 2005) هو سياسي بريطاني عن حزب العمال، وشغل منصب عضو البرلمان كنائب عن ليفينغستون منذ 1983 حتى وفاته، وعمل في الحكومة البريطانية بصفته وزيراً للخارجية من عام 1997 حتى 2001، عندما تم استبداله بـ جاك سترو.كما شغل منصب رئيس العموم البريطاني من عام 2001 حتى عام 2003. درس في جامعة إدنبرة قبل انتخابه عضوًا في البرلمان عن إدنبرة الوسطى في عام 1974. وفي البرلمان عُرف بقدرته على المناظرة والخطابة وسرعان ما ارتقى في المناصب السياسية، إلى أن عين في حكومة طوني بلير، كوزير للخارجية، وأشرف خلال فترة توليه المنصب على التدخلات البريطانية في كوسوفو وسيراليون.

واستقال من منصبي عضو مجلس العموم ومنصب رئيس مجلس العموم في 17 مارس 2003 احتجاجًا على غزو العراق . حين وفاته، كان يعمل رئيسًا لـ مركز السياسة الخارجية ونائب رئيس المجموعة البرلمانية لكل الأحزاب الأمريكية والمجموعة البرلمانية للأمن العالمي.

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الحياة المبكرة

وُلد روبن كوك في مقاطعة بيلشيل، باسكتلندا،[1] وهو الابن الوحيد لبيتر (29 مايو 1912 - 20 مارس 2003) وكريستينا كوك. كان والده مدرس كيمياء نشأ في فرازربورغ، وكان جده عامل منجم قبل القائمة السوداء لتورطه في إضراب.

تلقى كوك تعليمه في المدرسة الثانوية الملكية في إدنبرة، بدءاً من عام 1960.[1] في البداية، كان كوك ينوي أن ينضم لكنيسة اسكتلندا، لكنه فقد إيمانه عندما اكتشف السياسة. وانضم إلى حزب العمال عام 1965 وأصبح ملحدًا. وظل كذلك لبقية حياته.[بحاجة لمصدر] درس الأدب الإنجليزي في جامعة إدنبرة، حيث حصل على شهادة ماجستير في الآداب مع مرتبة الشرف في الأدب الإنجليزي. وبدأ الدراسة للحصول على الدكتوراه عن تشارلز ديكنز والروايات المتسلسلة الفيكتورية، تحت إشراف جون ساذرلاند ، لكنه تخلى عنها في عام 1970.[بحاجة لمصدر] في عام 1971، وبعد فترة من العمل مدرساً في مدرسة ثانوية، أصبح كوك مدرسًا منظمًا لجمعية تعليم العمال بلوثيان [بحاجة لمصدر] وكمستشار محلي في إدنبرة.[بحاجة لمصدر] لاحقاً تخلى عن المنصبين عندما انتخب نائبا في البرلمان في عيد ميلاده الثامن والعشرين، في فبراير 1974.[بحاجة لمصدر]


السنوات الأولى في البرلمان

طعن كوك دون جدوى في نتائج دائرة إدنبرة الشمالية في الانتخابات العامة لعام 1970،وتم انتخابه في مجلس العموم في الانتخابات العامة التي تمت في شهر فبراير 1974 كعضو في البرلمان عن إدنبرة الوسطى، بعد هزيمة جورج فولكس. في عام 1981، كان كوك عضوًا في "مجموعة دراسة حزب العمل الدفاعية" المناهضة للأسلحة النووية.[2] وعندما تمت مراجعة حدود الدوائر من أجل الانتخابات العامة 1983، انتقل إلى دائرة ليفينغستون بعد رفض طوني بين الترشح للمقعد. وبقي كوك يمثل ليفينغستون حتى وفاته.

في البرلمان، انضم كوك إلى الجناح اليساري، ومجموعة تريبيون من حزب العمال البريطاني وعارض كثيرًا سياسات حكومتي ويلسون وكالاگان. كما كان من أوائل المؤيدين للإصلاح الانتخابي (على الرغم من أنه عارض تفويض السلطة في استفتاء عام 1979 ، وأبدى في النهاية تأييده ليلة الانتخابات في عام 1983) والجهود المبذولة لزيادة عدد النائبات. [بحاجة لمصدر] كما أيد نزع السلاح النووي أحادي الجانب. [بحاجة لمصدر] خلال فترة عمله في السنوات الأولى في البرلمان، دافع كوك عن العديد من الإجراءات الاجتماعية التحررية، وكان لها تأثير متباين. قدم مرارًا وتكرارًا (ولكن دون جدوى) مشروع قانون خاص بشأن إصلاح قانون الطلاق في اسكتلندا، لكنه نجح في يوليو 1980 - وبعد ثلاث سنوات من المحاولة - مع تعديل لجعل القانون الاسكتلندي بشأن المثلية الجنسية يتماشى مع القانون في إنجلترا.

بعد هزيمة حزب العمال في الانتخابات العامة في مايو 1979، أيد كوك محاولة مايكل فوت للقيادة وانضم إلى لجنة ضمن حملته. وعندما نافس توني بين، دينيس هيلي لمنصب نائب قيادة الحزب في سبتمبر 1981، دعم كوك هيلي.[3]

في المعارضة

أصبح كوك معروفًا بأنه مناظر برلماني لامع، وترقى في صفوف الحزب، وأصبح المتحدث باسم الجبهة الأمامية في عام 1980، ووصل إلى حكومة الظل في يونيو 1983، وكان المتحدث الرسمي للشؤون الأوروبية. كما أدار الحملة الناجحة ليقود نيل كينوك لزعامة حزب العمال في 1983. وبعد مرور عام، تم تعيينه منسقًا للحملة الحزبية. أعيد انتخابه في يوليو 1987 وفي أكتوبر 1988 تم انتخابه في اللجنة التنفيذية الوطنية لحزب العمال. وكان أحد الشخصيات الرئيسية في تحديث حزب العمل تحت قيادة كينوك.[3] وكان وزير الصحة في حكومة الظل بين (1987-1992) ووزير التجارة في حكومة الظل بين (1992-1994)، وذلك قبل توليه الشؤون الخارجية في عام 1994، وهو المنصب الأكثر ارتباطًا بـ وزير الخارجية 1997-2001. في عام 1994، بعد وفاة جون سميث، استبعد نفسه من التنافس على قيادة حزب العمال، ويرجح أنه لم يكن يجد نفسه "جذابًا بدرجة كافية" ليكون فائزًا في الانتخابات[4]. في 26 فبراير 1996، وبعد نشر تقرير سكوت في قضية "الأسلحة إلى العراق"، ألقى خطابًا ردًا على رئيس مجلس التجارة آنذاك إيان لانغ قال فيه "هذه ليست مجرد حكومة لا تعرف كيف تقبل النقد؛ إنها حكومة لا تعرف العار". وتمت الإشادة على نطاق واسع بأدائه البرلماني بمناسبة نشر تقرير سكوت المكون من خمسة مجلدات والمكون من 2000 صفحة (والذي ادعى كوك لاحقاً، بأنه لم يُمنح سوى ساعتين لقراءته قبل مناقشته، مما منحه معدل ثلاث ثوانٍ لقراءة كل صفحة). وأكد الجميع أن خطابه كان واحداً من أفضل الخطابات التي شهدها مجلس العموم منذ سنوات، وواحدة من أفضل أوقات كوك. وفي النهاية فازت الحكومة في التصويت بأغلبية صوت واحد.

وبصفته رئيسًا مشتركًا (جنبًا إلى جنب مع ممثل الحزب الديموقراطي الليبرالي النائب روبرت ماكلينان) للجنة الاستشارية المشتركة للعمال الليبراليين الديمقراطيين حول الإصلاح الدستوري، توسط كوك في "اتفاقية كوك ماكلينان" التي وضعت أساس لإعادة التشكيل الأساسي للدستور البريطاني المبين في بيان حزب العمال للانتخابات العامة لعام 1997. فقد أدى هذا إلى تشريعات أفضت لإصلاحات كبرى بما في ذلك الصلاحيات الاسكتلندية والويلزية، وقانون حقوق الإنسان وإزالة غالبية أقرانهم بالوراثة من مجلس اللوردات.وفي 5 مايو 2011، أجرت المملكة المتحدة استفتاء حول استبدال نظام التصويت البديل بأسلوب التصويت أخر. لكن في 6 مايو تم الإعلان عن رفض الانتقال المقترح إلى نظام التصويت بهامش 67.9٪ مقابل 32.1٪.

In government

Foreign Secretary

With the election of a Labour government led by Tony Blair at the 1997 general election, Cook became Foreign Secretary. He was believed to have coveted the job of Chancellor of the Exchequer, but that job was reportedly promised by Tony Blair to Gordon Brown. He announced, to much scepticism, his intention to add "an ethical dimension" to foreign policy.[بحاجة لمصدر]

His term as Foreign Secretary was marked by British interventions in Kosovo and Sierra Leone. Both of these were controversial, the former because it was not sanctioned by the UN Security Council, and the latter because of allegations that the British company Sandline International had supplied arms to supporters of the deposed president in contravention of a United Nations embargo.[5] Cook was also embarrassed when his apparent offer to mediate in the dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir was rebuffed. The ethical dimension of his policies was subject to inevitable scrutiny, leading to criticism at times.

Cook was responsible for achieving the agreement between the UK and Iran that ended the Iranian death threat against author Salman Rushdie, allowing both nations to normalize diplomatic relations.[بحاجة لمصدر] He is also credited with having helped resolve the eight-year impasse over the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial by getting Libya to agree to hand over the two accused (Megrahi and Fhimah) in 1999, for trial in the Netherlands according to Scots law.[بحاجة لمصدر]

In March 1998, a diplomatic rift ensued with Israel when Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu cancelled a dinner with Cook, while Cook was visiting Israel and had demonstrated opposition to the expansion of Israeli settlements.[6]

Although a republican,[7] he and the Queen were on excellent terms, due to their mutual interest in horses.[8]

Leader of the House of Commons

Following the 2001 general election he was moved, against his wishes, from the Foreign Office to be Leader of the House of Commons. This was widely seen as a demotion—although it is a Cabinet post, it is substantially less prestigious than the Foreign Office—and Cook nearly turned it down. In the event he accepted, and looking on the bright side welcomed the chance to spend more time on his favourite stage. According to The Observer,[9] it was Blair's fears over political battles within the Cabinet over Europe, and especially the euro, which saw him demote the pro-European Cook.

As Leader of the House he was responsible for reforming the hours and practices of the Commons and for leading the debate on reform of the House of Lords. He also spoke for the Government during the controversy surrounding the membership of Commons Select Committees which arose in 2001, where Government whips were accused of pushing aside the outspoken committee chairs Gwyneth Dunwoody and Donald Anderson.[10] He was President of the Party of European Socialists from May 2001 to April 2004.

In early 2003, during a television appearance on BBC's debating series Question Time, he was inadvertently referred to as "Robin Cock" by David Dimbleby. Cook responded with good humour with "Yes, David Bumblebee", and Dimbleby apologised twice on air for his slip.[11] The episode also saw Cook in the uncomfortable position of defending the Government's stance over the impending invasion of Iraq, weeks before his resignation over the issue.

He documented his time as Leader of the House of Commons in a widely acclaimed memoir The Point of Departure, which discussed in diary form his efforts to reform the House of Lords and to persuade his ministerial colleagues, including Tony Blair, to distance the Labour Government from the foreign policy of the Bush administration. The former political editor of Channel 4 News, Elinor Goodman called the book 'the best insight yet into the workings of the Blair cabinet', the former editor of The Observer, Will Hutton, called it "the political book of the year—a lucid and compelling insider's account of the two years that define the Blair Prime Ministership".

Resignation over Iraq war

In early 2003 he was reported to be one of the cabinet's chief opponents of military action against Iraq, and on 17 March he resigned from the Cabinet. In a statement giving his reasons for resigning he said, "I can't accept collective responsibility for the decision to commit Britain now to military action in Iraq without international agreement or domestic support." He also praised Blair's "heroic efforts" in pushing for the so-called second resolution regarding the Iraq disarmament crisis, but lamented "The reality is that Britain is being asked to embark on a war without agreement in any of the international bodies of which we are a leading partner—not NATO, not the European Union and, now, not the Security Council". Cook's heartfelt resignation speech[12] in the House of Commons received an unprecedented standing ovation from some fellow MPs, and was described by the BBC's Andrew Marr as "without doubt one of the most effective, brilliant resignation speeches in modern British politics."[13] Most unusually for the British parliament, Cook's speech was met with growing applause from all sides of the House and from the public gallery. According to The Economist's obituary, that was the first speech ever to receive a standing ovation in the history of the House.[14]

Outside the government

Following his 2003 resignation from the Cabinet, Cook remained an active backbench Member of Parliament until his death. After leaving the Government, Cook was a leading analyst of the decision to go to war in Iraq, giving evidence to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee which was later relevant during the Hutton and Butler inquiries. He was sceptical of the proposals contained in the Government's Higher Education Bill, and abstained on its Second Reading.[15] He also took strong positions in favour of both the proposed European Constitution,[16] and the reform of the House of Lords to create a majority-elected second chamber,[17][18] about which he said (while he was Leader of the Commons), "I do not see how [the House of Lords] can be a democratic second Chamber if it is also an election-free zone".

In October 2004 Cook hosted an episode of the longrunning BBC panel show Have I Got News for You.[19]

In the years after his exit from the Foreign Office, and particularly following his resignation from the Cabinet, Cook made up with Gordon Brown after decades of personal animosity[20] — an unlikely reconciliation after a mediation attempt by Frank Dobson in the early 1990s had seen Dobson conclude (to John Smith) "You're right. They hate each other." Cook and Brown focused on their common political ground, discussing how to firmly entrench progressive politics after the exit of Tony Blair.[21] Chris Smith said in 2005 that in recent years Cook had been setting out a vision of "libertarian, democratic socialism that was beginning to break the sometimes sterile boundaries of 'old' and 'New' Labour labels".[22] With Blair's popularity waning, Cook campaigned vigorously in the run-up to the 2005 general election to persuade Labour doubters to remain with the party.

In a column for the Guardian four weeks before his death, Cook caused a stir when he described Al-Qaeda as a product of a western intelligence:

Bin Laden was, though, a product of a monumental miscalculation by Western security agencies. Throughout the 80s he was armed by the CIA and funded by the Saudis to wage jihad against the Russian occupation of Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda, literally "the database", was originally the computer file of the thousands of mujahideen who were recruited and trained with help from the CIA to defeat the Russians.[23]

Some commentators and senior politicians said that Cook seemed destined for a senior Cabinet post under a Brown premiership.[24]

In the 2005 general election, his first election as a backbencher in over 20 years, he held his Livingston seat with an increased majority of 13,097.


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Personal life

His first wife was Margaret Katherine Whitmore, from Somerset, whom he met at Edinburgh University. They married on 15 September 1969 at St Alban's Church, Westbury Park, Bristol[25] and had two sons.[26][27]

Shortly after he became Foreign Secretary, Cook ended his relationship with Margaret, revealing that he was having an extra-marital affair with one of his staff, Gaynor Regan. He announced his intentions to leave his wife via a press statement made at Heathrow on 2 August 1997. Cook was forced into a decision over his private life following a telephone conversation with Alastair Campbell as he was about to go on holiday with his first wife. Campbell explained that the press was about to break the story of his affair with Regan. His estranged wife subsequently accused him of having had several extramarital affairs and alleged he had a habit of drinking heavily.[28][29]

Cook married Regan in Tunbridge Wells, Kent,[30] on 9 April 1998, four weeks after his divorce was finalised.

Introduced to horse racing by his first wife, Cook was a racing tipster in his spare time. Between 1991 and 1998 Cook wrote a weekly tipster's column for Glasgow's Herald newspaper,[بحاجة لمصدر] a post in which he was succeeded by Alex Salmond.

Death

At the start of August 2005, Cook and his wife, Gaynor, took a two-week holiday in the Scottish Highlands. At around 2:20 pm on 6 August 2005, while he walked down Ben Stack[31] in Sutherland, Cook suddenly suffered a severe heart attack, collapsed, lost consciousness and fell about 8 feet (2.4 m) down a ridge. He was assisted after his fall by another hill-walker who refused all publicity and was granted anonymity. A helicopter containing paramedics arrived 30 minutes after a 999 call was made. Cook then was flown to Raigmore Hospital, Inverness. Gaynor did not get in the helicopter, and walked down the mountain. Despite efforts made by the medical team to revive Cook in the helicopter, he was already beyond recovery, and at 4:05 pm, minutes after arrival at the hospital, was pronounced dead. Two days later, a post-mortem examination found that Cook had died of hypertensive heart disease.

A funeral was held on 12 August 2005, at St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh, even though Cook had been an atheist.[32] Gordon Brown gave the eulogy, and German foreign minister Joschka Fischer was one of the mourners. Tony Blair, who was on holiday at the time, did not attend.[33]

A later memorial service at St Margaret's, Westminster, on 5 December 2005, included a reading by Blair and tributes by Brown and Madeleine Albright. On 29 September 2005, Cook's friend and election agent since 1983, Jim Devine, won the resulting by-election with a reduced majority.[34]

In January 2007, a headstone was erected in the Grange Cemetery, Edinburgh where Cook is buried, bearing the epitaph: "I may not have succeeded in halting the war, but I did secure the right of parliament to decide on war." It is a reference to Cook's strong opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the words were reportedly chosen by his widow and two sons from his previous marriage.[35][36]

Notes

  1. ^ Health and Social Services from 13 July 1987 to 2 November 1989. He was succeeded in the social security brief by Michael Meacher.

References

  1. ^ أ ب "Obituary: Robin Cook". BBC News. 6 August 2005. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  2. ^ Rhiannon Vickers (30 September 2011). The Labour Party and the World - Volume 2: Labour's Foreign Policy since 1951. Manchester University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-84779-595-3.
  3. ^ أ ب Michael White (26 December 2009). "Michael White's politicians of the decade: Robin Cook". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  4. ^ "Pretty Party - The Spectator". 1 October 2014. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  5. ^ "UK Government faces Sierra Leone grilling". BBC News. 18 May 1998. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  6. ^ Schmemann, Serge (18 March 1998). "Netanyahu Angrily Cancels Dinner With Visiting Briton". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  7. ^ Editor, By David Cracknell, Deputy Political. "Prescott and Beckett fuel Labour split on monarchy". Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "All the Queen's horses | The Spectator" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
  9. ^ Ahmed, Kamal (10 June 2001). "The sacrifice: why Robin Cook was fired". The Observer. London. Archived from the original on 16 March 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  10. ^ "Cook defends committee sackings". BBC News. 12 July 2001. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  11. ^ Dimbleby, David (14 September 2004). "Just answer the question". Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  12. ^ Cook's resignation speech Archived 31 أكتوبر 2017 at the Wayback Machine - Hansard.
  13. ^ "Cook's resignation speech". BBC News. 18 March 2003. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  14. ^ "Robin Cook: Robert Finlayson (Robin) Cook, politician and parliamentarian, died on August 6th, aged 59". The Economist. 11 August 2005. Retrieved 9 February 2010. (يتطلب اشتراك)
  15. ^ Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster (27 January 2004). "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 27 January 2004 (pt 37)". Publications.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 26 November 2006. Retrieved 24 June 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster (9 February 2005). "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 9 February 2005 (pt 17)". Publications.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 26 November 2006. Retrieved 24 June 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster (4 February 2003). "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 4 February 2003 (pt 8)". Publications.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 26 November 2006. Retrieved 24 June 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster (23 February 2005). "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 23 February 2005 (pt 1)". Parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ List of Have I Got News for You episodes#Series 30 (2005)
  20. ^ "John Kampfner on Robin Cook". The Guardian. London. 8 August 2005. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  21. ^ Steve Richards (8 August 2005). "Steve Richards: Progressive causes everywhere will feel the loss of an indispensable politician". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  22. ^ "Chris Smith: The House of Commons was Robin Cook's true home". The Independent. London. 8 August 2005. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  23. ^ Cook, Robin (8 July 2005). "The struggle against terrorism cannot be won by military means". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2007.
  24. ^ Brown, Colin (8 August 2005). "Return to Cabinet role for Cook was on the cards". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2 October 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  25. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
  26. ^ "Robin Cook". The Daily Telegraph. 8 August 2005. Archived from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  27. ^ "Cook's wife talks of 'great love'". BBC Online. 8 August 2005. Archived from the original on 16 January 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  28. ^ "Cook 'had six lovers'". BBC Online. 10 January 1999. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  29. ^ "Robin Cook - Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph. 6 August 2005. Archived from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  30. ^ "Marriages England and Wales 1984-2005". Findmypast.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  31. ^ Alan Cowell (7 August 2005). "Robin Cook, Former British Foreign Secretary, Dies at 59". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  32. ^ "Mourners' funeral tribute to Cook". BBC News. 12 August 2005. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  33. ^ "Blair criticised for decision to miss Robin Cook's funeral". The Guardian. 9 August 2005. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  34. ^ "Labour wins Livingston by-election". The Independent (in الإنجليزية). 2005-09-30. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  35. ^ "Cook's opposition to Iraq war set in stone". The Guardian. London. 9 January 2007. Archived from the original on 9 January 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  36. ^ "Robert Finlayson "Robin" Cook (1946 - 2005) - Find A Grave Memorial". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 22 September 2016.

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Articles

پرلمان المملكة المتحدة
سبقه
Tom Oswald
Member of Parliament
for Edinburgh Central

19741983
تبعه
Alexander Fletcher
دائرة انتخابية جديدة Member of Parliament
for Livingston

19832005
تبعه
Jim Devine
مناصب حزبية
سبقه
David Bean
Chair of the Fabian Society
1990–1991
تبعه
Oonagh McDonald
سبقه
Diane Jeuda
Chair of the Labour Party
1996–1997
تبعه
Richard Rosser
سبقه
Rudolf Scharping
President of the Party of European Socialists
2001–2004
تبعه
Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
مناصب سياسية
سبقه
Michael Meacher
Shadow Secretary of State for Health and Social Services
1987–1989
تبعه
Himself
بصفته Shadow Secretary of State for Health
تبعه
Michael Meacher
بصفته Shadow Secretary of State for Social Security
سبقه
Himself
بصفته Shadow Secretary of State for Health and Social Services
Shadow Secretary of State for Health
1989–1992
تبعه
David Blunkett
سبقه
Gordon Brown
Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
1992–1994
تبعه
Jack Cunningham
سبقه
Jack Cunningham
Shadow Foreign Secretary
1994–1997
تبعه
John Major
سبقه
Malcolm Rifkind
Foreign Secretary
1997–2001
تبعه
Jack Straw
سبقه
Margaret Beckett
Leader of the House of Commons
2001–2003
تبعه
John Reid
Lord President of the Council
2001–2003

قالب:Shadow Foreign Secretariesقالب:Fabian Society