دنماركيون

دنماركيون
Wikidanesju8.jpg
هـ.ك. أندرسن • نيلز بور • هـ.ك. اورستد • سوين فوركبيرد
پيتر شمايكل • سورن كيركگارد • تيخو براهه • كارن بليكسن
التعداد الإجمالي
7 مليون تقريبا
المناطق ذات التواجد المعتبر
 الدنمارك 4,996,980[1]
Flag of الولايات المتحدة الولايات المتحدة1,430,897[2]
Flag of كندا كندا200,035[3]
Flag of البرازيل البرازيل140,000
Flag of النرويج النرويج52,510[4]
Flag of أستراليا أستراليا50,413[5]
Flag of ألمانيا ألمانيا50,000[6]
Flag of السويد السويد42,602[7]
Flag of الأرجنتين الأرجنتين13,000[8]
Flag of المملكة المتحدة المملكة المتحدة18,493 (Danish born only)[9]
Flag of إسپانيا إسپانيا8,944[10]
Flag of فرنسا فرنسا7,000[11]
Flag of سويسرا سويسرا4.251[12]
Flag of نيوزيلندا نيوزيلندا3,507[13]
Flag of the Faroe Islands جزر فارو2,956
Flag of آيسلندا آيسلندا2,802[14]
Flag of جمهورية أيرلندا أيرلندا809[15]
Flag of النمسا النمسا806[16]
Flag of اليابان اليابان500[17]
Flag of لبنان لبنان400[18]
Flag of صربيا صربيا32[19]
اللغات
لغة دنماركية
الديانة
أكثرية لوثريين، أقلية من ديانات أخرى، علمانيون.
الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة
النرويجية، السويديون، الألمان، الأيسلنديون، فاروسي وبدرجة أقل الفلمنگ، الدنماركيون والإنكليز وكل الجرمانيون.

المصطلحان الدنماركيون (دنماركية: danskere؛ إنگليزية: Danes) و الشعب الدنماركي Danish people يشير إلى الأمة والجماعة العرقية التي تقطن الدنمارك، والتي تتكلم الدنماركية.

The first mention of Danes within the Danish territory is on the Jelling Rune Stone which mentions how Harald Bluetooth converted the Danes to Christianity in the 10th century.[20] Denmark has been continuously inhabited since this period and although much cultural and ethnic influence and immigration from all over the world has entered Denmark since then, Danes tend to see themselves as ethnic descendents of the early Danes mentioned in the sources.

Since the formulation of a Danish national identity in the 19th century the defining criteria for being Danish has been speaking the Danish language and identifying with Denmark as a homeland. Danish national identity was built on a basis of peasant culture and Lutheran theology, theologian N. F. S. Grundtvig and his popular movement played a prominent part in the process.[21]

Today the main criterion for being considered a Dane is having Danish citizenship, although also people with a Danish ancestral or ethnic identity, living outside of Denmark such as emigrants, descendants of emigrants or members of the Danish ethnic minority in Southern Schleswig, can be considered Danes under a wider definition taking into consideration cultural self-identification.

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الأصول

The first mentions of "Danes" are recorded in the mid 6th century by historians Procopius (باليونانية: δάνοι) and Jordanes (danī), who both refer to a tribe related to the Suetidi and which inhabited the peninsula of Jutland، مقاطعة سكانيا and the isles in between. Frankish annalists of the 8th century often refer to Danish kings. The Bobbio Orosius distinguishes between South Danes inhabiting Jutland and North Danes inhabiting the isles and the province of Scania.


التاريخ

انظر أيضاً: تاريخ الدنمارك

التاريخ المبكر

Denmark has been inhabited by various Germanic peoples since ancient times, including the Angles, Cimbri, Jutes, Herules, Teutones and others.[22]

عصر الڤايكنگ

Ogier the Dane (Holger Danske) at Kronborg Castle is an important national icon from the Viking age

The first mention of Danes within Denmark is on the Jelling Rune Stone, which mentions the conversion of the Danes to Christianity by Harald Bluetooth in the 10th century.[20] Between 960ح. 960 and the early 980s, Bluetooth established a kingdom in the lands of the Danes, stretching from Jutland to Scania. Around the same time, he received a visit from a German missionary who, by surviving an ordeal by fire according to legend, convinced Harold to convert to Christianity.[23]

The following years saw the Danish Viking expansion, which incorporated Norway and England into the Danish North Sea Empire. After the death of Canute the Great in 1035, England broke away from Danish control. Canute's nephew Sweyn Estridson (1020–74) re-established strong royal Danish authority and built a good relationship with the archbishop of Bremen, at that time the archbishop of all Scandinavia. Over the next centuries, the Danish empire expanded throughout the southern Baltic coast.[22] Under the 14th century king Olaf II, Denmark acquired control of the Kingdom of Norway, which included the territories of Norway, Iceland and the Faroese Islands. Olaf's mother, Margrethe I, united Norway, Sweden and Denmark into the Kalmar Union.[22]

الدنمارك-النرويج

Map of Denmark–Norway, 1780ح. 1780

In 1523, Sweden won its independence, leading to the dismantling of the Kalmar Union and the establishment of Denmark–Norway. Denmark–Norway grew wealthy during the 16th century, largely because of the increased traffic through the Øresund. The Crown of Denmark could tax the traffic, because it controlled both sides of the Sound at the time.

The Reformation, which originated in the German lands in the early 16th century from the ideas of Martin Luther (1483–1546), had a considerable impact on Denmark. The Danish Reformation started in the mid-1520s. Some Danes wanted access to the Bible in their own language. In 1524, Hans Mikkelsen and Christiern Pedersen translated the New Testament into Danish; it became an instant best-seller. Those who had traveled to Wittenberg in Saxony and come under the influence of the teachings of Luther and his associates included Hans Tausen, a Danish monk in the Order of St John Hospitallers.

In the 17th century Denmark–Norway colonized Greenland.[22]

After a failed war with the Swedish Empire, the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 removed the areas of the Scandinavian peninsula from Danish control, thus establishing the boundaries between Norway, Denmark, and Sweden that exist to this day. In the centuries after this loss of territory, the populations of the Scanian lands, who had previously been considered Danish, came to be fully integrated as Swedes.

In the early 19th century, Denmark suffered a defeat in the Napoleonic Wars; Denmark lost control over Norway and territories in what is now northern Germany. The political and economic defeat ironically sparked what is known as the Danish Golden Age during which a Danish national identity first came to be fully formed. The Danish liberal and national movements gained momentum in the 1830s, and after the European revolutions of 1848 Denmark became a constitutional monarchy on 5 June 1849. The growing bourgeoisie had demanded a share in government, and in an attempt to avert the sort of bloody revolution occurring elsewhere in Europe, Frederick VII gave in to the demands of the citizens. A new constitution emerged, separating the powers and granting the franchise to all adult males, as well as freedom of the press, religion, and association. The king became head of the executive branch.

الهوية

انظر أيضاً: Chinese people in Denmark, Greeks in Denmark, تاريخ اليهود في الدنمارك, العرب في الدنمارك, العراقيون في الدنمارك, and الأتراك في الدنمارك

Danishness (danskhed) is the concept on which contemporary Danish national and ethnic identity is based. It is a set of values formed through the historic trajectory of the formation of the Danish nation. The ideology of Danishness emphasizes the notion of historical connection between the population and the territory of Denmark and the relation between the thousand-year-old Danish monarchy and the modern Danish state, the 19th-century national romantic idea of "the people" (folk), a view of Danish society as homogeneous and socially egalitarian as well as strong cultural ties to other Scandinavian nations.[24]

As a concept, det danske folk (the Danish people) played an important role in 19th-century ethnic nationalism and refers to self-identification rather than a legal status. Use of the term is most often restricted to a historical context; the historic German-Danish struggle regarding the status of the Duchy of Schleswig vis-à-vis a Danish nation-state. It describes people of Danish nationality, both in Denmark and elsewhere–most importantly, ethnic Danes in both Denmark proper and the former Danish Duchy of Schleswig. Excluded from this definition are people from the formerly Norway, Faroe Islands, and Greenland; members of the German minority; and members of other ethnic minorities.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Importantly, since its formulation, Danish identity has not been linked to a particular racial or biological heritage, as many other ethno-national identities have. N. F. S. Grundtvig, for example, emphasized the Danish language and the emotional relation to and identification with the nation of Denmark as the defining criteria of Danishness. This cultural definition of ethnicity has been suggested to be one of the reasons that Denmark was able to integrate their earliest ethnic minorities of Jewish and Polish origins into the Danish ethnic group with much more success than neighboring Germany. Jewishness was not seen as being incompatible with a Danish ethnic identity, as long as the most important cultural practices and values were shared. This inclusive ethnicity has in turn been described as the background for the relative lack of virulent antisemitism in Denmark and the rescue of the Danish Jews, saving 99% of Denmark's Jewish population from the Holocaust.[25]

Modern Danish cultural identity is rooted in the birth of the Danish national state during the 19th century. In this regard, Danish national identity was built on a basis of peasant culture and Lutheran theology, with Grundtvig and his popular movement playing a prominent part in the process. Two defining cultural criteria of being Danish were speaking the Danish language and identifying Denmark as a homeland.[26]

The ideology of Danishness has been politically important in the formulation of Danish political relations with the EU, which has been met with considerable resistance in the Danish population, and in recent reactions in the Danish public to the increasing influence of immigration.[27][28]

الشتات

انظر أيضاً: الشتات الاسكندنافي
القنصلية الدنماركية في كورونيا، (إسپانيا).

The Danish diaspora consists of emigrants and their descendants, especially those who maintain some of the customs of their Danish culture. A minority of approximately fifty thousand Danish-identifying German citizens live in the former Danish territory of Southern Schleswig (Sydslesvig), now located within the borders of Germany, forming around ten percent of the local population.[بحاجة لمصدر] In Denmark, the latter group is often referred to as "Danes south of the border" (De danske syd for grænsen), the "Danish-minded" (de dansksindede), or simply "South Schleswigers". Due to immigration there are considerable populations with Danish roots outside Denmark in countries such as the United States, Brazil, Canada, Greenland and Argentina.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Danish Americans (Dansk-amerikanere) are Americans of Danish descent. There are approximately 1,500,000 Americans of Danish origin or descent. Most Danish-Americans live in the Western United States or the Midwestern United States. California has the largest population of people of Danish descent in the United States. Notable Danish communities in the United States are located in Solvang, California, and Racine, Wisconsin, but these populations are not considered to be Danes for official purposes by the Danish government, and heritage alone can not be used to claim Danish citizenship, as it can in some European nations.

According to the 2006 Census, there were 200,035 Canadians with Danish background, 17,650 of whom were born in Denmark.[29][30] Canada became an important destination for the Danes during the post war period. At one point,[when?] a Canadian immigration office was to be set up in Copenhagen.[31]

In Greenland, a self-governing territory under Danish sovereignty, there are approximately 6,348 Danish Greenlanders making up roughly 11% of the territory's population.[32]


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الجينات

The most common Y-DNA haplogroups among Danes are R1b (37.3 %) and I1 (32.8 %).[33]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ Danmarks Statistik (pdf, written in الإنگليزية) reports that metropolitan Denmark, per 1 April 2011, has 4.996.980 inhabitants of Danish origin.
  2. ^ The 2000 American census reports that the United States, in the 2000 census, has 1,430,897 inhabitants of Danish ancestry.
  3. ^ Statistics Canada
  4. ^ Statistics Norway. "Persons with immigrant background by immigration category, country background and sex. 1 January 2009 (Immigrants and Norwegian-norn to immigrant parents + Other immigrant background)". Retrieved 2009-08-27.[dead link]
  5. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census Table
  6. ^ National minorities at the Federal Foreign Office of Germany
  7. ^ Statistics Sweden
  8. ^ [1]
  9. ^ Danish Immigrants to the UK (2001)
  10. ^ Spanish National Statistics Institute
  11. ^ http://www.udvandrerne.dk/JLKM/Udvandre.nsf/Uniq/688507Reference Danes in France
  12. ^ Danes in foreign countries
  13. ^ Statistics New Zealand
  14. ^ "Population by country of birth 1981-2006 by country and year: Denmark, 2006". Statistics Iceland (English version). 31 December 2006. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
  15. ^ CSO Ireland - 2006 Census
  16. ^ Ties between Austria and Denmark Laut den letzten Zählungen sind 806 Dänen in Österreich (2001)
  17. ^ Danish immigrants in Tokyo
  18. ^ History of Denmark and Lebanon
  19. ^ Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: Становништво према националној припадности - „Oстали“ етничке заједнице са мање од 2000 припадника и двојако изјашњени
  20. ^ أ ب http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_f%C3%B8r_Reformationen/daner?highlight=Daner خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "denstoredanske.dk" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  21. ^ Ostergard, Uffe , Peasants and Danes: The Danish National Identity and Political Culture. Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp. 3-27
  22. ^ أ ب ت ث Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 211–213
  23. ^ Adam of Bremen, History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, trans. Francis J. Tschan (New York, 2002), pp. 77–78.
  24. ^ Jenkins, Richard. "The limits of identity: ethnicity, conflict, and politics" (PDF). The University of Sheffield. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  25. ^ Yael Enoch. 1994. The intolerance of a tolerant people: Ethnic relations in Denmark. Ethnic and Racial Studies. Volume 17, Issue 2, 1994
  26. ^ Østergård, Uffe, Peasants and Danes: The Danish National Identity and Political Culture. Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp. 3–27
  27. ^ Lise Togeby (1998). "Prejudice and tolerance in a period of increasing ethnic diversity and growing unemployment. Denmark since 1970". Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21, 6: 1137–115قالب:Page?
  28. ^ Jens Rydgren. 2010. Radical Right-wing Populism in Denmark and Sweden: Explaining Party System Change and Stability. Volume 30, Number 1, Winter–Spring 2010
  29. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة statcan1
  30. ^ "Statistics Canada : 2006 Census Topic-based tabulations". Statcan.ca. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
  31. ^ Bender, Henning. Danish emigration to Canada
  32. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Greenland". CIA. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  33. ^ Kushniarevich, Alena; Utevska, Olga; Chuhryaeva, Marina; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Dibirova, Khadizhat; Uktveryte, Ingrida; Möls, Märt; Mulahasanovic, Lejla; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Frolova, Svetlana; Shanko, Andrey; Metspalu, Ene; Reidla, Maere; Tambets, Kristiina; Tamm, Erika (2015-09-02). Calafell, Francesc (ed.). "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data". PLOS ONE (in الإنجليزية). 10 (9): e0135820. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035820K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4558026. PMID 26332464.
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