اللغة التترية
Tatar | |
---|---|
татар теле | |
موطنها | روسيا، other دول الاتحاد السوڤيتي السابق |
العرق | تتار |
الناطقون الأصليون | 5٫2 مليون (2015)e18 (may include some L2 speakers) |
التوركية
| |
Cyrillic | |
الوضع الرسمي | |
لغة رسمية في | روسيا |
ينظمها | Institute of Language, Literature and Arts of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan |
أكواد اللغات | |
ISO 639-2 | tat |
ISO 639-2 | tat |
ISO 639-3 | tat |
Glottolog | tata1255 |
Linguasphere | 44-AAB-be |
اللغة التترية (татар теле؛ татарча) هي من اللغات التركية المستخدمة من قبل شعب التتر. يعتقد بعض اللغويين بأنّ التركية هي من عائلة اللغات الألطية. تستخدم في روسيا، وأوكرانيا، وتركيا، والصين، وفنلندا، والإتحاد السوفيتي السابق. وهي لغة رسمية في تتارستان بالاتحاد الروسي. يتكلمها حوالي 8 ملايين شخص.
تستخدم اللغة في جمهورية تتارستان، وفي عدة مناطق أخرى مثل باشكورتوستان، وماري أل، ودمرتيا، وموردوفيا، والعديد من المناطق الأخرى في روسيا وكذلك في أوزبكستان وكازاخستان وآذربيجان وقرغيزستان وطاجيكستان وتوركمنستان. عدد التتر في روسيا يفوق 5 ملايين. 85.6 % منهم يتحدثون التتريّة كلغة أم، و 14.2 % لغتهم الأم هي الروسية. اللغة التتريّة تستخدم أيضا بين شعب الباشكير والماري.
تعود النصوص التتريّة الأقدم الباقية على قيد الحياة إلى القرن الثالث عشر. اللغة الأدبية الحديثة طوّرت تحت التأثير التتريّ المتحدث منذ منتصف القرن التاسع عشر. نظام الكتابة كان مستنداً على المخطوطات العربية حتى عام 1927، ثمّ استخدم الحروف اللاتينية، ومنذ عام 1939 المخطوطات السيريلية. ولكن قرار حديث العهد جعل اللغة تستخدم الأبجدية اللاتينية مرة أخرى.
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الوضع الرسمي
لهجات التترية
توجد لهجتان رئيسيتان للتترية:
- الوسطى (كازان)
- الغربية (ميشار)
All of these dialects also have subdivisions. Significant contributions to the study of the Tatar language and its dialects, were made by a scientist Gabdulkhay Akhatov, who is considered to be the founder of the modern Tatar dialectological school.
Spoken idioms of Siberian Tatars, which differ significantly from the above two, are often considered as the third dialect group of Tatar by some, but as an independent language on its own by others.
الوسطى
The Central or Middle dialectal group is spoken in Kazan and most of Tatarstan and is the basis of the standard literary Tatar language.
ميشار
In the Western (Mişär) dialect ç is pronounced [tɕ] (southern or Lambir Mişärs) and as [ts] (northern Mişärs or Nizhgars). C is pronounced [dʑ]. There are no differences between v and w, q and k, g and ğ in the Mişär dialect. (The Cyrillic alphabet doesn't have special letters for q, ğ and w, so Mişär speakers have no difficulty reading Tatar written in Cyrillic.)
هذه هي اللهجة التي يستخدمها الأقلية التترية في فنلندا.
التترية السيبيرية
Two main isoglosses that characterize Siberian Tatar are ç as [ts] and c as [j], corresponding to standard [ɕ] and [ʑ]. There are also grammatical differences within the dialect, scattered across Siberia.[1]
Many linguists claim the origins of Siberian Tatar dialects are actually independent of Volga–Ural Tatar; these dialects are quite remote both from Standard Tatar and from each other, often preventing mutual comprehension. The claim that this language is part of the modern Tatar language is typically supported by linguists in Kazan, Moscow[2] and by Siberian Tatars linguists[3][4][5] and denounced by some Russian and Tatar[6] ethnographs.
Over time, some of these dialects were given distinct names and recognized as separate languages (e.g. the Chulym language) after detailed linguistic study. However, the Chulym language was never classified as a dialect of Tatar language. Confusion arose because of the endoethnonym "Tatars" used by the Chulyms. The question of classifying the Chulym language as a dialect of the Khakass language was debatable. A brief linguistic analysis shows that many of these dialects exhibit features which are quite different from the Volga–Ural Tatar varieties, and should be classified as Turkic varieties belonging to several sub-groups of the Turkic languages, distinct from Kipchak languages to which Volga–Ural Tatar belongs.[بحاجة لمصدر]
علم الصوتيات
الصوائت
There exist several interpretations of the Tatar vowel phonemic inventory. In total Tatar has nine or ten native vowels, and three or four loaned vowels (mainly in Russian loanwords).[7][8]
According to Baskakov (1988) Tatar has only two vowel heights, high and low. There are two low vowels, front and back, while there are eight high vowels: front and back, round (R+) and unround (R-), normal and short (or reduced).[7]
بادئ | نهائي | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R- | R+ | R- | R+ | ||
High | Normal | i | ü | ï | u |
Short | e | ö | ë | o | |
Low | ä | a |
Poppe (1963) proposed a similar yet slightly different scheme with a third, higher mid, height, and with nine vowels.[7]
بادئ | نهائي | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
R- | R+ | R- | R+ | |
High | i | ü | u | |
Higher Mid | e | ö | ï | o |
Low | ä | a |
According to Makhmutova (1969) Tatar has three vowel heights: high, mid and low, and four tongue positions: front, front-central, front-back and back.[7]
بادئ | وسط | نهائي | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
بادئ | نهائي | |||||||
R- | R+ | R- | R+ | R- | R+ | R- | R+ | |
High | i | ü | ï | u | ||||
Mid | e | ö | ë | o | ||||
Low | ä | a |
The mid back unrounded vowel ''ë is usually transcribed as ı, though it differs from the corresponding Turkish vowel.
The tenth vowel ï is realized as the diphthong ëy (أصد: [ɯɪ]), which only occurs word-finally, but it has been argued to be an independent phoneme.[7][8]
Phonetically, the native vowels are approximately thus (with the Cyrillic letters and the usual Latin romanization in angle brackets):
بادئ | نهائي | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
R- | R+ | R- | R+ | |
High | и ⟨i⟩ [i] |
ү ⟨ü⟩ [y~ʉ] |
ый ⟨ıy⟩ [ɯɪ] |
у ⟨u⟩ [u] |
Mid | э, е ⟨e⟩ [ĕ~ɘ̆] |
ө ⟨ö⟩ [ø̆~ɵ̆] |
ы ⟨ı⟩ [ɤ̆~ʌ̆] |
о ⟨o⟩ [ŏ] |
Low | ә ⟨ä⟩ [æ~a] |
а ⟨a⟩ [ɑ] |
In polysyllabic words, the front-back distinction is lost in reduced vowels: all become mid-central.[7] The mid reduced vowels in an unstressed position are frequently elided, as in кеше keşe [kĕˈʃĕ] > [kʃĕ] 'person', or кышы qışı [qɤ̆ˈʃɤ̆] > [qʃɤ̆] '(his) winter'.[8] Low back /ɑ/ is rounded [ɒ] in the first syllable and after [ɒ], but not in the last, as in бала bala [bɒˈlɑ] 'child', балаларга balalarğa [bɒlɒlɒrˈʁɑ] 'to children'.[8] In Russian loans there are also [ɨ], [ɛ], [ɔ], and [ä], written the same as the native vowels: ы, е/э, о, а respectively.[8]
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التحولات التاريخية
Historically, the Old Turkic mid vowels have raised from mid to high, whereas the Old Turkic high vowels have become the Tatar reduced mid series. (The same shifts have also happened in Bashkir.)[9]
الصائت | التوركية القديمة | التركية | قزخ | تترية | بشكير | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*e | *et | et | et | it | it | 'meat' |
*ö | *söz | söz | söz | süz | hüź [hyθ] | 'word' |
*o | *sol | sol | sol | sul | hul | 'left' |
*i | *it | it | it | et | et | 'dog' |
*ï | *qïz | kız | qız | qëz [qɤ̆z] | qëź [qɤ̆θ] | 'girl' |
*u | *qum | kum | qum | qom | qom | 'sand' |
*ü | *kül | kül | kül | köl | köl | 'ash' |
الصوامت
Labial | Labio- velar |
Dental | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasals | м ⟨m⟩ /m/ |
н ⟨n⟩ /n/ |
ң ⟨ñ⟩ /ŋ/ |
||||||
Plosives | Voiceless | п ⟨p⟩ /p/ |
т ⟨t⟩ /t/ |
к ⟨k⟩ /k/ |
къ ⟨q⟩ /q/[1] |
э/ь ⟨’⟩ /ʔ/[2] | |||
Voiced | б ⟨b⟩ /b/ |
д ⟨d⟩ /d/ |
г ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/ |
||||||
Affricates | Voiceless | ц ⟨ts⟩ /ts/[3][4] |
ч ⟨ç⟩ /tɕ/[5][6] |
||||||
Voiced | җ ⟨c⟩ /dʑ/[7] |
||||||||
Fricatives | Voiceless | ф ⟨f⟩ /f/[8] |
с ⟨s⟩ /s/ |
ш ⟨ş⟩ /ʃ/ |
ч ⟨ç⟩ /ɕ/ |
х ⟨x⟩ /χ/ |
һ ⟨h⟩ /h/[9] | ||
Voiced | в ⟨v⟩ /v/[10] |
з ⟨z⟩ /z/ |
ж ⟨j⟩ /ʒ/[11] |
җ ⟨c⟩ /ʑ/ |
гъ ⟨ğ⟩ /ʁ/[12] |
||||
Trill | р ⟨r⟩ /r/ |
||||||||
Approximants | у/ү/в ⟨w⟩ /w/ |
л ⟨l⟩ /l/ |
й ⟨y⟩ /j/ |
- ملاحظات
- ^* The phonemes /v/, /ts/, /tɕ/, /ʒ/, /h/, /ʔ/ are only found in loanwords. /f/ occurs more commonly in loanwords, but is also found in native words, e.g. yafraq 'leaf'.[8] /v/, /ts/, /tɕ/, /ʒ/ may be substituted with the corresponding native consonants /w/, /s/, /ɕ/, /ʑ/ by some Tatars.
- ^† /dʑ/ and /tɕ/ are the dialectal Western (Mişär) pronunciations of җ ⟨c⟩ /ʑ/ and ч ⟨ç⟩ /ɕ/, the latter are in the literary standard and in the Central (Kazan) dialect. /ts/ is the variant of ч ⟨ç⟩ /ɕ/ as pronounced in the Eastern (Siberian) dialects and some Western (Mişär) dialects. Both /tɕ/ and /ts/ are also used in Russian loanwords (the latter written ц).
- ^‡ /q/ and /ʁ/ are usually considered allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/ in the environment of back vowels, so they never written in the Tatar Cyrillic orthography in native words, and only rarely in loanwords with къ and гъ. However, /q/ and /ʁ/ also appear before front /æ/ in Perso-Arabic loanwords which may indicate the phonemic status of these uvular consonants.
النحو
مثل اللغات التوركية الأخرى، فإن التترية هي لغة اشتقاقية.
- Nominative -
- Accusative: -ны/-не, -н
- Possessive: -ның/-нең
- Dative: -га/-гә, -ка/-кә, -а/-ә, -на/-нә
- Locative: -да/-дә, -та/-тә, -нда/-ндә
- Ablative: -дан/-дән, -тан/-тән, -нан/-нән, -ннан/-ннән
- Nominative: -лар/-ләр, -нар/-нәр
- Accusative: -ларны
- Possessive: -ларның
- Dative: -ларга
- Locative: -ларда
- Ablative: -лардан
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الجمع
- After vowels, consonants, hard: -lar (bala-lar, abí-lar, kitap-lar, qaz-lar, malay [ك]-lar, qar-lar, ağaç-lar)
- After vowels, consonants, soft: -lär (äni-lär, sölge-lär, däftär-lär, kibet-lär, süz-lär, bäbkä-lär, mäktäp-lär, xäref-lär)
- After nasals, hard: -nar (uram-nar, urman-nar, tolım-nar, moñ-nar, tañ-nar, şalqan-nar)
- After nasals, soft: -när (ülän-när, keläm-när, çräm-när, iñ-när, ciñ-när, isem-när)
صرف الضمائر
Case | المفرد | الجمع | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | мин min | син sin | ул ul | без bez | сез sez | алар alar |
Genitive | минем minem | синең sineñ | аның anıñ | безнең bezneñ | сезнең sezneñ | аларның alarnıñ |
Dative | миңа miña | сиңа siña | аңа aña | безгә bezgä | сезгә sezgä | аларга alarğa |
Accusative | мине mine | сине sine | аны anı | безне bezne | сезне sezne | аларны alarnı |
Locative | миндә mindä | синдә sindä | анда anda | бездә bezdä | сездә sezdä | аларда alarda |
Ablative | миннән minnän | синнән sinnän | аннан annan | бездән bezdän | сездән sezdän | алардан alardan |
Case | المفرد | الجمع | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Case | "This" | "That" | "These" | "Those" |
Nominative | бу bu | шул şul | болар bolar | шулар şular |
Genitive | моның monıñ | шуның şunıñ | боларның bolarnıñ | шуларның şularnıñ |
Dative | моңа moña | шуңа şuña | боларга bolarğa | шуларга şularğa |
Accusative | моны monı | шуны şunı | боларны bolarnı | шуларны şularnı |
Locative | монда monda | шунда şunda | боларда bolarda | шуларда şularda |
Ablative | моннан monnan | шуннан şunnan | болардан bolardan | шулардан şulardan |
Case | من؟ | ماذا؟ |
---|---|---|
Nominative | кем kem | нәрсә närsä |
Genitive | кемнең kemneñ | нәрсәнең närsäneñ |
Dative | кемгә kemgä | нәрсәгә närsägä |
Accusative | кемне kemne | нәрсәне närsäne |
Locative | кемдә kemdä | нәрсәдә närsädä |
Ablative | кемнән kemnän | нәрсәдән närsädän |
نظام الكتابة
على مر تاريخها، كـُتِتب التترية بحروف عربية ولاتينية والسيريلية.
Before 1928, Tatar was mostly written with in Arabic script (Иске имля/İske imlâ, "Old orthography", to 1920; Яңа имла/Yaña imlâ, "New orthography", 1920–1928).
During the 19th century Russian Christian missionary نيقولاي إلمينسكي devised the first Cyrillic alphabet for Tatar. هذه الأبجدية مازالت مستخدمة بين التتار المسيحيين (Kryashens).
في الاتحاد السوڤيتي بعد 1928، التترية كانت تُكتب بأبجدية لاتينية تُدعى ينيألف.
في 1939، في تتارستان وكل الأجزاء الأخرى للاتحاد السوڤيتي، اِعتُمِدت كتابة سيريلية ومازالت تُستخدم لكتابة التترية. كما تُستخدم في قزخستان.
مررت جمهورية تتارستان قانوناً في 1999 that came into force in 2001 establishing an official Tatar Latin alphabet. A Russian federal law overrode it in 2002, making Cyrillic the sole official script in Tatarstan since. In 2004, an attempt to introduce a Latin-based alphabet for Tatar was further abandoned when the Constitutional Court ruled that the federal law of 15 November 2002 mandating the use of Cyrillic for the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation[11] does not contradict the Russian constitution.[12] In accordance with this Constitutional Court ruling, on 28 December 2004, the Tatar Supreme Court overturned the Tatarstani law that made the Latin alphabet official.[13]
في 2012 اعتمدت حكومة تتارستان أبجدية لاتينية جديدة ولكن باستخدام محدود (غالباً للرومنة).
- الأبجدية العربية التترية (قبل 1928):
آ | ا | ب | پ | ت | ث | ج | چ |
ح | خ | د | ذ | ر | ز | ژ | س |
ش | ص | ض | ط | ظ | ع | غ | ف |
ق | ك | گ | نك | ل | م | ن | ه |
و | ۇ | ڤ | ی | ئ |
- الأبجدية اللاتينية القديمة التترية (ينيألف) (1928 إلى 1940)، including a digraph in the last position:
A a | B b | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | Ə ə | F f |
G g | Ƣ ƣ | H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m |
N n | Ꞑ ꞑ | O o | Ɵ ɵ | P p | Q q | R r | S s |
Ş ş | T t | U u | V v | X x | У y | Z z | Ƶ ƶ |
Ь ь | ’ | Ьj ьj |
- الأبجدية السيريلية القديمة التترية (وضعها نيقولاي إلمينسكي، 1861؛ الحروف بين الأقواس غير مستخدمة في المطبوعات الحديثة):
А а | Ӓ ӓ | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё |
Ж ж | З з | И и | (Іі) | Й й | К к | Л л | М м |
Н н | Ҥ ҥ | О о | Ӧ ӧ | П п | Р р | С с | Т т |
У у | Ӱ ӱ | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ |
Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | (Ѣѣ) | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | (Ѳѳ) |
- Tatar Cyrillic alphabet (1939; the letter order adopted in 1997):
А а | Ә ә | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё |
Ж ж | Җ җ | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м |
Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Т т |
У у | Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш |
Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
- 1999 Tatar Latin alphabet, made official by a law adopted by Tatarstani authorities but annulled by the Tatar Supreme Court in 2004:[13]
A a | Ə ə | B b | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | F f |
G g | Ğ ğ | H h | I ı | İ i | J j | K k | Q q |
L l | M m | N n | Ꞑ ꞑ | O o | Ɵ ɵ | P p | R r |
S s | Ş ş | T t | U u | Ü ü | V v | W w | X x |
Y y | Z z | ’ |
- الأبجدية اللاتينية التترية 2012
A a | Ä ä | B b | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | F f |
G g | Ğ ğ | H h | I ı | İ i | J j | K k | Q q |
L l | M m | N n | Ñ ñ | O o | Ö ö | P p | R r |
S s | Ş ş | T t | U u | Ü ü | V v | W w | X x |
Y y | Z z | ’ |
التاريخ
Tatar's ancestors are the extinct Bulgar and Kipchak languages.
The literary Tatar language is based on the Middle Tatar dialect and on the Old Tatar language (İske Tatar Tele). Both are members of the Volga-Ural subgroup of the Kipchak group of Turkic languages, although they also partly derive from the ancient Volga Bulgar language.
Most of the Uralic languages in the Volga River area have strongly influenced the Tatar language,[14] as have the Arabic, Persian and Russian languages.[15]
Crimean Tatar, although similar by name, belongs to another subgroup of the Kipchak languages, usually called Pontic, Cuman or Polovtsian. Unlike Kazan Tatar, Crimean Tatar is heavily influenced by Turkish.
أمثلة
الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان، البند 1:
- بالسيريلية
Барлык кешеләр дә азат һәм үз абруйлары һәм хокуклары ягыннан тиң булып туалар. Аларга акыл һәм вөҗдан бирелгән һәм бер-берсенә карата туганнарча мөнасәбәттә булырга тиешләр.
- الرومنة
Barlıq keşelär dä azat häm üz abruyları häm xoquqları yağınnan tiñ bulıp tualar. Alarğa aqıl häm wöcdan birelgän häm ber-bersenä qarata tuğannarça mönasäbättä bulırğa tieşlär
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ Information about Siberian Tatar
- ^ Nikolai Baskakov Тюркские языки / Отв. ред. Г. Д. Санжеев; Институт языкознания АН СССР. — М.: Издательство восточной литературы, 1960. — 248 с.
- ^ Утяшева, Гузель Чахваровна. Русские заимствования в тоболо-иртышском диалекте сибирских татар. Тобольск, 2006.
- ^ Рахимова, Роза Нуретдиновна . Тюменский говор в системе диалектов сибирских татар :фонетико-морфологическая характеристика. Тюмень, 2007.
- ^ Рамазанова Д. Б. Сибирско-татарские диалекты и говоры татарского языка // Материалы IX Всероссийской научно-практической конференции «Сулеймановские чтения — 2006». Тюмень, 2006. С. 89-90http://atlas.antat.ru/upload/ramazanova/dialekt.pdf
- ^ Валеев, Фоат Тач-Ахметович. Западносибирские татары во второй половине XIX — начале XX в. (Историко-этнографические очерки). Казань, 1980.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Harrison, K. David; Kaun, Abigail R. (2003). "Vowels and Vowel Harmony in Namangan Tatar". In Holisky, Dee Ann; Tuite, Kevin (eds.). Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics. pp. 194–198.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Berta, Árpád (1998). "Tatar and Bashkir". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic languages. Routledge. pp. 283–300.
- ^ Johanson, Lars (1998). "The History of Turkic". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic languages. Routledge. p. 92.
- ^ Pronoun declensions based on or extrapolated from information contained on Грамматика татарского языка
- ^ Spolsky, Bernard (2004). Language Policy. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-521-01175-4.
- ^ "Russia court sticks to letter law". BBC News. 16 November 2004. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ أ ب "The Tatar language will continue to be written through the Cyrillic alphabet". U.S. English Foundation. February 2005. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ Tatar language – Princeton University Archived 13 ديسمبر 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (بالروسية) Татарский язык в Интернете: информация о методах и средствах обучения
مراجع
للاستزادة
- Bukharaev, R., & Matthews, D. J. (2000). Historical anthology of Kazan Tatar verse: voices of eternity. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-1077-9
- PEN (Organization). (1998). Tatar literature today. Kazan: Magarif Publishers.
- Poppe, N. N. (1963). Tatar manual: descriptive grammar and texts with a Tatar-English glossary. Bloomington: Indiana University.
- (بالروسية) Ахатов Г. Х. Татарская диалектология (учебник для студентов вузов). — Казань, 1984.
- (بالروسية) Татарская грамматика. В 3-х т. / Гл. ред. М. З. Закиев. — Казань, 1993.
- Gilmetdinova A, Malova I. 'Language education for glocal interaction: English and Tatar.' World Englishes 37(3) 2018;1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12324
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