بريطانيون

"بريتون" redirects here. For other uses, see بريتون (توضيح).

لمعلومات عن a specific analysis of the population of United Kingdom، انظر Demographics of United Kingdom.

انظر أيضاً: إنگليز, اسكتلنديون, ويلزيون, and شعب أيرلندا الشمالية

الشعب البريطاني
British people

علم المملكة المتحدة
إجمالي التعداد
British 72 مليون الشتات البريطاني 140 مليون ملف:British people around the world.svg
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
المملكة المتحدة	57,678,000
الولايات المتحدة	34,275,567 678,000
أستراليا	10,764,870 1,300,000
كندا	10,753,945 609,000
نيوزيلندا	2,425,278 217,000
جنوب أفريقيا	1,603,575 750,000
البرازيل	840,000
تشيلي	700,000
فرنسا	400,000
أيرلندا	291,000
أراضي ما وراء البحار البريطانية	247,899
الأرجنتين	250,000
الإمارات العربية	240,000
إسپانيا	236,669
المكسيك	200,000
ألمانيا	115,000
پاكستان	79,447
قبرص	59,000
تايلند	51,000
سنغافورة	45,000
سويسرا	45,000
هولندا	44,000
إسرائيل	44,000
البرتغال	41,000
السويد	39,989
إيطاليا	26,000 39,177
نرويج	34,279
تركيا	34,000
الهند	32,000
كينيا	29,000
بلجيكا	28,000
بربادوس	27,000
السعودية	26,000
جامايكا	25,000
ترينيداد وتوباگو	25,000
اليابان	23,000
هونگ كونگ	19,405 3,400,000 33,733
اليونان	18,000
فنلندا	16,732
اللغات
الإنگليزية الكورنية Guernésiais الأيرلندية Jèrriais Llanito Manx الويلزية Scots (بما فيها Ulster-Scots) Scottish Gaelic لغات المهاجرين
الدين
أساساً المسيحية (أنگليكانية، Presbyterianism, الكاثوليكية، Methodism) والإسلام انظر أيضاً الدين في المملكة المتحدة

الشعب البريطاني British people، أو البريتون Britons، هم مواطنو المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وشمال أيرلندا، the British Overseas Territories, and the Crown dependencies. British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, by descent from British nationals. When used in a historical context, "British" or "Britons" can refer to the Celtic Britons, the indigenous inhabitants of Great Britain and Brittany, whose surviving members are the modern Welsh people, Cornish people, and Bretons. It may also refer to citizens of the former British Empire.

Though early assertions of being British date from the Late Middle Ages, the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity. The notion of Britishness was forged during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and the First French Empire, and developed further during the Victorian era. The complex history of the formation of the United Kingdom created a "particular sense of nationhood and belonging" in Great Britain and Ireland; Britishness became "superimposed on much older identities", of English, Scots, Welsh and Irish cultures, whose distinctiveness still resists notions of a homogenised British identity. Because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in Northern Ireland is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction by Unionists.

Modern Britons are descended mainly from the varied ethnic groups that settled in the British Isles in and before the 11th century: Prehistoric, Brittonic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Normans. The progressive political unification of the British Isles facilitated migration, cultural and linguistic exchange, and intermarriage between the peoples of England, Scotland and Wales during the late Middle Ages, early modern period and beyond. Since 1922 and earlier, there has been immigration to the United Kingdom by people from what is now the Republic of Ireland, the Commonwealth, mainland Europe and elsewhere; they and their descendants are mostly British citizens, with some assuming a British, dual or hyphenated identity.

The British are a diverse, multinational, multicultural and multilingual society, with "strong regional accents, expressions and identities". The social structure of the United Kingdom has changed radically since the 19th century, with a decline in religious observance, enlargement of the middle class, and increased ethnic diversity, particularly since the 1950s. The population of the UK stands at around 66 million, with a British diaspora of around 140 million concentrated in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, with smaller concentrations in the الولايات المتحدة, Republic of Ireland, Chile, South Africa and parts of the Caribbean.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 انظر أيضاً

• Anti-British sentiment
• ديمغرافيا المملكة المتحدة
• قوائم البريطانيين
  • 100 Greatest Britons

 المصادر

 المراجع

^ Uniting the kingdom?, nationalarchives.gov.uk, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/uniting.htm, retrieved on 4 January 2011 

^ Acts of Union 1707, Parliament of the United Kingdom, http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/, retrieved on 4 January 2011 

^ Making the Act of Union 1707, Parliament of the United Kingdom, Archived from the original on 11 May 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110511140052/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf, retrieved on 4 January 2011 

^ The Union of the Parliaments 1707, Learning and Teaching Scotland, Archived from the original on 2 January 2012, https://web.archive.org/web/20120102060414/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scotlandshistory/unioncrownsparliaments/unionofparliaments/index.asp, retrieved on 28 January 2011 

^ "THE TREATY or Act of the Union". scotshistoryonline.co.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2009.

^ ^{أ ب ت} Colley 1992, p. 1.

^ Colley 1992, p. 5.

^ Colley 1992, p. 6.

^ CAIN Web Service, British? Irish? Or what?, cain.ulst.ac.uk, http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/dd/report7/report7c.htm, retrieved on 19 February 2009 

^ United States Department of State (July 2008), United Kingdom - People, state.gov, https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3846.htm, retrieved on 19 February 2009 

^ Trudgill 1984, p. 519.

^ Richardson & Ashford 1993, p. 531.

^ Ward 2004, pp. 113–115.

^ Gordon Brown: We must defend the Union The Daily Telegraph, 25 March 2008

^ DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP CURRICULUM REVIEW www.devon.gov.uk. Retrieved 13 August 2010. Archived 15 يونيو 2011 at the Wayback Machine

^ UK dialects 'strong and varied', BBC, 15 August 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4152394.stm, retrieved on 19 February 2009 

^ Rosen 2003, p. 3.

^ "Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2017". www.ons.gov.uk.

^

 ببليوگرافيا

• Anderson, Monica (2006), Women and the Politics of Travel, 1870–1914, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 978-0-8386-4091-3 
• Allan, David (2008), Making British Culture: English Readers and the Scottish Enlightenment, 1740–1830, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-96286-5 
• Barringer, T. J.; Quilley, Geoff; Fordham, Douglas (2007), Art and the British Empire, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-7392-2 
• Bartsch-Parker, Elizabeth; O'Maolalaigh, Roibeard; Burger, Stephen (1999), British phrasebook, Lonely Planet, ISBN 978-0-86442-484-6 
• Bennett, James C. (2004). The anglosphere challenge: why the English-speaking nations will lead the way in the twenty-first century. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-3332-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Birnie, Arthur (2006), An Economic History of the British Isles, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-415-37872-7 
• Bradley, Ian C. (2007), Believing in Britain: The Spiritual Identity of 'Britishness', I.B.Tauris, ISBN 978-1-84511-326-1 
• Bradshaw, Brendan; Roberts, Peter (2003), British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533–1707, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89361-5 
• Broadie, Alexander (2003), The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00323-0 
• Broich, Ulrich; Bassnett, Susan (2001), Britain at the turn of the Twenty-First Century, Rodopi, ISBN 978-90-420-1536-4 
• Buckner, Phillip (2008), Canada and the British Empire, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-927164-1 
• Burch, Martin; Moran, Michael (1987), British Politics: A Reader, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-2302-6 
• Bush, Barbara (2006), Imperialism and Postcolonialism, Pearson Education, ISBN 978-0-582-50583-4 
• Campbell, Roy Hutcheson; Skinner, Andrew S. (1985), Adam Smith, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7099-3473-8 
• Caunce, Stephen; Mazierska, Ewa; Sydney-Smith, Susan (2004), Relocating Britishness, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-7026-6 
• Christopher, David (1999), British Culture, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-14218-2 
• Colley, Linda (1992), Britons: Forging the Nation, 1701–1837, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-05737-9 
• Commission for Racial Equality (November 2005) (PDF), Citizenship and Belonging: What is Britishness?, Commission for Racial Equality, ISBN 1-85442-573-0, Archived from the original on 7 January 2009, https://web.archive.org/web/20090107041031/http://www.ethnos.co.uk/what_is_britishness_CRE.pdf 
• Cosman, Milein (1957), Musical Sketchbook, Cassirer 
• Craith, Máiréad Nic (2002), Plural identities—singular narratives: the case of Northern Ireland, Berghahn Books, ISBN 978-1-57181-314-5 
• Croft, Pauline (2003), King James, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-61395-3 
• Crowest, Frederick James (1896), The Story of British Music, C. Scribner's sons 
• Cunliffe, Barry (2002). The extraordinary voyage of Pytheas the Greek (revised ed.). New York: Walker & Co. ISBN 0-14-029784-7. OCLC 49692050. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Darian-Smith, Kate; Grimshaw, Patricia; Macintyre, Stuart (2007), Britishness Abroad: Transnational Movements and Imperial Cultures, ISBN 978-0-522-85392-6 
• Dearlove, John; Saunders, Peter (2000), Introduction to British Politics (3rd ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-7456-2096-1 
• Else, David; Attwooll, Jolyon; Beech, Charlotte; Clapton, Laetitia; Berry, Oliver; Davenport, Fionn (2007), Great Britain (7th ed.), Lonely Planet, ISBN 978-1-74104-565-9 
• Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin; Skoggard, Ian A. (2004), Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World, Springer, ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9 
• Finnegan, Richard B.; McCarron, Edward (2000), Ireland: Historical Echoes, Contemporary Politics (2nd ed.), Westview Press, ISBN 978-0-8133-3247-5 
• Gallagher, Michael (2006), The United Kingdom Today, London: Franklin Watts, ISBN 978-0-7496-6488-6 
• Galligan, Brian; Roberts, Winsome; Trifiletti, Gabriella (2001), Australians and Globalisation: the Experience of two Centuries, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-01089-4 
• Gay, O; Rees, A (2005), "The Privy Council" (PDF), House of Commons Library Standard Note, SN/PC/2708, Archived from the original on 27 December 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20111227183508/http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/briefings/snpc-3708.pdf, retrieved on 2 August 2008 
• Goldman, Dodi (1993), In Search of the Real: the Origins and Originality of D.W. Winnicott, Jason Aronson, ISBN 978-0-87668-006-3 
• Gottlieb, Evan (2007), Feeling British: sympathy and national identity in Scottish and English writing, 1707–1832, Bucknell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8387-5678-2 
• Hall, Catherine; Rose, Sonya (2006), At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-85406-1 
• Hardill, Irene; Graham, David T.; Kofman, Eleonore (2001), Human Geography of the UK: An Introduction, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-21425-4 
• Harewood, George H. H. L. (1962), Opera, Rolls House 
• Harrison, Brian Howard (1996), The Transformation of British politics, 1860–1995, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-873121-4 
• Hilton, Boyd (2006), A mad, bad, and dangerous people?: England, 1783–1846, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-822830-1 
• Howe, Stephen (2002), Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-924990-9 
• Ichijo, Atsuko; Spohn, Willfried (2005), Entangled Identities: Nations and Europe, ISBN 978-0-7546-4372-2 
• James, Robert Rhodes (1978), The British Revolution: British Politics, 1880–1939, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-416-71140-0 
• Clifton, Lewis (1999), The Falkland Islands: Self-government with an emerging national identity?, London: News and Journal 2004, The 21st century Trust 
• Lincoln, Margarette (2002). Representing the Royal Navy: British Sea Power, 1750–1815. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-0830-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lynch, Michael (1992), Scotland: A New History, Pimlico, ISBN 0-7126-9893-0 
• Macdonald, A. M. (1969), Chambers Compact Dictionary, Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers, ISBN 0-550-10605-7 
• MacKenzie, John M. (1989), Imperialism and Popular Culture, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-1868-8 
• Marshall, Peter James (2001), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00254-7 
• Mein Smith, Philippa (2005), A Concise History of New Zealand, Australia: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-54228-6 
• Mulgan, R. G.; Aimer, Peter (2004), Politics in New Zealand (3rd ed.), Auckland University Press, ISBN 978-1-86940-318-8 
• O'Meara, Tom (2007), A Miscellany of Britain, Toronto, ISBN 978-1-84193-664-2 
• O'Neill, Michael (2004), Devolution and British Politics, Pearson/Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-47274-7 
• O'Rahilly, T. F. (1946). Early Irish History and Mythology (reprinted 1964, 1971, 1984 ed.). Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-29-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Office for National Statistics (2000), Britain 2001: The Official Handbook of the United Kingdom, London: Stationery Office Books, ISBN 978-0-11-621278-8 
• Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006), The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story, Constable, ISBN 978-1-84529-158-7 
• Park, Alison (2005), British Social Attitudes: The 21st Report, SAGE, ISBN 978-0-7619-4278-8 
• Powell, David (2002), Nationhood and Identity: the British State since 1800, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1-86064-517-4 
• Power, Timothy Joseph; Rae, Nicol C. (2006), Exporting Congress?: the influence of the U.S. Congress on world legislatures, University of Pittsburgh Press, ISBN 978-0-8229-5921-2 
• Richards, Eric (2004), Britannia's Children: Emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600, ISBN 1-85285-441-3 
• Richardson, Lewis Fry; Ashford, Oliver M. (1993), Collected Papers of Lewis Fry Richardson, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-38298-4 
• Robbins, Keith (1998), Great Britain: identities, institutions, and the idea of Britishness, Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-03138-8 
• Rojek, Chris (2008), Brit-Myth: Who Do the British Think They Are?, Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-86189-336-9 
• Rose, Arnold Marshall (1958), The Institutions of Advanced Societies, University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 978-0-8166-0168-4 
• Rosen, Andrew (2003), The Transformation of British Life, 1950–2000: A Social History, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-6612-2 
• Ross, David (2002), Chronology of Scottish History, Geddes & Grosset, ISBN 1-85534-380-0 
• Ryrie, Alec (2006), The origins of the Scottish Reformation, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-7105-8 
• Scholes, Percy A. (1970), The Oxford Companion to Music (10th ed.), Oxford University Press 
• Singh, Sarina; Butler, Stuart; Jealous, Virginia; Karafin, Amy; Richmond, Simon; Wlodarski, Rafael (2007), South India (4th ed.), Lonely Planet, ISBN 978-1-74104-704-2 
• Smyth, Alfred P. (1998), Medieval Europeans: studies in ethnic identity and national perspectives in Medieval Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-312-21301-5 
• Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). The Britons. ISBN 0-631-22260-X. OCLC 237823808. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Spencer, Colin (2003), British Food: An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-13110-0 
• Sykes, Bryan (2006), Blood of the Isles, Bantam Press, ISBN 978-0-593-05652-3 
• Tonge, Jonathan (2002), Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change (2nd ed.), Pearson Education, ISBN 978-0-582-42400-5 
• Trudgill, Peter (1984), Language in the British Isles, CUP Archive, ISBN 978-0-521-28409-7 
• Walton, John K. (2000), Fish and chips and the British working class, 1870–1940, Continuum International, ISBN 978-0-7185-2120-2 
• Ward, Paul (2004), Britishness Since 1870, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-49472-1 
• Whale, John C.; Copley, Stephen (1992), Beyond romanticism: new approaches to texts and contexts, 1780–1832, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-05201-6 
• Whatley, C. (2006). The Scots and the Union. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-7486-1685-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Whittle, Stephen; Jenkins, Adrian (2005), Creative Tension: British Art 1900–1950, ISBN 978-1-903470-28-2 
• Williams, Daniel G. (2006), Ethnicity and cultural authority: from Arnold to Du Bois, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2205-4 
• Willson, David Harris (1963), King James VI & I, London: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-224-60572-0 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 Further reading

• Adams, Ian (1993). Political Ideology Today (2nd ed.). Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-3347-6.
• Cunliffe, Barry (2005). Iron Age communities in Britain: an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34779-2.
• Gottlieb, Julie V.; Linehan, Thomas P. (2004). The Culture of Fascism: Visions of the Far Right in Britain. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-799-4.
• McLean, Iain (2001). Rational Choice and British Politics. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829529-4.
• Woodward, Kath (2000). Questioning Identity: Gender, Class and Nation. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22287-7.

 وصلات خارجية

• Media related to People of the United Kingdom at Wikimedia Commons
• Quotations related to بريطانيون at Wikiquote