الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2008

الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2008
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  Barack Obama.jpg John McCain official photo portrait-cropped-background edit.JPG
المرشح باراك اوباما جون مكين
الحزب ديمقراطي جمهوري
الولاية الأم إلينوي أريزونا
Running mate جون بايدن سارة پالين
الأصوات الانتخابية 365 173
States carried 28 + واشنطن دي سي + NE-02 22
التصويت Popular 69,456,897[1] 59,934,814[1]
النسبة 52.9%[1] 45.7%[1]
ElectoralCollege2008.png
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states/districts won by Obama/Biden, and Red denotes those won by McCain/Palin. Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state. Obama won one electoral vote (from Nebraska's 2nd congressional district) of Nebraska's five.
الرئيس before election

جورج دبليو بوش
جمهوري

Elected الرئيس

باراك اوباما
ديمقراطي

الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2008، هي الإنتخابات الرئاسية رقم 56 في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. عقدت في 4 نوفمبر 2008. وفاز بها بارك اوباما مرشح الحزب الديمقراطي، بعد هزيمته للجمهوري جون مكين. حصل اوباما عل 365 صوت، مقابل 173 صوت لمكين.


Incumbent Republican President George W. Bush was ineligible to pursue a third term due to the term limits established by the Twenty-second Amendment. McCain secured the Republican nomination by March 2008, defeating his main challengers Mitt Romney and Mike Huckabee, and selected Palin as his running mate. The Democratic primaries were marked by a sharp contest between Obama and the initial front-runner, former first lady and Senator Hillary Clinton, as well as other challengers who dropped out before most of the primaries were held, including Senators John Edwards and Joe Biden. Clinton's victory in the New Hampshire primary made her the first woman to win a major party's presidential primary.[أ] After a long primary season, Obama narrowly secured the Democratic nomination in June 2008 and selected Biden as his running mate.

Bush's popularity had significantly declined during his second term, which was attributed to the growing disdain for the Iraq war, his response to Hurricane Katrina, the Abu Ghraib torture controversy, and the 2008 financial crisis. McCain opted to distance himself from Bush and did not campaign with him, nor did Bush appear in person at the 2008 Republican National Convention, although he did endorse McCain. Obama strongly opposed the Iraq war, as well as a troop surge that had begun in 2007, while McCain supported the war. Obama campaigned on the theme that "Washington must change", while McCain emphasized his experience. McCain's decision to suspend his campaign during the height of the financial crisis backfired as voters viewed his response as erratic.[4]

Obama won a decisive victory over McCain, winning the Electoral College and popular vote by sizable margins, as well as flipping nine states that had voted Republican in 2004: Colorado, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, and Virginia, as well as Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. Obama won every state in the Great Lakes region. Obama received the largest share of the popular vote won by a Democrat since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 and was the first Democrat to win an outright majority of the popular vote since Jimmy Carter in 1976. At the time, Obama also received the most popular votes in history, a record which would be broken in 2020.

As of the 2024 presidential election, this is the most recent time a Democrat carried Indiana and North Carolina in a presidential election and the most recent time a Democrat won the male vote in a presidential election. McCain remains the last presidential candidate to receive fewer than 200 electoral votes.

خلفية

للمزيد من المعلومات: United States presidential election § Procedure
The incumbent in 2008, George W. Bush. His second term expired at noon on January 20, 2009.

Article Two of the United States Constitution says that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural-born citizens of the United States, at least 35 years old, and residents of the United States for at least 14 years. Candidates for president typically seek the nomination of a political party, in which case each party devises a method (such as a primary election) to choose a candidate for the position. Traditionally, the primaries are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The general election in November is also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors in turn directly elect the president and vice president. President George W. Bush, a Republican and former Governor of Texas, was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to the Twenty-second Amendment; in accordance with Section 1 of the Twentieth Amendment, his term expired at noon Eastern Standard Time on January 20, 2009.


الترشيحات

مرشحو الحزب الديمقراطي

المقالة الرئيسية: مرشحو الحزب الديمقراطي في الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2008

المرشحون

الحملات الانتخابية لاوبماا في أكرون، اوهايو في 23 فبراير 2008

مرشحو الحزب الجمهوري

المقالة الرئيسية: مرشحو الحزب الجمهوري في الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2008


المرشحون


معرض صور المرشحين

تحالفات الحزب

الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2008 is located in الولايات المتحدة
Denver
Denver
Saint Paul
Saint Paul
Kansas City
Kansas City
Chicago
Chicago
class=notpageimage|
Sites of the 2008 National Party Conventions

الحملات الانتخابية

John McCain and Sarah Palin onstage with Todd Palin, Cindy McCain and Robert Duvall in Albuquerque, نيو مكسيكو, September 6, 2008


قضايا

العراق

عدم شعبية بوش

التغيير مقابل الخبرة

Obama campaigning as a symbol of change in قالب:USCity with a "Change We Need" sign


الاقتصاد

جدل

تكلفة الحملات

الحملات على الإنترنت

ملخص التكلفة

المرشح (الحزب) المبلغ المخصص المبلغ الذي تم إنفاقه الأصوات المتوسط لكل صوت
Barack Obama (د) $532,946,511 $513,557,218 69,498,215 $7.39
John McCain (ج) $379,006,485 $346,666,422 59,948,240 $5.78
Ralph Nader (I) $4,496,180 $4,187,628 738,720 $5.67
Bob Barr (ل) $1,383,681 $1,345,202 523,713 $2.57
Chuck Baldwin (م) $261,673 $234,309 199,437 $1.17
Cynthia McKinney (خ) $240,130 $238,968 161,680 $1.48
Excludes spending by independent expenditure concerns.
Source: Federal Election Commission[5]

السباق الانتخابي

نقد

الانتخابات

Final poll closing times on Election Day.
  7PM EST [00:00 UTC] (6)
  7:30PM EST [00:30 UTC] (3)
  8PM EST [01:00 UTC] (15+DC)
  8:30PM EST [01:30 UTC] (1)
  9PM EST [02:00 UTC] (15)
  10PM EST [03:00 UTC] (4)
  11PM EST [04:00 UTC] (5)
  1AM EST [06:00 UTC] (1)


الإقبال على الإنتخابات

النتائج

المرشح الرئاسي الحزب الولاية الصوت الشعبي الصوت
الانتخابي 		Running mate
Count Pct Vice-presidential candidate Home state Elect. vote
باراك اوباما ديمقراطي إلينوي 69,456,897 52.92% 365 Joe Biden Delaware 365
جون مكين جمهوري Arizona 59,934,814 45.66% 173 Sarah Palin ألاسكا 173
Ralph Nader Independent Connecticut 738,475 0.56% 0 Matt Gonzalez كاليفورنيا 0
Bob Barr Libertarian Georgia 523,686 0.40% 0 Wayne Allyn Root Nevada 0
Chuck Baldwin Constitution فلوريدا 199,314 0.15% 0 Darrell Castle تنسي 0
Cynthia McKinney Green Georgia 161,603 0.12% 0 Rosa Clemente كارولينا الشمالية 0
آخرون 242,539 0.18% — آخرون —
الإجمالي 131,257,328 100% 538 538
المطلوب للفوز 270 270

؛ النتائج حسب الولاية

الولايات/المقاطعات التي فاز فيها اوباما/بايدن
States/districts won by McCain/Palin
الولاية المنتخبون أصوات اوباما % أصوات بايدن % أصوات نادر % أصوات بار % أصوات بادلوين % أصوات ماك كيني % آخرون % اوباما - ماكين اوباما + ماكين
Alabama 9 813,479 38.74 1,266,546 60.32 6,788 0.323 4,991 0.238 4,310 0.205 3,705 0.176 -21.58 99.06
Alaska 3 123,594 37.89 193,841 59.42 3,783 1.16 1,589 0.487 1,660 0.509 1,730 0.530 -21.54 97.31
Arizona 10 1,034,707 45.12 1,230,111 53.64 11,301 0.493 12,555 0.547 1,371 0.060 3,406 0.149 24 0.001 -8.52 98.75
Arkansas 6 422,310 38.86 638,017 58.72 12,882 1.19 4,776 0.440 4,023 0.370 3,470 0.319 1,139 0.105 -19.85 97.58
California 55 8,274,473 61.01 5,011,781 36.95 108,381 0.799 67,582 0.498 3,145 0.023 38,774 0.286 57,764 0.426 24.06 97.97
Colorado 9 1,288,576 53.66 1,073,589 44.71 13,350 0.556 10,897 0.454 6,233 0.260 2,822 0.118 5,894 0.245 8.95 98.37
Connecticut 7 997,772 60.59 629,428 38.22 19,162 1.16 311 0.019 90 0.005 29 0.002 22.37 98.81
Delaware 3 255,459 61.94 152,374 36.95 2,401 0.582 1,109 0.269 626 0.152 385 0.093 58 0.014 25.00 98.89
District of Columbia 3 245,800 92.46 17,367 6.53 958 0.360 590 0.222 1,138 0.428 85.92 98.99
Florida 27 4,282,074 51.03 4,045,624 48.22 28,124 0.335 17,218 0.205 7,915 0.094 2,887 0.034 6,902 0.082 2.82 99.25
Georgia 15 1,844,123 46.99 2,048,759 52.20 1,158 0.030 28,731 0.732 1,402 0.036 250 0.006 63 0.002 -5.21 99.19
Hawaii 4 325,871 71.85 120,566 26.58 3,825 0.843 1,314 0.290 1,013 0.223 979 0.216 45.26 98.43
Idaho 4 236,440 36.10 403,012 61.53 7,175 1.10 3,658 0.558 4,747 0.725 -25.43 97.62
Illinois 21 3,419,348 61.92 2,031,179 36.78 30,948 0.560 19,642 0.356 8,256 0.150 11,838 0.214 1,160 0.021 25.14 98.70
Indiana 11 1,374,039 49.95 1,345,648 48.91 909 0.033 29,257 1.06 1,024 0.037 87 0.003 90 0.003 1.03 98.86
Iowa 7 828,940 53.93 682,379 44.39 8,014 0.521 4,590 0.299 4,445 0.289 1,423 0.093 7,332 0.477 9.53 98.32
Kansas 6 514,765 41.65 699,655 56.61 10,527 0.852 6,706 0.543 4,148 0.336 35 0.003 36 0.003 -14.96 98.26
Kentucky 8 751,985 41.17 1,048,462 57.40 15,378 0.842 5,989 0.328 4,694 0.257 -16.23 98.57
Louisiana 9 782,989 39.93 1,148,275 58.56 6,997 0.357 2,581 0.132 9,187 0.469 10,732 0.547 -18.63 98.50
Maine 2* 421,923 57.67 295,273 40.36 10,636 1.45 251 0.034 177 0.024 2,900 0.396 431 0.059 17.31 98.03
ME 1st Dist. 1 232,145 60.51 144,604 37.69 5,263 1.37 1,362 0.355 252 0.066 22.82 98.21
ME 2nd Dist. 1 189,778 54.61 150,669 43.35 5,373 1.55 1,538 0.443 179 0.052 11.25 97.96
Maryland 10 1,629,467 61.92 959,862 36.47 14,713 0.559 9,842 0.374 3,760 0.143 4,747 0.180 9,205 0.350 25.44 98.39
Massachusetts 12 1,904,097 61.80 1,108,854 35.99 28,841 0.936 13,189 0.428 4,971 0.161 6,550 0.213 14,483 0.470 25.81 97.79
Michigan 17 2,872,579 57.43 2,048,639 40.96 33,085 0.661 23,716 0.474 14,685 0.294 8,892 0.178 170 0.003 16.47 98.39
Minnesota 10 1,573,354 54.06 1,275,409 43.82 30,152 1.04 9,174 0.315 6,787 0.233 5,174 0.178 10,319 0.355 10.24 97.88
Mississippi 6 554,662 43.00 724,597 56.18 4,011 0.311 2,529 0.196 2,551 0.198 1,034 0.080 481 0.037 -13.17 99.18
Missouri 11 1,441,911 49.29 1,445,814 49.43 17,813 0.609 11,386 0.389 8,201 0.280 80 0.003 -0.13 98.72
Montana 3 231,667 47.25 242,763 49.52 3,686 0.752 1,355 0.276 143 0.029 23 0.005 10,638 2.17 -2.26 96.77
Nebraska 2* 333,319 41.60 452,979 56.53 5,406 0.675 2,740 0.342 2,972 0.371 1,028 0.128 2,837 0.354 -14.93 98.13
NE 1st Dist. 1 121,468 44.34 148,179 54.09 1,970 0.719 929 0.339 1,019 0.372 393 0.143 -9.75 98.43
NE 2nd Dist. 1 138,752 49.96 135,439 48.76 1,621 0.584 1,007 0.363 604 0.217 321 0.116 1.19 98.72
NE 3rd Dist. 1 73,099 29.63 169,361 68.64 1,815 0.736 804 0.326 1,349 0.547 314 0.127 -39.01 98.26
Nevada 5 533,736 55.15 412,827 42.65 6,150 0.635 4,263 0.440 3,194 0.330 1,411 0.146 6,267 0.648 12.49 97.80
New Hampshire 4 384,826 54.13 316,534 44.52 3,503 0.493 2,217 0.312 226 0.032 40 0.006 3,624 0.510 9.61 98.65
New Jersey 15 2,215,422 57.27 1,613,207 41.70 21,298 0.551 8,441 0.218 3,956 0.102 3,636 0.094 2,277 0.059 15.57 98.98
New Mexico 5 472,422 56.91 346,832 41.78 5,327 0.642 2,428 0.292 1,597 0.192 1,552 0.187 15.13 98.69
New York 31 4,804,701 62.88 2,752,728 36.03 41,248 0.540 19,595 0.256 634 0.008 12,801 0.168 8,936 0.117 26.86 98.91
North Carolina 15 2,142,651 49.69 2,128,474 49.36 1,448 0.034 25,722 0.596 158 0.004 13,942 0.323 0.33 99.04
North Dakota 3 141,278 44.62 168,601 53.25 4,189 1.32 1,354 0.428 1,199 0.379 -8.63 97.87
Ohio 20 2,940,044 51.50 2,677,820 46.91 42,337 0.742 19,917 0.349 12,565 0.220 8,518 0.149 7,149 0.125 4.59 98.41
Oklahoma 7 502,496 34.35 960,165 65.65 -31.29 100.00
Oregon 7 1,037,291 56.75 738,475 40.40 18,614 1.02 7,635 0.418 7,693 0.421 4,543 0.249 13,613 0.745 16.35 97.15
Pennsylvania 21 3,276,363 54.64 2,655,885 44.29 42,977 0.717 19,912 0.332 1,092 0.018 10.35 98.93
Rhode Island 4 296,571 63.13 165,391 35.21 4,829 1.03 1,382 0.294 675 0.144 797 0.170 122 0.026 27.92 98.34
South Carolina 8 862,449 44.90 1,034,896 53.87 5,053 0.263 7,283 0.379 6,827 0.355 4,461 0.232 -8.98 98.77
South Dakota 3 170,924 44.75 203,054 53.16 4,267 1.12 1,835 0.480 1,895 0.496 -8.41 97.91
Tennessee 11 1,087,437 41.83 1,479,178 56.90 11,560 0.445 8,547 0.329 8,191 0.315 2,499 0.096 2,337 0.090 -15.07 98.73
Texas 34 3,528,633 43.68 4,479,328 55.45 5,440 0.067 56,116 0.695 5,395 0.067 831 0.010 2,781 0.034 -11.77 99.13
Utah 5 327,670 34.41 596,030 62.58 8,416 0.884 6,966 0.731 12,012 1.26 982 0.103 294 0.031 -28.18 96.99
Vermont 3 219,262 67.44 98,974 30.44 3,339 1.03 1,067 0.328 500 0.154 66 0.020 1,904 0.586 37.00 97.89
Virginia 13 1,959,532 52.63 1,725,005 46.33 11,483 0.308 11,067 0.297 7,474 0.201 2,344 0.063 6,355 0.171 6.30 98.96
Washington 11 1,750,848 57.65 1,229,216 40.48 29,489 0.971 12,728 0.419 9,432 0.311 3,819 0.126 1,346 0.044 17.18 98.13
West Virginia 5 303,857 42.59 397,466 55.71 7,219 1.01 2,465 0.346 2,355 0.330 89 0.012 -13.12 98.30
Wisconsin 10 1,677,211 56.22 1,262,393 42.31 17,605 0.590 8,858 0.297 5,072 0.170 4,216 0.141 8,062 0.270 13.90 98.53
Wyoming 3 82,868 32.54 164,958 64.78 2,525 0.992 1,594 0.626 1,192 0.468 1,521 0.597 -32.24 97.32
U.S. Total 538 69,498,215 52.93 59,948,240 45.66 738,720 0.563 523,713 0.399 199,437 0.152 161,680 0.123 226,979 0.173 7.27 98.59
  • Popular vote by county. Red represents counties that went for McCain, Blue represents counties that went for Obama. Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont had all counties go to Obama. Oklahoma had all counties go to McCain.

    Popular vote by county. Red represents counties that went for McCain, Blue represents counties that went for Obama. Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont had all counties go to Obama. Oklahoma had all counties go to McCain.

  • Presidential popular votes by county as a scale from red/Republican to blue/Democratic.

    Presidential popular votes by county as a scale from red/Republican to blue/Democratic.

  • Cartogram of popular vote with each county rescaled in proportion to its population. Deeper blue represents a Democratic majority, brighter red represents a Republican majority.[6]

    Cartogram of popular vote with each county rescaled in proportion to its population. Deeper blue represents a Democratic majority, brighter red represents a Republican majority.[6]

  • Voting shifts per county from the 2004 to the 2008 election. Darker blue indicates the county voted more Democratic. Darker red indicates the county voted more Republican.

    Voting shifts per county from the 2004 to the 2008 election. Darker blue indicates the county voted more Democratic. Darker red indicates the county voted more Republican.


المقاطعات/الولايات القريبة

States/districts in the 2008 United States Presidential election where the margin of victory was less than 5%. Blue states/districts went for Obama, red for McCain. Yellow states were won by either candidate by 5% or more. Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, Virginia and Iowa were won by Bush in 2004 but were won by Obama by a margin of more than 5% in 2008.


States/districts where the margin of victory was under 5% (88 electoral votes):

  1. Missouri 0.14%
  2. North Carolina 0.32%
  3. Indiana 1.04%
  4. Nebraska's 2nd congressional district 1.19%
  5. Montana 2.25%
  6. Florida 2.82%
  7. Ohio 4.59%

States/districts where margin of victory was more than 5% but less than 10% (64 electoral votes):

  1. Georgia 5.21%
  2. Virginia 6.29%
  3. South Dakota 8.41%
  4. Arizona 8.52%
  5. North Dakota 8.63%
  6. Colorado 8.95%
  7. South Carolina 8.97%
  8. Iowa 9.54%
  9. New Hampshire 9.65%
  10. Pennsylvania 9.69%
  11. Nebraska's 1st congressional district 9.77%

ردود الفعل الدولية

المقالة الرئيسية: ردود الفعل الدولية على الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2008


تحليل

Swing by state. States are listed by (increasing) percentage of Democratic votes, showing how the share of the vote changed between 2004 and 2008. Only five states trended more Republican: Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Oklahoma, and West Virginia.


انظر أيضا

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2008/2008presgeresults.pdf
  2. ^ Sullivan, Ronald (June 7, 1972). "Dakotan Beats Humphrey By a Big Margin in Jersey" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
  3. ^ "Sanford Is Withdrawing From N.J." The Times-News. Associated Press. May 13, 1972. p. 12. Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  4. ^ Halloran, Liz (September 24, 2008). "McCain Suspends Campaign, Shocks Republicans". USNews. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
  5. ^ "Financial Summary Report Search Results". fec.gov. Retrieved December 22, 2008.
  6. ^ http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/2008/

قراءات إضافية

  • Plouffe, David. The Audacity to Win. 2009
  • Balz, Dan, and Haynes Johnson. The Battle for America 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election (2009), by leading reporters with inside information
  • Crotty, William. "Policy and Politics: The Bush Administration and the 2008 Presidential Election," Polity, July 2009, Vol. 41 Issue 3, pp 282–311
  • Curtis, Mark. Age of Obama: A Reporter's Journey With Clinton, McCain and Obama in the Making of the President in 2008 (2009)
  • Nelson, Michael. The Elections of 2008 (2009), factual summary except and text search
  • Sussman, Glen. "Choosing a New Direction: The Presidential Election of 2008," White House Studies, 2009, Vol. 9 Issue 1, pp 1–20
  • Wolffe, Richard. Renegade: The Making of a President (2010) excerpt and text search, narrative

الناخبون

  • Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. Change and Continuity in the 2008 Elections (2009) excerpt and text search
  • Corwin E. Smidt and others. The Disappearing God Gap? Religion in the 2008 Presidential Election (Oxford University Press; 2010) 278 pages. Finds that the gap between church-attending traditionalists and other voters is not closing, as has been claimed, but is changing in significant ways; draws on survey data from voters who were interviewed in the spring of 2008 and then again after the election.
  • Crespino, Joseph. "The U.S. South and the 2008 Election," Southern Spaces (2008) online
  • Jessee, Stephen A. "Voter Ideology and Candidate Positioning in the 2008 Presidential Election," American Politics Research, March 2010, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pp 195–210
  • Kenski, Kate, Bruce W. Hardy, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. The Obama Victory: How Media, Money, and Message Shaped the 2008 Election (Oxford University Press; 2010) 378 pages. Draws on interviews with key campaign advisors as well as the National Annenberg Election Survey. excerpt and text search
  • Sabato, Larry. The Year of Obama: How Barack Obama Won the White House (2009)
  • Todd, Chuck, and Sheldon Gawiser. How Barack Obama Won: A State-by-State Guide to the Historic 2008 Presidential Election (2009) excerpt and text search

وصلات خارجية

قالب:United States general elections, 2008


خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "lower-alpha"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="lower-alpha"/>

الكلمات الدالة:
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