إمارة ترانسلڤانيا (1570–1711)
Principality of Transylvania Principatus Transsilvaniae | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1570–1711 | |||||||||
 العلم
 Coat of arms
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| المكانة | Vassal state of the Ottoman Empire Hungarian Crown Land | ||||||||
| العاصمة | Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár) 1570–1692 Cibinium (Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt) 1692–1711 | ||||||||
| اللغات الشائعة | Latin (in administration, science and politics); Hungarian (in the Diet and legislation[1][2][3][4]), German, Romanian, Ruthenian (vernacular). | ||||||||
| الدين | Roman Catholicism, Calvinism, Lutheranism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Unitarianism, Judaism | ||||||||
| الحكومة | Principality, Elective monarchy | ||||||||
| Rulers | |||||||||
• 1570–1571 | John II Sigismund Zápolya (first) | ||||||||
• 1704–1711 | Francis II Rákóczi (last) | ||||||||
| التشريع | Transylvanian Diet | ||||||||
| التاريخ | |||||||||
• تأسست | 1570 | ||||||||
| 1699 | |||||||||
• انحلت | 1711 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of |  رومانيا  المجر  سلوفاكيا  أوكرانيا | ||||||||
The Principality of Transylvania (ألمانية: Fürstentum Siebenbürgen; مجرية: Erdélyi Fejedelemség; لاتينية: Principatus Transsilvaniae; رومانية: Principatul Transilvaniei or Principatul Ardealului) was a semi-independent state, ruled primarily by Hungarian princes.[6][7][8][9][10][11] Its territory, in addition to the traditional Transylvanian lands, also included eastern regions of Hungary, called Partium. The establishment of the principality was connected with Treaty of Speyer.[12][13] However Stephen Báthory's status as king of Poland also helped to phase in the name Principality of Transylvania.[14] It was usually under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire; however, the principality often had dual vassalage (Ottoman Turkish sultans and the Habsburg Hungarian kings) in the 16th and 17th centuries.[15][16]
The principality continued to be a part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown[17] and was a symbol of the survival of Hungarian statehood.[18] It represented the Hungarian interests against Habsburg encroachments in Habsburg ruled Kingdom of Hungary.[19] All traditional Hungarian law remained to be followed scrupulously in the principality;[15] furthermore, the state was imbued with a preponderantly Protestant feature.[20] After the unsettled period of Rákóczi's War of Independence, it became part of the Habsburg Monarchy.
جزء من سلسلة عن |
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| تاريخ المجر |
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Background
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and Zápolya family
إمارة ترانسلڤانيا
Gallery
The Principality of Transylvania, the successor of Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1570). Partium is depicted in the darker colour
![The partition of medieval Kingdom of Hungary between the Ottoman and Habsburg empires lasted more than 150 years[21] after the Battle of Mohács in 1526](/w/images/thumb/5/5d/Central_europe_1683.png/120px-Central_europe_1683.png)
The partition of medieval Kingdom of Hungary between the Ottoman and Habsburg empires lasted more than 150 years[21] after the Battle of Mohács in 1526
![The partition of medieval Kingdom of Hungary between the Ottoman and Habsburg empires lasted more than 150 years[21] after the Battle of Mohács in 1526](/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Central_europe_1683.png&filetimestamp=20120829142150&)
See also
== المراجع ==
- ^ Tamásné Szabó, Csilla, Az Erdélyi Fejedelemség korának jogi nyelve (The jurisdictional language in the age of the Principality of Transylvania)
- ^ Szabó T. Attila, Erdélyi Magyar Szótörténeti Tár (Historical dictionary of the Transylvanian Hungarian vocabulary)
- ^ Compillatae Constitutiones Regni Transylvaniae (1671)
- ^ Approbatae Constitutiones Regni Transylvaniae (1677)
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةBritannica - ^ Helmut David Baer (2006). The struggle of Hungarian Lutherans under communism. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-1-58544-480-9. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ Eric Roman (2003). Austria-Hungary & the successor states: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present. Infobase Publishing. pp. 574–. ISBN 978-0-8160-4537-2. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ J. Atticus Ryan; Christopher A. Mullen (1998). Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-90-411-1022-0. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ Iván Boldizsár (1987). NHQ; the new Hungarian quarterly. Lapkiadó Pub. House. p. 41. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ Marshall Cavendish (2009). "Greece and the Eastern Balkans". World and Its Peoples: Europe. Vol. 11. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1476. ISBN 978-0-7614-7902-4. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ Paul Lendvai (2003). The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat. C. Hurst. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-1-85065-673-9. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2004, p. 408
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةMacCulloch - ^ Katalin Péter, Beloved Children: History of Aristocratic Childhood in Hungary in the Early Modern Age, Central European University Press, 2001, p. 27
- ^ أ ب Dennis P. Hupchick, Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995, p. 62
- ^ Peter F. Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354–1804, University of Washington Press, 1993, pp. 150–154
- ^ Martyn Rady, Customary Law in Hungary: Courts, Texts, and the Tripartitum, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 141, ISBN 9780198743910
- ^ Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 106
- ^ Transylvania article of Encyclopedia Britannica
- ^ István Lázár, Hungary, a Brief History, 1989, ISBN 963-13-4483-5
- ^ A Country Study: Hungary. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
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- Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
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