موسكوفيوم

(تم التحويل من أنون بينتينيوم)
"Element 115" redirects here. For fictional and conspiracy references to element 115, see Materials science in science fiction.
فلروڤيوم → أنون‌پنتيوم ← ليڤرموريوم
Bi
↑
Uup
↓
(Uhe)
المظهر
غير معروف
الخصائص العامة
الاسم، الرمز، الرقم أنون‌پنتيوم, Uup, 115
النطق /uːnuːnˈpɛntiəm/
oon-oon-PEN-tee-əm
تصنيف العنصر غير معروفة
المجموعة، الدورة، المستوى الفرعي 15, 7, p
الوزن الذري القياسي [288]
التوزيع الإلكتروني [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3
(متوقع)[1]
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 5
(متوقع)
أغلفة تكافؤ أنون‌پنتيوم (2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 5 (متوقع))
التاريخ
التسمية IUPAC اسم عنصر نظامي
الاكتشاف المعهد المشترك للأبحاث النووية ومعمل لورنس ليڤرمور الوطني (2003)
الخصائص الطبيعية
الطور صلب ((متوقع)[1])
الكثافة (بالقرب من د.ح.غ.) 11 (متوقع)[1] g·cm−3
نقطة الانصهار ~700 ك, ~430 °C, ~810 (متوقع)[1] °F
نقطة الغليان ~1400 ك, ~1100 °س, ~2000 (متوقع)[1] °ف
الخصائص الذرية
حالات الأكسدة 1, 3 (توقع)[1]
طاقات التأين 1st: 538.4 (توقع)[1] ك‌ج·مول−1
نصف القطر الذري 200 (متوقع)[1] پ‌م
نصف قطر تساهمي 162 (مـُقدّر)[2] pm
متفرقات
رقم تسجيل كاس 54085-64-2
أكثر النظائر استقراراً
المقالة الرئيسية: نظائر أنون‌پنتيوم
نظ ت.ط. عمر النصف DM DE (م‌إڤ) DP
290Uup إصط 16 ms α 9.95 286Uut
289Uup إصط 169 ms α 10.31 285Uut
288Uup إصط 173 ms α 10.46 284Uut
287Uup إصط 32 ms α 10.59 283Uut
· ر

موسكوڤيوم وكانت تُعرف سابقاً بإسم الأنون‌پنتيوم Ununpentium هو الاسم المؤقت للعنصر الاصطناعي فائق الثقل في الجدول الدوري الذي له الرمز المؤقت Uup, والعدد الذري 115. كما أنه يعرف أيضا بمسمى تحت البزموث.

Moscovium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Mc and atomic number 115. It was first synthesized in 2003 by a joint team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP. On 28 November 2016, it was officially named after the Moscow Oblast, in which the JINR is situated.[3][4][5]

Moscovium is an extremely radioactive element: its most stable known isotope, moscovium-290, has a half-life of only 0.65 seconds.[6] In the periodic table, it is a p-block transactinide element. It is a member of the 7th period and is placed in group 15 as the heaviest pnictogen. Moscovium is calculated to have some properties similar to its lighter homologues, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, and to be a post-transition metal, although it should also show several major differences from them. In particular, moscovium should also have significant similarities to thallium, as both have one rather loosely bound electron outside a quasi-closed shell. Chemical experimentation on single atoms has confirmed theoretical expectations that moscovium is less reactive than its lighter homologue bismuth. Over a hundred atoms of moscovium have been observed to date, all of which have been shown to have mass numbers from 286 to 290.

مقدمة

This section is an excerpt from عنصر فائق الثقل § مقدمة.[تحرير]

تخليق نويات فائقة الثقل

A graphic depiction of a nuclear fusion reaction
A graphic depiction of a nuclear fusion reaction. Two nuclei fuse into one, emitting a neutron. Reactions that created new elements to this moment were similar, with the only possible difference that several singular neutrons sometimes were released, or none at all.

A superheavy[أ] atomic nucleus is created in a nuclear reaction that combines two other nuclei of unequal size[ب] into one; roughly, the more unequal the two nuclei in terms of mass, the greater the possibility that the two react.[12] The material made of the heavier nuclei is made into a target, which is then bombarded by the beam of lighter nuclei. Two nuclei can only fuse into one if they approach each other closely enough; normally, nuclei (all positively charged) repel each other due to electrostatic repulsion. The strong interaction can overcome this repulsion but only within a very short distance from a nucleus; beam nuclei are thus greatly accelerated in order to make such repulsion insignificant compared to the velocity of the beam nucleus.[13] The energy applied to the beam nuclei to accelerate them can cause them to reach speeds as high as one-tenth of the speed of light. However, if too much energy is applied, the beam nucleus can fall apart.[13]

Coming close enough alone is not enough for two nuclei to fuse: when two nuclei approach each other, they usually remain together for approximately 10−20 seconds and then part ways (not necessarily in the same composition as before the reaction) rather than form a single nucleus.[13][14] This happens because during the attempted formation of a single nucleus, electrostatic repulsion tears apart the nucleus that is being formed.[13] Each pair of a target and a beam is characterized by its cross section—the probability that fusion will occur if two nuclei approach one another expressed in terms of the transverse area that the incident particle must hit in order for the fusion to occur.[ت] This fusion may occur as a result of the quantum effect in which nuclei can tunnel through electrostatic repulsion. If the two nuclei can stay close for past that phase, multiple nuclear interactions result in redistribution of energy and an energy equilibrium.[13]

ڤيديو خارجي
Visualization of unsuccessful nuclear fusion, based on calculations from the Australian National University[16]

The resulting merger is an excited state[17]—termed a compound nucleus—and thus it is very unstable.[13] To reach a more stable state, the temporary merger may fission without formation of a more stable nucleus.[18] Alternatively, the compound nucleus may eject a few neutrons, which would carry away the excitation energy; if the latter is not sufficient for a neutron expulsion, the merger would produce a gamma ray. This happens in approximately 10−16 seconds after the initial nuclear collision and results in creation of a more stable nucleus.[18] The definition by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) states that a chemical element can only be recognized as discovered if a nucleus of it has not decayed within 10−14 seconds. This value was chosen as an estimate of how long it takes a nucleus to acquire its outer electrons and thus display its chemical properties.[19][ث]

الاضمحلال والكشف

The beam passes through the target and reaches the next chamber, the separator; if a new nucleus is produced, it is carried with this beam.[21] In the separator, the newly produced nucleus is separated from other nuclides (that of the original beam and any other reaction products)[ج] and transferred to a surface-barrier detector, which stops the nucleus. The exact location of the upcoming impact on the detector is marked; also marked are its energy and the time of the arrival.[21] The transfer takes about 10−6 seconds; in order to be detected, the nucleus must survive this long.[24] The nucleus is recorded again once its decay is registered, and the location, the energy, and the time of the decay are measured.[21]

Stability of a nucleus is provided by the strong interaction. However, its range is very short; as nuclei become larger, its influence on the outermost nucleons (protons and neutrons) weakens. At the same time, the nucleus is torn apart by electrostatic repulsion between protons, and its range is not limited.[25] Total binding energy provided by the strong interaction increases linearly with the number of nucleons, whereas electrostatic repulsion increases with the square of the atomic number, i.e. the latter grows faster and becomes increasingly important for heavy and superheavy nuclei.[26][27] Superheavy nuclei are thus theoretically predicted[28] and have so far been observed[29] to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission.[ح] Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons,[31] and the lightest nuclide primarily undergoing spontaneous fission has 238.[32] In both decay modes, nuclei are inhibited from decaying by corresponding energy barriers for each mode, but they can be tunnelled through.[26][27]

Apparatus for creation of superheavy elements
مخطط جهاز لخلق عناصر فائقة الثقل، مبني على the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator set up in the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in JINR. The trajectory within the detector and the beam focusing apparatus changes because of a dipole magnet in the former and quadrupole magnets in the latter.[33]

Alpha particles are commonly produced in radioactive decays because mass of an alpha particle per nucleon is small enough to leave some energy for the alpha particle to be used as kinetic energy to leave the nucleus.[34] Spontaneous fission is caused by electrostatic repulsion tearing the nucleus apart and produces various nuclei in different instances of identical nuclei fissioning.[27] As the atomic number increases, spontaneous fission rapidly becomes more important: spontaneous fission partial half-lives decrease by 23 orders of magnitude from uranium (element 92) to nobelium (element 102),[35] and by 30 orders of magnitude from thorium (element 90) to fermium (element 100).[36] The earlier liquid drop model thus suggested that spontaneous fission would occur nearly instantly due to disappearance of the fission barrier for nuclei with about 280 nucleons.[27][37] The later nuclear shell model suggested that nuclei with about 300 nucleons would form an island of stability in which nuclei will be more resistant to spontaneous fission and will primarily undergo alpha decay with longer half-lives.[27][37] Subsequent discoveries suggested that the predicted island might be further than originally anticipated; they also showed that nuclei intermediate between the long-lived actinides and the predicted island are deformed, and gain additional stability from shell effects.[38] Experiments on lighter superheavy nuclei,[39] as well as those closer to the expected island,[35] have shown greater than previously anticipated stability against spontaneous fission, showing the importance of shell effects on nuclei.[خ]

Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or a series of consecutive decays produces a known nucleus, the original product of a reaction can be easily determined.[د] (That all decays within a decay chain were indeed related to each other is established by the location of these decays, which must be in the same place.)[21] The known nucleus can be recognized by the specific characteristics of decay it undergoes such as decay energy (or more specifically, the kinetic energy of the emitted particle).[ذ] Spontaneous fission, however, produces various nuclei as products, so the original nuclide cannot be determined from its daughters.[ر]

The information available to physicists aiming to synthesize a superheavy element is thus the information collected at the detectors: location, energy, and time of arrival of a particle to the detector, and those of its decay. The physicists analyze this data and seek to conclude that it was indeed caused by a new element and could not have been caused by a different nuclide than the one claimed. Often, provided data is insufficient for a conclusion that a new element was definitely created and there is no other explanation for the observed effects; errors in interpreting data have been made.[ز]

تاريخ

تم اكتشاف كل من الأنون‌تريوم والأنون‌پنتيوم في 1 فبراير عام 2004، عن طريق عالم روسي في دوبنا المعهد المشترك للأبحاث النووية، وعلماء أمريكان في معمل لورنس ليڤرمور الوطني. ولا زال اكتشافهم ينتظر الموافقة عليه.[50]

أفاد فريق البحث أنهم قاموا بقذف (العنصر 92) أمريكيوم بالعنصر (رقم 20) كالسيوم لإنتاج أربعة ذرات من العنصر 115 أنون بينتيوم. هذه الذرات التي أعلنوا عنها، تضمحل إلى العنصر 113 أنون‌تريوم في أجزاء من الثانية. ثم يبقى الأنون تريوم لمدة 1.2 ثانية قبل إضمحلاله لعناصر طبيعية.

والإسم أنون‌پنتيوم هو إسم مؤقت بطربقة الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية لتسمية العناصر قياسياً.

في ديسمبر 2015، أعترف به كعنصر جديد من قبل الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية والاتحاد الدولي للفيزياء البحتة والتطبيقية. حتى الآن تم رصد ما يقارب 100 ذرة أنون‌پنتيوم، أظهرت جميعها عدد كتلي من 287 إلى 290.

أنون‌پنتيوم في الثقافة العامة

أنون بينتيوم تم وضعه نظريا داخل جزيرة الثبات. ويمكن أن يكون هذا سبب لذكر العنصر في الثقافة العامة قبل تصنيعه فعليا.

  • وبالرجوع لهذا النوع من نظريات التآمر للكائنات الطائرة الغير معروفة, فقد ظهرت سلسلة من الألعاب الإلكترونية تسمى إكس-كوم والتي تفيد أن هناك عنصر يسمى إيليريوم-115 أو إيليريوم (الإسم خاطيء بهذا الشكل حيث انه يرجع لكتله الذرية بدلا من عدده الذري, والذي يعنى أن الإيليريوم سيكون بدون نيوترونات, وهذا غير قابل للحدوث).
  • هناك نظير خيالي ثابت للأنون بينتيوم في لعبة المنطقة المنظلمة.
  • هناك نظير خيالي ثابت للأنون بينتيوم في فيلم المركز.
  • هناك نظير خيالي ثابت للعنصر 115 يعمل كمصدر لطاقة ألة الزمن في البرنامج التليفزيوني سبعة أيام.

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  50. ^ [1]


وصلات خارجية

المصادر

  • ويكيبيديا الإنجليزية.


خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "lower-alpha"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="lower-alpha"/>

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